Guilds, patents, and the circulation of technical knowledge: Northern Italy during the early modern age

Technology and Culture

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 569-589

  Belfanti, Carlo Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 6344262053     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/tech.2004.0111     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. See Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (New York, 1990), 57-80.
2. Carlo M. Cipolla, "The Diffusion of Innovations in Early Modern Europe," Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 46-52; David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (London, 1998), 278.
3. Carlo M. Cipolla, "The Diffusion of Innovations in Early Modern Europe," Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 46-52; David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (London, 1998), 278.
4. Cipolla, 46-52; Domenico Sella, "European Industries 1500-1700," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London, 1976), 402-3; Joan Thirsk, Economic Policy and Projects: The Development of a Consumer Society in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1978), 43-44.
5. Cipolla, 46-52; Domenico Sella, "European Industries 1500-1700," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London, 1976), 402-3; Joan Thirsk, Economic Policy and Projects: The Development of a Consumer Society in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1978), 43-44.
6. Cipolla, 46-52; Domenico Sella, "European Industries 1500-1700," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London, 1976), 402-3; Joan Thirsk, Economic Policy and Projects: The Development of a Consumer Society in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1978), 43-44.
7. William Cunningham, Alien Immigrants to England (London, 1897); Warren C. Scoville, "The Huguenots and the Diffusion of Technology," Journal of Political Economy 60 (1952): 294-310; Liliane Mottu-Weber, "Production et innovation en Suisse et dans les États allemands (XVème- XVIIIème siècles)," in La seta in Europa secc. XIII-XX, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1993), 141-64.
8. William Cunningham, Alien Immigrants to England (London, 1897); Warren C. Scoville, "The Huguenots and the Diffusion of Technology," Journal of Political Economy 60 (1952): 294-310; Liliane Mottu-Weber, "Production et innovation en Suisse et dans les États allemands (XVème- XVIIIème siècles)," in La seta in Europa secc. XIII-XX, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1993), 141-64.
9. William Cunningham, Alien Immigrants to England (London, 1897); Warren C. Scoville, "The Huguenots and the Diffusion of Technology," Journal of Political Economy 60 (1952): 294-310; Liliane Mottu-Weber, "Production et innovation en Suisse et dans les États allemands (XVème- XVIIIème siècles)," in La seta in Europa secc. XIII-XX, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1993), 141-64.
10. See Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "'An Irresistible Phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800," International Review of Social History 39, no. 2, suppl. (1994): 11-52; Reinhold Reith, "Arbeitsmigration und Gruppenkultur deutscher Handwerksgesellen vom 18. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert," Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 23 (1989): 1-35, and "Labor Migration and the Diffusion of Technical Knowledge: The Example of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century" (paper presented at the Seventeenth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August 1998); Josef Ehmer, "Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century," in The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, ed. Geoffrey Crossick (Aldershot, 1997), 172-99; Marino Berengo, L'Europa delle città: II volto della società urbana europea tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna (Turin, 1999), 448-51.
11. See Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "'An Irresistible Phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800," International Review of Social History 39, no. 2, suppl. (1994): 11-52; Reinhold Reith, "Arbeitsmigration und Gruppenkultur deutscher Handwerksgesellen vom 18. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert," Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 23 (1989): 1-35, and "Labor Migration and the Diffusion of Technical Knowledge: The Example of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century" (paper presented at the Seventeenth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August 1998); Josef Ehmer, "Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century," in The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, ed. Geoffrey Crossick (Aldershot, 1997), 172-99; Marino Berengo, L'Europa delle città: II volto della società urbana europea tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna (Turin, 1999), 448-51.
12. See Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "'An Irresistible Phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800," International Review of Social History 39, no. 2, suppl. (1994): 11-52; Reinhold Reith, "Arbeitsmigration und Gruppenkultur deutscher Handwerksgesellen vom 18. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert," Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 23 (1989): 1-35, and "Labor Migration and the Diffusion of Technical Knowledge: The Example of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century" (paper presented at the Seventeenth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August 1998); Josef Ehmer, "Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century," in The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, ed. Geoffrey Crossick (Aldershot, 1997), 172-99; Marino Berengo, L'Europa delle città: II volto della società urbana europea tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna (Turin, 1999), 448-51.
13. See Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "'An Irresistible Phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800," International Review of Social History 39, no. 2, suppl. (1994): 11-52; Reinhold Reith, "Arbeitsmigration und Gruppenkultur deutscher Handwerksgesellen vom 18. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert," Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 23 (1989): 1-35, and "Labor Migration and the Diffusion of Technical Knowledge: The Example of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century" (paper presented at the Seventeenth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August 1998); Josef Ehmer, "Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century," in The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, ed. Geoffrey Crossick (Aldershot, 1997), 172-99; Marino Berengo, L'Europa delle città: II volto della società urbana europea tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna (Turin, 1999), 448-51.
14. See Catharina Lis and Hugo Soly, "'An Irresistible Phalanx': Journeymen Associations in Western Europe, 1300-1800," International Review of Social History 39, no. 2, suppl. (1994): 11-52; Reinhold Reith, "Arbeitsmigration und Gruppenkultur deutscher Handwerksgesellen vom 18. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert," Scripta Mercaturae: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 23 (1989): 1-35, and "Labor Migration and the Diffusion of Technical Knowledge: The Example of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th Century" (paper presented at the Seventeenth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August 1998); Josef Ehmer, "Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century," in The Artisan and the European Town, 1500-1900, ed. Geoffrey Crossick (Aldershot, 1997), 172-99; Marino Berengo, L'Europa delle città: II volto della società urbana europea tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna (Turin, 1999), 448-51.
15. In addition to Lis and Soly, see, for example, Michael Sonenscher, Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades (Cambridge, 1989), 295-327; Cynthia M. Truant, The Rites of Labor: Brotherhoods of Compagnonnage in Old and New Regime France (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994).
16. In addition to Lis and Soly, see, for example, Michael Sonenscher, Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades (Cambridge, 1989), 295-327; Cynthia M. Truant, The Rites of Labor: Brotherhoods of Compagnonnage in Old and New Regime France (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994).
17. Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership in Early Modern Europe," in A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective, ed. Karel Davids and Jan Lucassen (Cambridge, 1995), 345-46.
18. Pamela O. Long, Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance (Baltimore, 2001), 88-101.
19. See, among others, Carlo M. Cipolla, "The Economic Decline of Italy," in Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, ed. Brian Pullan (London, 1968), 135-39.
20. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
21. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
22. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
23. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
24. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
25. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
26. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
27. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
28. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
29. On Italian patent systems, see, among others, Giulio Mandich, "Le privative industriali veneziane (1450-1550)," Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni 24 (1936): 511-47, and "Primi riconoscimenti veneziani di un diritto di privativa agli inventori," Rivista di diritto industriale 7 (1958): 101-55. For more recent studies, see Manlio Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture: Iniziativa imprenditoriale rinnovamento tecnologico nel riformismo genovese del settecento (Florence, 1969); Roberto Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (1474-1788): Importazione di tecnologia e circolazione di tecnici, artigiani, inventori (Venice, 1995); Renzo Sabbatini, L'innovazione prudente (Florence, 1996). Scholarship on the Italian guilds is copious. The most recent works are Simona Cerutti, Mestieri e privilegi: Nascita delle corporazioni a Torino (Turin, 1992); Elisabetta Merlo, Le corporazioni, conflitti e soppressioni: Milano tra Sei e Settecento (Milan, 1996); Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and F. Piola Caselli, eds., Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th-19th Centuries (Aldershot, 1998); Luca Molà, The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice (Baltimore, 2000); Francesca Trivellato, Fondamenta dei Vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento (Rome, 2000).
30. Karl G. Persson, Pre-Industrial Economic Growth: Social Organization and Technological Progress in Europe (Oxford, 1988), 9-10.
31. Persson, 9-10; Stephan R. Epstein, "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe," Journal of Economic History 58 (1998): 688-93; Berengo (n. 5 above), 437-46.
32. Persson, 9-10; Stephan R. Epstein, "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe," Journal of Economic History 58 (1998): 688-93; Berengo (n. 5 above), 437-46.
33. Persson, 9-10; Stephan R. Epstein, "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe," Journal of Economic History 58 (1998): 688-93; Berengo (n. 5 above), 437-46.
34. Davids (n. 7 above), 343-45.
35. Carlo Poni, "Per una storia del distretto industriale serico di Bologna (secoli XVI-XIX)," Quaderni Storici 25 (1990): 131.
36. Giovanni Botero, Della ragion di stato ... con tre libri delle cause della grandezza delle città, ed. L. Firpo (Turin, 1948), 377-78.
37. On Landriani, see Sergio Escobar, "I viaggi di informazione di Marsilio Landriani: Un caso di spionaggio industriale," in Economia, istituzioni, cultura in Lombardia nell'età di Maria Teresa, ed. Aldo De Maddalena, Ettore Rotelli, and Giorgio Barbarisi (Bologna, 1982), 2:533-42.
38. Mario Pessina, ed., Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani sui progressi delle manifatture in Europa alla fine del Settecento (Milan, 1981), 11. See also Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 72-74.
39. Mario Pessina, ed., Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani sui progressi delle manifatture in Europa alla fine del Settecento (Milan, 1981), 11. See also Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 72-74.
40. On this point, see Nathan Rosenberg, "Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology," Explorations in Economic History 10 (1972-73): 3-33, and "Technological Interdependence in the American Economy," Technology and Culture 20 (1979): 25-50. See also Persson (n. 11 above), 24-31.
41. On this point, see Nathan Rosenberg, "Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology," Explorations in Economic History 10 (1972-73): 3-33, and "Technological Interdependence in the American Economy," Technology and Culture 20 (1979): 25-50. See also Persson (n. 11 above), 24-31.
42. On this point, see Nathan Rosenberg, "Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology," Explorations in Economic History 10 (1972-73): 3-33, and "Technological Interdependence in the American Economy," Technology and Culture 20 (1979): 25-50. See also Persson (n. 11 above), 24-31.
43. The importance of the combs is analyzed and underlined by Marsilio Landriani in his report on the making of silk in Lyons, in which he judges them to be "one of the principle articles in the making of silk"; Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 28. See also Poni, 119, 138-39. A thorough analysis of the production process for silk cloth at Lyons is provided in Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 12-33.
44. The importance of the combs is analyzed and underlined by Marsilio Landriani in his report on the making of silk in Lyons, in which he judges them to be "one of the principle articles in the making of silk"; Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 28. See also Poni, 119, 138-39. A thorough analysis of the production process for silk cloth at Lyons is provided in Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 12-33.
45. The importance of the combs is analyzed and underlined by Marsilio Landriani in his report on the making of silk in Lyons, in which he judges them to be "one of the principle articles in the making of silk"; Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 28. See also Poni, 119, 138-39. A thorough analysis of the production process for silk cloth at Lyons is provided in Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 12-33.
46. Karel Davids, "Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic," Journal of European Economic History 24 (1995): 333-49; Epstein (n. 12 above), 703-4; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft: Meaning and Context in Late Medieval Technical Transmission," History and Technology 16 (2000): 223-41; Sabbatini, 58-60.
47. Karel Davids, "Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic," Journal of European Economic History 24 (1995): 333-49; Epstein (n. 12 above), 703-4; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft: Meaning and Context in Late Medieval Technical Transmission," History and Technology 16 (2000): 223-41; Sabbatini, 58-60.
48. Karel Davids, "Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic," Journal of European Economic History 24 (1995): 333-49; Epstein (n. 12 above), 703-4; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft: Meaning and Context in Late Medieval Technical Transmission," History and Technology 16 (2000): 223-41; Sabbatini, 58-60.
49. Karel Davids, "Openness or Secrecy? Industrial Espionage in the Dutch Republic," Journal of European Economic History 24 (1995): 333-49; Epstein (n. 12 above), 703-4; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft: Meaning and Context in Late Medieval Technical Transmission," History and Technology 16 (2000): 223-41; Sabbatini, 58-60.
50. On this point, see Paolo Preto, I servizi segreti di Venezia (Milan, 1995), 381-421.
51. Carlo M. Belfanti, "L'economia della pietra," in II marmo bresciano: Territorio, vicende, economia, ed. Antonio Porteri and Carlo Simoni (Brescia, 1997), 45-56. In these trades there was little distinction between craftsman and artist; see Peter Burke, "L'artista: Momenti e problemi," in Storia dell'arte italiana, vol. 2 (Turin, 1979), 87-113.
52. Carlo M. Belfanti, "L'economia della pietra," in II marmo bresciano: Territorio, vicende, economia, ed. Antonio Porteri and Carlo Simoni (Brescia, 1997), 45-56. In these trades there was little distinction between craftsman and artist; see Peter Burke, "L'artista: Momenti e problemi," in Storia dell'arte italiana, vol. 2 (Turin, 1979), 87-113.
53. Manlio Calegari, "Forni 'alla bresciana' nell'Italia del XVI secolo," Quaderni storici 24 (1989): 95-96.
54. In the course of the eighteenth century the Altare glassmakers spread out all through Europe. See René Leboutte, "Le secret gyrovague: Migrations de verriers dans les Pays Bas aux 16e-18e siècles" (paper presented at the Twelfth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August, 1998), and Corinne Maitte, "Mobilités, migrations des spécialistes et communauté villageoise: Les verriers d'Altare (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)" (paper presented at the international conference "Mobilité du capital humain et industrialisation régionale en Europe: Entrepreneurs, techniciens et main d'oeuvre specialisée (XVIe-XXe siècles)," Paris, 27-28 November 1998). See also Corinne Maitte, "Corporation et politique au village: Altare entre migrations et différenciacions sociales," Revue Historique 303 (2001): 47-78.
55. In the course of the eighteenth century the Altare glassmakers spread out all through Europe. See René Leboutte, "Le secret gyrovague: Migrations de verriers dans les Pays Bas aux 16e-18e siècles" (paper presented at the Twelfth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August, 1998), and Corinne Maitte, "Mobilités, migrations des spécialistes et communauté villageoise: Les verriers d'Altare (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)" (paper presented at the international conference "Mobilité du capital humain et industrialisation régionale en Europe: Entrepreneurs, techniciens et main d'oeuvre specialisée (XVIe-XXe siècles)," Paris, 27-28 November 1998). See also Corinne Maitte, "Corporation et politique au village: Altare entre migrations et différenciacions sociales," Revue Historique 303 (2001): 47-78.
56. In the course of the eighteenth century the Altare glassmakers spread out all through Europe. See René Leboutte, "Le secret gyrovague: Migrations de verriers dans les Pays Bas aux 16e-18e siècles" (paper presented at the Twelfth International Economic History Congress, Madrid, 24-28 August, 1998), and Corinne Maitte, "Mobilités, migrations des spécialistes et communauté villageoise: Les verriers d'Altare (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)" (paper presented at the international conference "Mobilité du capital humain et industrialisation régionale en Europe: Entrepreneurs, techniciens et main d'oeuvre specialisée (XVIe-XXe siècles)," Paris, 27-28 November 1998). See also Corinne Maitte, "Corporation et politique au village: Altare entre migrations et différenciacions sociales," Revue Historique 303 (2001): 47-78.
57. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review 49 (1984): 149. Patrice Flichy, L'innovazione tecnologica (Milan, 1996), 173. On the distinction between "strategic innovations" and "small improvements," see Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (Oxford, 1966), and Mokyr (n. 1 above).
58. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review 49 (1984): 149. Patrice Flichy, L'innovazione tecnologica (Milan, 1996), 173. On the distinction between "strategic innovations" and "small improvements," see Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (Oxford, 1966), and Mokyr (n. 1 above).
59. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review 49 (1984): 149. Patrice Flichy, L'innovazione tecnologica (Milan, 1996), 173. On the distinction between "strategic innovations" and "small improvements," see Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (Oxford, 1966), and Mokyr (n. 1 above).
60. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, "Structural Inertia and Organizational Change," American Sociological Review 49 (1984): 149. Patrice Flichy, L'innovazione tecnologica (Milan, 1996), 173. On the distinction between "strategic innovations" and "small improvements," see Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (Oxford, 1966), and Mokyr (n. 1 above).
61. See, for example, Ettore Verga, "Le corporazioni delle industrie tessili in Milano: Loro rapporti e conflitti nei secolo XVI e XVII," Archivio Storico Lombardo 30 (1903): 101-5; Paolo Malanima, La decadenza di un'economia cittadina: L'industria di Firenze nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Bologna, 1982), 237-51; Roberto Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini e il nero di Venezia," Quaderni Storici 18 (1983): 168; Molà (n. 10 above), 199-201. On the question of resistance to the introduction of new techniques, see Joel Mokyr, "The Political Economy of Technological Change: Resistance and Innovation in Economic History," in Technological Revolutions in Europe, ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland (Cheltenham, 1998), 39-64.
62. See, for example, Ettore Verga, "Le corporazioni delle industrie tessili in Milano: Loro rapporti e conflitti nei secolo XVI e XVII," Archivio Storico Lombardo 30 (1903): 101-5; Paolo Malanima, La decadenza di un'economia cittadina: L'industria di Firenze nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Bologna, 1982), 237-51; Roberto Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini e il nero di Venezia," Quaderni Storici 18 (1983): 168; Molà (n. 10 above), 199-201. On the question of resistance to the introduction of new techniques, see Joel Mokyr, "The Political Economy of Technological Change: Resistance and Innovation in Economic History," in Technological Revolutions in Europe, ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland (Cheltenham, 1998), 39-64.
63. See, for example, Ettore Verga, "Le corporazioni delle industrie tessili in Milano: Loro rapporti e conflitti nei secolo XVI e XVII," Archivio Storico Lombardo 30 (1903): 101-5; Paolo Malanima, La decadenza di un'economia cittadina: L'industria di Firenze nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Bologna, 1982), 237-51; Roberto Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini e il nero di Venezia," Quaderni Storici 18 (1983): 168; Molà (n. 10 above), 199-201. On the question of resistance to the introduction of new techniques, see Joel Mokyr, "The Political Economy of Technological Change: Resistance and Innovation in Economic History," in Technological Revolutions in Europe, ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland (Cheltenham, 1998), 39-64.
64. See, for example, Ettore Verga, "Le corporazioni delle industrie tessili in Milano: Loro rapporti e conflitti nei secolo XVI e XVII," Archivio Storico Lombardo 30 (1903): 101-5; Paolo Malanima, La decadenza di un'economia cittadina: L'industria di Firenze nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Bologna, 1982), 237-51; Roberto Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini e il nero di Venezia," Quaderni Storici 18 (1983): 168; Molà (n. 10 above), 199-201. On the question of resistance to the introduction of new techniques, see Joel Mokyr, "The Political Economy of Technological Change: Resistance and Innovation in Economic History," in Technological Revolutions in Europe, ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland (Cheltenham, 1998), 39-64.
65. See, for example, Ettore Verga, "Le corporazioni delle industrie tessili in Milano: Loro rapporti e conflitti nei secolo XVI e XVII," Archivio Storico Lombardo 30 (1903): 101-5; Paolo Malanima, La decadenza di un'economia cittadina: L'industria di Firenze nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Bologna, 1982), 237-51; Roberto Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini e il nero di Venezia," Quaderni Storici 18 (1983): 168; Molà (n. 10 above), 199-201. On the question of resistance to the introduction of new techniques, see Joel Mokyr, "The Political Economy of Technological Change: Resistance and Innovation in Economic History," in Technological Revolutions in Europe, ed. Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland (Cheltenham, 1998), 39-64.
66. Richard T. Rapp, "The Unmaking of the Mediterranean Trade Hegemony: International Trade Rivalry and the Commercial Revolution," Journal of Economic History 25 (1975):499-525.
67. Molà; Trivellato (n. 10 above).
68. Molà 163-76.
69. Preto (n. 21 above), 382-86.
70. Giuseppe Chicco, La seta in Piemonte, 1650-1800 (Milan, 1995), 26-38.
71. Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 21.
72. Botero (n. 15 above), 249.
73. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
74. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
75. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
76. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
77. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
78. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
79. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
80. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
81. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
82. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
83. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
84. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7
85. On the origins of the patent system, see Christine MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660-1800 (Cambridge, 1988), and "The Paradoxes of Patenting: Invention and Its Diffusion in 18th- and 19th-Century Britain, France, and North America," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 885-910; Pamela O. Long, "Invention, Authorship, 'Intellectual Property,' and the Origin of Patents: Notes toward a Conceptual History," Technology and Culture 32 (1991) 846-84; Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France," Technology and Culture 32 (1991): 910-30, and "Technical Invention and Institutional Credit in France and Britain in the 18th Century," History and Technology 16 (2000): 285-306; Nicolás García Tapia, Patentes de invenciòn espanolas en el Siglo de Oro (Madrid, 1990); Marcus Popplow, "Erfindungsschutz und Maschinenbucher: Etappen der Institutionaliserung Technischen Wandels in der Fruhen Neuzeit," Technikgeschichte 63 (1996): 21-46; Karel Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 345, and "Patents and Patentees in the Dutch Republic between c. 1580 and 1720" History and Technology 16 (2000): 263-83. For a comparative perspective now, see Liliane Hilaire-Pérez, L'invention technique au siècle des Lumières (Paris, 2000). As regards the Italian situation, see Mandich; Calegari, La Società patria delle arti e manifatture; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia; and Sabbatini (all n. 10 above).
86. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 23-24. The craftsmen from Lucca who moved to Venice in the late Middle Ages were also absorbed into the city guilds: Luca Molà, "L'industria della seta a Lucca nel tardo Medioevo: Emigrazione della manodopera e creazione di una rete produttiva a Bologna e Venezia," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 435-44. See also Giacomina Caligaris, "Trade Guilds, Manufacturing and Economic Privilege in the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Eighteenth Century," in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 69.
87. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 23-24. The craftsmen from Lucca who moved to Venice in the late Middle Ages were also absorbed into the city guilds: Luca Molà, "L'industria della seta a Lucca nel tardo Medioevo: Emigrazione della manodopera e creazione di una rete produttiva a Bologna e Venezia," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 435-44. See also Giacomina Caligaris, "Trade Guilds, Manufacturing and Economic Privilege in the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Eighteenth Century," in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 69.
88. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 23-24. The craftsmen from Lucca who moved to Venice in the late Middle Ages were also absorbed into the city guilds: Luca Molà, "L'industria della seta a Lucca nel tardo Medioevo: Emigrazione della manodopera e creazione di una rete produttiva a Bologna e Venezia," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 435-44. See also Giacomina Caligaris, "Trade Guilds, Manufacturing and Economic Privilege in the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Eighteenth Century," in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 69.
89. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 27-29. For analogies with the Dutch system, see Davids, "Openness or Secrecy?" (n. 20 above). Similar procedures were adopted in Lucca; Sabbatini, 27-28.
90. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 27-29. For analogies with the Dutch system, see Davids, "Openness or Secrecy?" (n. 20 above). Similar procedures were adopted in Lucca; Sabbatini, 27-28.
91. Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia, 27-29. For analogies with the Dutch system, see Davids, "Openness or Secrecy?" (n. 20 above). Similar procedures were adopted in Lucca; Sabbatini, 27-28.
92. Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini" (n. 26 above), 170. In Lucca, too, those who obtained the privilege were expected to teach the new technique to the local workforce; Sabbatini, 59. Similar evolutions took place in Turin and in Genoa; see Carlo M. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation: The Origins of the Italian Hosiery Industry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Textile History 27 (1996): 132-47.
93. Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini" (n. 26 above), 170. In Lucca, too, those who obtained the privilege were expected to teach the new technique to the local workforce; Sabbatini, 59. Similar evolutions took place in Turin and in Genoa; see Carlo M. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation: The Origins of the Italian Hosiery Industry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Textile History 27 (1996): 132-47.
94. Luigi Bulferetti and Claudio Costantini, Industria e commercio in Liguria nell'età del Risorgimento (1700-1861) (Milan, 1966), 85; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (n. 10 above); Sabbatini (n. 10 above); Caligaris; Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation."
95. Luigi Bulferetti and Claudio Costantini, Industria e commercio in Liguria nell'età del Risorgimento (1700-1861) (Milan, 1966), 85; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (n. 10 above); Sabbatini (n. 10 above); Caligaris; Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation."
96. Luigi Bulferetti and Claudio Costantini, Industria e commercio in Liguria nell'età del Risorgimento (1700-1861) (Milan, 1966), 85; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (n. 10 above); Sabbatini (n. 10 above); Caligaris; Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation."
97. Luigi Bulferetti and Claudio Costantini, Industria e commercio in Liguria nell'età del Risorgimento (1700-1861) (Milan, 1966), 85; Berveglieri, Inventori stranieri a Venezia (n. 10 above); Sabbatini (n. 10 above); Caligaris; Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation."
98. On the relations between craftsmen and merchants, see Giorgio Borelli, "A Reading of the Relationships between Cities, Manufacturing Crafts, and Guilds in Early Modern Italy," and Angelo Moioli, "The Changing Role of the Guilds in the Reorganisation of the Milanese Economy throughout the Sixteenth and the Eighteeenth Centuries," both in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 19-31, 32-55. On conflicts between the workforce and the merchants in the silk sector, see Poni (n. 14 above), 135-36, and, more generally, Paola Massa, "Tipologia tecnica e organizzazione economica della manodopera serica in alcune esperienze italiane (secoli XIV-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 211-15.
99. On the relations between craftsmen and merchants, see Giorgio Borelli, "A Reading of the Relationships between Cities, Manufacturing Crafts, and Guilds in Early Modern Italy," and Angelo Moioli, "The Changing Role of the Guilds in the Reorganisation of the Milanese Economy throughout the Sixteenth and the Eighteeenth Centuries," both in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 19-31, 32-55. On conflicts between the workforce and the merchants in the silk sector, see Poni (n. 14 above), 135-36, and, more generally, Paola Massa, "Tipologia tecnica e organizzazione economica della manodopera serica in alcune esperienze italiane (secoli XIV-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 211-15.
100. On the relations between craftsmen and merchants, see Giorgio Borelli, "A Reading of the Relationships between Cities, Manufacturing Crafts, and Guilds in Early Modern Italy," and Angelo Moioli, "The Changing Role of the Guilds in the Reorganisation of the Milanese Economy throughout the Sixteenth and the Eighteeenth Centuries," both in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 19-31, 32-55. On conflicts between the workforce and the merchants in the silk sector, see Poni (n. 14 above), 135-36, and, more generally, Paola Massa, "Tipologia tecnica e organizzazione economica della manodopera serica in alcune esperienze italiane (secoli XIV-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 211-15.
101. On the relations between craftsmen and merchants, see Giorgio Borelli, "A Reading of the Relationships between Cities, Manufacturing Crafts, and Guilds in Early Modern Italy," and Angelo Moioli, "The Changing Role of the Guilds in the Reorganisation of the Milanese Economy throughout the Sixteenth and the Eighteeenth Centuries," both in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 19-31, 32-55. On conflicts between the workforce and the merchants in the silk sector, see Poni (n. 14 above), 135-36, and, more generally, Paola Massa, "Tipologia tecnica e organizzazione economica della manodopera serica in alcune esperienze italiane (secoli XIV-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 211-15.
102. The new technique and the monopoly would, in fact, have strengthened the craftsmen's position, giving them control over a delicate phase of the production process and excluding the merchants-who, instead, aimed at controlling the entire production cycle directly. Berveglieri, "Cosmo Scatini."
103. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation."
104. E. Merlo, "Corporazione e manifattura privilegiata a Milano (1755-1780)," Studi storici Luigi Simeoni 41 (1991): 221-32.
105. Malanima (n. 26 above), 243-44.
106. Molà, The Silk Industry (n. 10 above), 199-201. For some Milanese examples, see Verga (n. 26 above), 102-4.
107. Molà, The Silk Industry (n. 10 above), 199-201. For some Milanese examples, see Verga (n. 26 above), 102-4.
108. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft" (n. 20 above). See also Frédérique Sachwald, "Cooperative Agreements and the Theory of the Firm: Focusing on Barriers to Change," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35 (1998): 208-9. On tacit knowledge, see Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y., 1966), and Paul A. David and Dominique Foray, "Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge Society," Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper no. 01-14, February 2002.
109. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft" (n. 20 above). See also Frédérique Sachwald, "Cooperative Agreements and the Theory of the Firm: Focusing on Barriers to Change," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35 (1998): 208-9. On tacit knowledge, see Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y., 1966), and Paul A. David and Dominique Foray, "Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge Society," Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper no. 01-14, February 2002.
110. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft" (n. 20 above). See also Frédérique Sachwald, "Cooperative Agreements and the Theory of the Firm: Focusing on Barriers to Change," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35 (1998): 208-9. On tacit knowledge, see Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y., 1966), and Paul A. David and Dominique Foray, "Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge Society," Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper no. 01-14, February 2002.
111. Long, "Invention, Secrecy, Theft" (n. 20 above). See also Frédérique Sachwald, "Cooperative Agreements and the Theory of the Firm: Focusing on Barriers to Change," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 35 (1998): 208-9. On tacit knowledge, see Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Garden City, N.Y., 1966), and Paul A. David and Dominique Foray, "Economic Fundamentals of the Knowledge Society," Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper no. 01-14, February 2002.
112. Merchants in Mantua complained of the exodus of "many silk and wool craftsmen who go to other cities; because of the famine it is said." Carlo M. Belfanti, "Una città e la carestia: Mantova, 1590-1592," Annali della Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 16 (1982): 140. Carlo M. Belfanti, "A Chain of Skills: The Production Cycle of Firearms Manufacture in the Brescia Area from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries," in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 266-83.
113. Merchants in Mantua complained of the exodus of "many silk and wool craftsmen who go to other cities; because of the famine it is said." Carlo M. Belfanti, "Una città e la carestia: Mantova, 1590-1592," Annali della Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 16 (1982): 140. Carlo M. Belfanti, "A Chain of Skills: The Production Cycle of Firearms Manufacture in the Brescia Area from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries," in Guenzi, Massa, and Piola Caselli (n. 10 above), 266-83.
114. Fabio Giusberti, Impresa e avventura: L'industria del velo di seta a Bologna nel XVIII secolo (Milan, 1989), 11-66. See also Preto (n. 21 above), 382-417.
115. Fabio Giusberti, Impresa e avventura: L'industria del velo di seta a Bologna nel XVIII secolo (Milan, 1989), 11-66. See also Preto (n. 21 above), 382-417.
116. Carlo Poni, "Archéologie de la fabrique: La diffusione des moulins à soie 'alla bolognese' dans les Etats Vénitiens du XVI au XVIII siècles," Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 27 (1972): 1480; Giusberti, 19.
117. Carlo Poni, "Archéologie de la fabrique: La diffusione des moulins à soie 'alla bolognese' dans les Etats Vénitiens du XVI au XVIII siècles," Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 27 (1972): 1480; Giusberti, 19.
118. Giusberti, 11-66.
119. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation" (n. 37 above).
120. Brian Arthur, "Competing Technologies: An Overview," in Technical Change and Economic Theory, ed. Giovanni Dosi et al. (London and New York, 1988), 590-91. See also Dominique Foray, "Choix des techniques, rendements croissants et processus historique," in La technoscience: Les fractures du discours, ed. J. Prades (Paris, 1992), 66.
121. Brian Arthur, "Competing Technologies: An Overview," in Technical Change and Economic Theory, ed. Giovanni Dosi et al. (London and New York, 1988), 590-91. See also Dominique Foray, "Choix des techniques, rendements croissants et processus historique," in La technoscience: Les fractures du discours, ed. J. Prades (Paris, 1992), 66.
122. Gary S. Becker and K. M. Murphy, "The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge," Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1137-60. Some cases of failure are documented in Salvatore Ciriacono, "La manodopera italiana e il mercato serico germanico (secoli XVI-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 375-86; Chicco (n. 31 above), 80-91, 287-88, 293-94; Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 51-54.
123. Gary S. Becker and K. M. Murphy, "The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge," Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1137-60. Some cases of failure are documented in Salvatore Ciriacono, "La manodopera italiana e il mercato serico germanico (secoli XVI-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 375-86; Chicco (n. 31 above), 80-91, 287-88, 293-94; Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 51-54.
124. Gary S. Becker and K. M. Murphy, "The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge," Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1137-60. Some cases of failure are documented in Salvatore Ciriacono, "La manodopera italiana e il mercato serico germanico (secoli XVI-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 375-86; Chicco (n. 31 above), 80-91, 287-88, 293-94; Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 51-54.
125. Gary S. Becker and K. M. Murphy, "The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge," Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1137-60. Some cases of failure are documented in Salvatore Ciriacono, "La manodopera italiana e il mercato serico germanico (secoli XVI-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 375-86; Chicco (n. 31 above), 80-91, 287-88, 293-94; Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 51-54.
126. Gary S. Becker and K. M. Murphy, "The Division of Labor, Coordination Costs, and Knowledge," Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 1137-60. Some cases of failure are documented in Salvatore Ciriacono, "La manodopera italiana e il mercato serico germanico (secoli XVI-XVIII)," in Cavaciocchi (n. 4 above), 375-86; Chicco (n. 31 above), 80-91, 287-88, 293-94; Sabbatini (n. 10 above), 51-54.
127. See Poni, "Per una storia" (n. 14 above), 138; Giusberti (n. 47 above), 16-20; Chicco, 26-38.
128. See Poni, "Per una storia" (n. 14 above), 138; Giusberti (n. 47 above), 16-20; Chicco, 26-38.
129. See Poni, "Per una storia" (n. 14 above), 138; Giusberti (n. 47 above), 16-20; Chicco, 26-38.
130. David Jeremy, "Transatlantic Industrial Espionage in the Early Nineteenth Century: Barriers and Penetrations," Textile History 26 (1995): 119.
131. Maureen Fennell Mazzaoui, "Artisan Migration and Technology in the Italian Textile Industry in the Late Middle Ages (1100-1500)," in Strutture familiari, epidemie, migrazioni nell'Italia medievale, ed. Rinaldo Comba, Gabriella Piccinni, and Giuliano Pinto (Naples, 1984), 522-25; Molà, The Silk Industry (n. 10 above), 37-42.
132. Maureen Fennell Mazzaoui, "Artisan Migration and Technology in the Italian Textile Industry in the Late Middle Ages (1100-1500)," in Strutture familiari, epidemie, migrazioni nell'Italia medievale, ed. Rinaldo Comba, Gabriella Piccinni, and Giuliano Pinto (Naples, 1984), 522-25; Molà, The Silk Industry (n. 10 above), 37-42.
133. Mazzaoui, 523; David Jacoby, "The Migration of Merchants and Craftsmen: A Mediterranean Perspective (12th-15th Century)," in Le migrazioni in Europa secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1994), 553; Molà, The Silk Industry, 17-42; Giusberti, 25-27.
134. Mazzaoui, 523; David Jacoby, "The Migration of Merchants and Craftsmen: A Mediterranean Perspective (12th-15th Century)," in Le migrazioni in Europa secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1994), 553; Molà, The Silk Industry, 17-42; Giusberti, 25-27.
135. Mazzaoui, 523; David Jacoby, "The Migration of Merchants and Craftsmen: A Mediterranean Perspective (12th-15th Century)," in Le migrazioni in Europa secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1994), 553; Molà, The Silk Industry, 17-42; Giusberti, 25-27.
136. Mazzaoui, 523; David Jacoby, "The Migration of Merchants and Craftsmen: A Mediterranean Perspective (12th-15th Century)," in Le migrazioni in Europa secc. XIII-XVIII, ed. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Florence, 1994), 553; Molà, The Silk Industry, 17-42; Giusberti, 25-27.
137. Molà, "L'industria della seta" (n. 35 above), 435-44.
138. See, for instance, Jacoby, 554.
139. Preto (n. 21 above), 403-21.
140. Barbara Bettoni, "La manifattura veneziana delle perle di vetro nel XVIII secolo" (tesi di laurea, Università di Brescia, 1997-98), 176-81.
141. Giusberti (n. 47 above), 21-22.
142. Poni, "Per una storia" (n. 14 above), 94-100.
143. Davids, "Shifts of Technological Leadership" (n. 7 above), 341.
144. Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani (n. 17 above).
145. Poni, "Per una storia," 108.
146. Ibid., 129.
147. Italy also saw the publication of important technical works in the second half of the eighteenth century. See, for example, Mario Infelise, L'editoria veneziana nel '700 (Milan, 1999), and Daniele Baggiani, "Tecnologia e riforme nella Toscana di Pietro Leopoldo: La traduzione del 'The advancement of arts, manufactures and commerce' di William Bailey," Rivista storica italiana 105 (1993): 515-54. John Pannabecker calls attention to the shop-floor orientation of the illustrations in the Encyclopédie, which operate in unacknowledged tension with the elite orientation of the essays they illustrate; codification had its limits even in the Encyclopédie. See John R. Pannabecker, "Representing Mechanical Art in Diderot's Encyclopédie, " Technology and Culture 39 (1998): 33-73.
148. Italy also saw the publication of important technical works in the second half of the eighteenth century. See, for example, Mario Infelise, L'editoria veneziana nel '700 (Milan, 1999), and Daniele Baggiani, "Tecnologia e riforme nella Toscana di Pietro Leopoldo: La traduzione del 'The advancement of arts, manufactures and commerce' di William Bailey," Rivista storica italiana 105 (1993): 515-54. John Pannabecker calls attention to the shop-floor orientation of the illustrations in the Encyclopédie, which operate in unacknowledged tension with the elite orientation of the essays they illustrate; codification had its limits even in the Encyclopédie. See John R. Pannabecker, "Representing Mechanical Art in Diderot's Encyclopédie, " Technology and Culture 39 (1998): 33-73.
149. Italy also saw the publication of important technical works in the second half of the eighteenth century. See, for example, Mario Infelise, L'editoria veneziana nel '700 (Milan, 1999), and Daniele Baggiani, "Tecnologia e riforme nella Toscana di Pietro Leopoldo: La traduzione del 'The advancement of arts, manufactures and commerce' di William Bailey," Rivista storica italiana 105 (1993): 515-54. John Pannabecker calls attention to the shop-floor orientation of the illustrations in the Encyclopédie, which operate in unacknowledged tension with the elite orientation of the essays they illustrate; codification had its limits even in the Encyclopédie. See John R. Pannabecker, "Representing Mechanical Art in Diderot's Encyclopédie, " Technology and Culture 39 (1998): 33-73.
150. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
151. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
152. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
153. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
154. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
155. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
156. Thirsk (n. 3 above); Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982); Lorna Weatherill, Consumer Behaviour and Material Culture in Britain, 1660-1750 (London, 1988); Carole Shammas, The Preindustrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990); J. Brewer and R. Porter, eds., Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993); Anton J. Schuurman and L. S. Walsh, eds., Material Culture: Consumption, Life-Style, Standard of Living, 1500-1900 (Milan, 1994); John Styles, "Product Innovation in Early Modern London," Past and Present 168 (2000): 125-69.
157. Styles, 148.
158. Molà, The Silk Industry (n. 10 above), 177-85.
159. Ibid., 170-71.
160. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation" (n. 37 above). According to a tradition handed down by Gravenor Henson, the first historian of the English knitting manufacture, stockings knitted on needles were introduced into Great Britain by a merchant from Mantua; Stanley D. Chapman, ed., Henson's History of the Framework Knitters (New York, 1970), 12.
161. Belfanti, "Fashion and Innovation" (n. 37 above). According to a tradition handed down by Gravenor Henson, the first historian of the English knitting manufacture, stockings knitted on needles were introduced into Great Britain by a merchant from Mantua; Stanley D. Chapman, ed., Henson's History of the Framework Knitters (New York, 1970), 12.
162. See Cipolla, "The Economic Decline of Italy" (n. 9 above), 127-45, and, more recently, Paolo Malanima, La fine del primato: Crisi e riconversione nell'Italia del Seicento (Milan, 1998).
163. See Cipolla, "The Economic Decline of Italy" (n. 9 above), 127-45, and, more recently, Paolo Malanima, La fine del primato: Crisi e riconversione nell'Italia del Seicento (Milan, 1998).
164. Sonenscher (n. 6 above), 210-43.
165. Cissie Fairchilds, "The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in Eighteenth-Century Paris," in Brewer and Porter (n. 68 above), 228-48. Patrick Verley, "Essor et déclin des industries du luxe et du demi-luxe en France au XIXe siècle," in Le luxe en France du siècle des Lumières à nos jours, ed. Jacques Marseille (Paris, 1999), 107-23.
166. Cissie Fairchilds, "The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in Eighteenth-Century Paris," in Brewer and Porter (n. 68 above), 228-48. Patrick Verley, "Essor et déclin des industries du luxe et du demi-luxe en France au XIXe siècle," in Le luxe en France du siècle des Lumières à nos jours, ed. Jacques Marseille (Paris, 1999), 107-23.
167. Daniel Roche, Histoire des choses banales: Naissance de la consommation dans les sociétés traditionnelles (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) (Paris, 1997); Colin Jones and R. Spang, "Sans-Culottes, Sans Café, Sans Tabac: Shifting Realms of Necessity and Luxury in Eighteenth-Century France," in Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650-1850, ed. Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford (Manchester, 1999), 37-62.
168. Daniel Roche, Histoire des choses banales: Naissance de la consommation dans les sociétés traditionnelles (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) (Paris, 1997); Colin Jones and R. Spang, "Sans-Culottes, Sans Café, Sans Tabac: Shifting Realms of Necessity and Luxury in Eighteenth-Century France," in Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe, 1650-1850, ed. Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford (Manchester, 1999), 37-62.
169. Styles (n. 68 above).
170. Maxine Berg, "Product Innovations in Core Consumer Industries in Eighteenth-Century Britain," in Berg and Bruland (n. 26 above), 138-57; Helen Clifford, "Concepts of Invention, Identity, and Imitation in the London and Provincial Metal-Working Trades, 1750-1800," Journal of Design History 12 (1999): 241-55; Styles; Maxine Berg, "New Commodities, Luxuries, and Their Consumers in Eighteenth-Century England," in Berg and Clifford, 63-87, quote at 69.
171. Maxine Berg, "Product Innovations in Core Consumer Industries in Eighteenth-Century Britain," in Berg and Bruland (n. 26 above), 138-57; Helen Clifford, "Concepts of Invention, Identity, and Imitation in the London and Provincial Metal-Working Trades, 1750-1800," Journal of Design History 12 (1999): 241-55; Styles; Maxine Berg, "New Commodities, Luxuries, and Their Consumers in Eighteenth-Century England," in Berg and Clifford, 63-87, quote at 69.
172. Maxine Berg, "Product Innovations in Core Consumer Industries in Eighteenth-Century Britain," in Berg and Bruland (n. 26 above), 138-57; Helen Clifford, "Concepts of Invention, Identity, and Imitation in the London and Provincial Metal-Working Trades, 1750-1800," Journal of Design History 12 (1999): 241-55; Styles; Maxine Berg, "New Commodities, Luxuries, and Their Consumers in Eighteenth-Century England," in Berg and Clifford, 63-87, quote at 69.
173. Trivellato (n. 10 above), 239-45.
174. Infelise (n. 67 above), 228-29, 260-61, 270-71.
175. Carlo Poni, "Fashion as Flexible Production: The Strategies of the Lyon Silk Merchants in the Eighteenth Century," in World of Possibilities, ed. Charles F. Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin (Cambridge, 1997), 37-74; Lesley Ellis Miller, "Innovation and Industrial Espionage in Eighteenth-Century France: An Investigation of the Selling of Silks through Samples," Journal of Design History 12 (1999): 271-90.
176. Carlo Poni, "Fashion as Flexible Production: The Strategies of the Lyon Silk Merchants in the Eighteenth Century," in World of Possibilities, ed. Charles F. Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin (Cambridge, 1997), 37-74; Lesley Ellis Miller, "Innovation and Industrial Espionage in Eighteenth-Century France: An Investigation of the Selling of Silks through Samples," Journal of Design History 12 (1999): 271-90.
177. Carlo Poni, "Moda e innovazione: Le strategie dei mercanti di seta di Lione nel secolo XVIII;' in Cavaciocchi, La seta in Europa (n. 4 above), 24-25.
178. Bruno Caizzi, Industria, commercio e Banca in Lombardia nel XVIII secolo (Milan, 1968), 114; Felice A. Duboin, Raccolta per ordine di materie delle leggi cioè editti, patenti, manifesti, ecc. emanate negli stati di terraferma sino all'8 dicembre 1798 dai sovrani della real casa di Savoia, bk. 16, vol. 18 (Turin, 1849), 297, 346.
179. Bruno Caizzi, Industria, commercio e Banca in Lombardia nel XVIII secolo (Milan, 1968), 114; Felice A. Duboin, Raccolta per ordine di materie delle leggi cioè editti, patenti, manifesti, ecc. emanate negli stati di terraferma sino all'8 dicembre 1798 dai sovrani della real casa di Savoia, bk. 16, vol. 18 (Turin, 1849), 297, 346.
180. Archivio di Stato di Milano, Commercio, P.A., b. 231, 30 marzo 1773.
181. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, V Savi, Diversorum, b. 370, n. 60, 3 December 1763 more veneto.
182. Pietro D'avanzo, Regole per la meccanica del telaio da seta 1753, ed. Ileana Chiappini di Sorio (Venice, 1981).
183. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, V Savi, Diversorum, b. 388, n. 45, 28 April 1777 more veneto. Marsilio Landriani drew the same conclusion: "The trade in cloth from Lyon is not only sustained by their excellent market, by the perfection of the execution of the work, by the prestige of their fashion, but also through the elegance and the vivacity of the designs and by the embroidery for which the cloth acquires a considerable value, above all others in Europe. In this sense there is no other nation or city, which can compete with or be equal to Lyon. The great numbers of designers that are found there, and who, as a measure of their superiority, by talent acquire greater fortune, excite an emulation and a competition which promotes the art of design and an astounding perfection. Each year the valid designer makes a journey to Paris to study, in the infinite variety of the fashion and the caprice of the elegant Parisiens, the color, the decoration, the bizarre touch or imagination that could give originality and brio to his designs." Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani (n. 17 above), 30-31.
184. Archivio di Stato di Venezia, V Savi, Diversorum, b. 388, n. 45, 28 April 1777 more veneto. Marsilio Landriani drew the same conclusion: "The trade in cloth from Lyon is not only sustained by their excellent market, by the perfection of the execution of the work, by the prestige of their fashion, but also through the elegance and the vivacity of the designs and by the embroidery for which the cloth acquires a considerable value, above all others in Europe. In this sense there is no other nation or city, which can compete with or be equal to Lyon. The great numbers of designers that are found there, and who, as a measure of their superiority, by talent acquire greater fortune, excite an emulation and a competition which promotes the art of design and an astounding perfection. Each year the valid designer makes a journey to Paris to study, in the infinite variety of the fashion and the caprice of the elegant Parisiens, the color, the decoration, the bizarre touch or imagination that could give originality and brio to his designs." Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani (n. 17 above), 30-31.
185. Long hits the mark when she writes: "The role of the patent in the process of the transmission of craft knowledge, I would argue, is at least as important as its role in encouraging innovation and invention." "Invention, Secrecy, Theft" (n. 20 above), 231.
186. Pessina, Relazioni di Marsilio Landriani, 15.