On the shop floor: Guilds, artisans, and the European market economy, 1350-1750

Journal of Early Modern History

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 24-54

  Farr, James R ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039812874     PISSN: 13853783     EISSN: 15700658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157006597X00217     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Hermann Kellenbenz, "The Organization of Production," vol. 5, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge, 1963)
2. Carlo Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution (New York, 1980)
3. Domenico Sella, Crisis and Continuity: The Economy of Spanish Lombardy in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1979)
4. Jaime Vicens Vives, An Economic History of Spain, trans. Frances M. Lopez-Morillas (Princeton, 1969)
5. For a concise and useful introduction to this debate, and for a helpful bibliography, see Colin Heywood, The Development of the French Economy, 1750-1914 (Cambridge, 1995)
6. See, for example, Michael Sonenscher, Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics, and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades (Cambridge, 1989)
7. See Richard Mackenney, Tradesmen and Traders: The World of the Guilds in Venice and Europe, 1250-1650 (Totowa, 1987), esp. ch. 3
8. e siècles," Annales: ESC 43 (1988): 323-52
9. e siècles," in Le Travail au Moyen Âge (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990), 339-48
10. e siècles): Images normatives, réalités socio-politiques et économiques," in Les Métiers au Moyen Âge, ed. Pascale Lambrechts and Jean-Pierre Sosson (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994), 1-21
11. See Emile Coornaert, La Corporation en France avant 1789 (Paris, 1968)
12. For a useful exploration of this problem, see the essays in The Culture of the Market: Historical Essays, ed. Thomas L. Haskell and Richard F. Teichgraeber III (Cambridge, 1996)
13. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century, 3 vols., trans. Sian Reynolds (New York, 1984)
14. Thomas L. Haskell and Richard F. Teichgraeber III, "Introduction: The Culture of the Market," in The Culture of the Market, 16
15. Indeed, Gail Bossenga, "Protecting Merchants: Guilds and Commercial Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France," French Historical Studies 15 (1988): 693-703, demonstrates that guilds in fact were used by merchants to facilitate economic growth
16. William Reddy, The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750-1900 (Cambridge, 1984)
17. See also Lenard Berlanstien, ed., Rethinking Labor History (Urbana, IL, 1993)
18. Patrick Joyce, ed., The Historical Meanings of Work (Cambridge, 1989)
19. and Jean Baudrillard, The Mirror of Production, trans. Mark Poster (St. Louis, 1975)
20. See Maxine Berg, "Markets, Trade and European Manufacture," in Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe, ed. Maxine Berg (London, 1991), 3-28
21. Jan De Vries, "The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution," Journal of Economic History 54/2 (June, 1994)
22. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J.H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society (London, 1982)
23. See De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis (Cambridge, 1976), 148
24. and Peter Clark, Small Towns in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1995)
25. C.G.A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England, 1500-1700, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1984), vol. 2; 6-7
26. Jordan Goodman and Katrina Honeyman, Gainful Pursuits: The Making of Industrial Europe, 1600-1914 (London, 1988), 64
27. See J.L. van Zanden, The Rise and Decline of Holland's Economy: Merchant Capitalism and the Labor Market (Manchester, 1993)
28. De Vries, "The Industrious Revolution," 255
29. De Vries, "The Industrious Revolution," 261
30. Berg, "Markets, Trade and European Manufacture."
31. For a useful overview and critique, see Leslie A. Clarkson, Proto-Industrialization: The First Phase of Industrialization? (London, 1985)
32. Cissie Fairchilds, "The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in Eighteenth-Century Paris," in Consumption and the World of Goods, 230
33. See Derek Keene, "Continuity and Development in Urban Trades: Problems of Concepts and the Evidence," in Work in Towns, 850-1850, ed. Penelope J. Corfield and Derek Keene (Leicester, 1990), 1-16
34. De Vries, Economy, 91
35. Richard Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence (Baltimore, 1980), 301-17
36. David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families (New Haven, 1985), 124-26
37. e siècle (Paris, 1996), ch. 5, 12, and 14
38. Only gradually did manufacturers alter the fundamental principle of constant returns to scale; they did so by experimenting with economies of scale in some product lines. See James R. Farr, Butchers, Bakers, and Candlestickmakers: Artisans in Europe from the Black Death to Industrialization (forthcoming, Cambridge University Press)
39. See, for example, Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989)
40. Steve Rappaport, Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth-Century London (Cambridge, 1989)
41. Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989)
42. Farr, Hands of Honor: Artisans and Their World in Dijon, 1550-1650 (Ithaca, 1988)
43. and Ramona Huguet, Els Artesans de Lleida, 1680-1808 (Lleida, 1990)
44. See Peter Stabel, "L'Encadrement corporatif et la conjoncture économique dans les petites villes de la Flandre orientale: Contraintes ou possibilités?" in Les Métiers au Moyen Âge, 335-48
45. Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1966), 134-36
46. Farr, "Consumers, Commerce, and the Craftsmen of Dijon: The Changing Social and Economic Structure of a Provincial Capital, 1450-1750," in Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France, ed. Philip Benedict (London, 1989), 134-73
47. John Rule, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century English Industry (New York, 1981), 26-27
48. Rule, The Experience of Labour, 122
49. McKendrick, et al., Birth of a Consumer Society
50. Quoted in Michael Stürmer, "An Economy of Delight: Court Artisans of the Eighteenth Century," Business History Review 53 (1979): 497
51. David Ringrose, Madrid and the Spanish Economy (Berkeley, 1983), 69
52. Herman van der Wee, "Industrial Dynamics and the Process of Urbanization and De-urbanization in the Low Countries from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century: A Synthesis," in The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries, ed. Herman van der Wee (Louvain, 1988), 307-81
53. See also Paul M. Hohenberg, "Urban Manufactures in the Proto-Industrial Economy: Culture vs. Commerce," in Markets and Manufacture, 159-72
54. Judith C. Brown and Jordan Goodman, "Women and Industry in Florence," Journal of Economic History 40/1 (March, 1980): 75
55. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence, 350
56. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence, 401, 402, 405, 74
57. Farr, "Consumers, Commerce, and the Craftsmen," 138-39, 145, 150
58. e siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1957-59), 443-45
59. Sonenscher, Work and Wages
60. Kaplan, Le Meilleur pain du monde
61. Carola M. Small, "The Builders of Artois in the Early Fourteenth Century," French Historical Studies 16/2 (1989): 374
62. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence, 147, 159, 160, 230
63. e siècle (Paris, 1975), 202
64. Kaplan, "The Luxury Guilds in Paris in the Eighteenth Century," Francia (1981): 273-75
65. Mackenney, Tradesmen and Traders, 101-11
66. Montias, Artists and Artisans in Delft, ch. 7 and 8
67. Roper, The Holy Household, 33
68. Rule, The Vital Century: England's Developing Economy, 1714-1815 (London, 1992), 145
69. Otto Mayr, Authority, Liberty and Automatic Machinery in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1986), 5, 6
70. Mayr, Authority, Liberty and Automatic Machinery, 8, 9
71. Rule, The Vital Century, 149
72. Edmund M. Green, "The Taxonomy of Occupations in Late Eighteenth-Century Westminster," in Work in Towns, 164-81
73. L.D. Schwarz, London in the Age of Industrialization (Cambridge, 1992), 33
74. See Natalie Zemon Davis, "Women in the Crafts in Sixteenth-Century Lyon," in Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe, ed. Barbara Hanawalt (Bloomington, 1986), 167-97
75. For useful overviews, see H. Bradley, Men's Work, Women's Work (Cambridge, 1989)
76. and P. Hudson and W.R. Lee, Women's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective (Manchester, 1990)
77. De Vries, "Industrious Revolution;"
78. Elizabeth Musgrave, "Women in the Male World of Work: The Building Industries of Eighteenth-Century Brittany," French History 7/1 (1993): 30-52
79. Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, "Women's Work, Gender Conflict, and Labour Markets in Europe, 1500-1900," Economic History Review 44 (1991): 608-28
80. Merry Wiesner, Working Women in Renaissance Germany (New Brunswick, 1986), 158
81. Daryl Hafter, "Gender Formation from a Working Class Viewpoint: Guildwomen in Eighteenth-Century Rouen," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History 16 (1989): 418
82. Martha Howell, Women, Production, and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986), ch. 6
83. and Margaret Wensky, "Women's Guilds in Cologne in the Later Middle Ages," The Journal of European Economic History 11/3 (1982)
84. Hafter, "Gender Formation," 418
85. David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London, 1992)
86. Kay E. Lacey, "Women and Work in Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century London," in Women and Work in Preindustrial England, ed. Charles Lindsey and Lorna Duffin (London, 1985), 24-82
87. Swanson, Medieval Artisans
88. Wiesner, Working Women, 168-85
89. A.T. van Deursen, Plain Lives in a Golden Age: Popular Culture, Religion and Society in Seventeeth-Century Holland, trans. Maarten Ultee (Cambridge, 1991), 8-9
90. Diane Willen, "Guildswomen in the City of York, 1560-1700," The Historian 46/2 (1984): 217
91. Peter Earle, "The Female Labour Market in London in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Century," Economic History Review, 2nd series, 42 (1989): 328-53
92. Sonenscher, The Hatters of Eighteenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1987), 147
93. Judith Coffin, "Gender and the Guild Order: The Garment Trades in Eighteenth-Century Paris," Journal of Economic History 54/4 (1994): 768-93
94. e siècles (Paris, 1962)
95. Quoted in Sylvia Thrupp, "The Gilds," Cambridge Economic History, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1963), 255
96. Farr, Hands of Honor, 61-62
97. Quoted in Kaplan, "The Luxury Guilds in Paris," 261
98. See Farr, Butchers, Bakers, and Candlestickmakers, ch. 1
99. e siècles," Revue historique 268 (1982): 36
100. Arlette Farge, Fragile Lives: Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth-Century Paris, trans. Carol Shelton (London, 1993), 142
101. Kaplan, "Luxury Guilds," 271
102. Kaplan, Le Meilleur pain du monde, 317, 131
103. Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century, 98-99. Technically, Nuremberg had no guilds, but it did have "sworn crafts" that operated almost indistinguishably like guilds in other cities
104. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 231
105. e siècle," Annales: ESC 43 (1988): 453-78
106. Jacques-Louis Ménétra, A Journal of My Life, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York, 1986)
107. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 234
108. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 232
109. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 237
110. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 242
111. Fairchilds, "Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods," 230