An updated catalog of prostate cancer predictive tools

Cancer

Volumn 113, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 3075-3099

  Shariat, Shahrokh F ^a   Karakiewicz, Pierre I ^b   Roehrborn, Claus G ^a   Kattan, Michael W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Nomogram; Prediction; Prostate cancer; Recurrence

Indexed keywords

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NOMOGRAM; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TUMOR BIOPSY;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DECISION MAKING; FORECASTING; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NOMOGRAMS; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECURRENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VALIDATION STUDIES AS TOPIC;

EID: 56649117652     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: 10970142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23908     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murrah T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:43-66.
2. Miles BJ, Giesler B, Kattan MW. Recall and attitudes in patients with prostate cancer. Urology. 1999;53:169-174.
3. Clark JA, Wray NP, Ashton CM. Living with treatment decisions: regrets and quality of life among men treated for metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:72-80.
4. Elstein AS. Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med. 1999;74:791-794.
5. Vlaev I, Chater N. Game relativity: how context influences strategic decision making. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2006;32:131-149.
6. Hogarth RM, Karelaia N. Heuristic and linear models of judgment: matching rules and environments. Psychol Rev. 2007;114:733-758.
7. Ross PL, Gerigk C, Gonen M, et al. Comparisons of nomograms and urologists' predictions in prostate cancer. Semin Urol Oncol. 2002;20:82-88.
8. Ross PL, Scardino PT, Kattan MW. A catalog of prostate cancer nomograms. J Urol. 2001;165:1562-1568.
9. Chun FK, Karakiewicz PI, Briganti A, et al. A critical appraisal of logistic regression-based nomograms, artificial neural networks, classification and regression-tree models, look-up tables and risk-group stratification models for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007;99:794-800.
10. Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Stapleton AM, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:766-771.
11. Kattan MW, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. Postoperative nomogram for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1499-1507.
12. Specht MC, Kattan MW, Gonen M, Fey J, Van Zee KJ. Predicting nonsentinel node status after positive sentinel lymph biopsy for breast cancer: clinicians versus nomogram. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:654-659.
13. Walz J, Gallina A, Perrotte P, et al. Clinicians are poor raters of life-expectancy before radical prostatectomy or definitive radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2007;100:1254-1258.
14. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. The combination of preoperative prostate specific antigen and postoperative pathological findings to predict prostate specific antigen outcome in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998;160(6 pt 1):2096-2101.
15. D'Amico AV, Keshaviah A, Manola J, et al. Clinical utility of the percentage of positive prostate biopsies in predicting prostate cancer-specific and overall survival after radiotherapy for patients with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:581-587.
16. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Pretreatment nomogram for prostate-specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:168-172.
17. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Combination of the preoperative PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, percentage of positive biopsies, and MRI T-stage to predict early PSA failure in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology. 2000;55:572-577.
18. Snow PB, Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Artificial neural networks in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer: a pilot study. J Urol. 1994;152(5 pt 2):1923-1926.
19. Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multi-institutional update [see comments] [published erratum appears in JAMA. 1997;278:118]. JAMA. 1997;277:1445-1451.
20. Makarov DV, Trock BJ, Humphreys EB, et al. Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases from 2000 to 2005. Urology. 2007;69:1095-1101.
21. Conrad S, Graefen M, Pichlmeier U, et al. Prospective validation of an algorithm with systematic sextant biopsy to predict pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167(2 pt 1):521-525.
22. Graefen M, Haese A, Pichlmeier U, et al. A validated strategy for side specific prediction of organ confined prostate cancer: a tool to select for nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2001;165:857-863.
23. Kattan MW. Nomograms. Introduction. Semin Urol Oncol. 2002;20:79-81.
24. Bradley E, Tibshirani RJ. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability: An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Boca Raton, Fla: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 1993.
25. Kattan MW. Comparison of Cox regression with other methods for determining prediction models and nomograms. J Urol. 2003;170(6 pt 2):S6-S9; discussion S10.
26. Steyerberg EW, Bleeker SE, Moll HA, Grobbee DE, Moons KG. Internal and external validation of predictive models: a simulation study of bias and precision in small samples. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:441-447.
27. Steyerberg EW, Harrell FE Jr, Borsboom GJ, Eijkemans MJ, Vergouwe Y, Habbema JD. Internal validation of predictive models: efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:774-781.
28. Steyerberg EW, Harrell FE Jr, Goodman PH. Neural networks, logistic regression, and calibration. Med Decis Making. 1998;18:349-350.
29. Steyerberg EW, Roobl MJ, Kattan MW, van der Kwast TH, de Koning HJ, Schroder FH. Prediction of indolent prostate cancer: validation and updating of a prognostic nomogram. J Urol. 2007;177:107-112; discussion 112.
30. Briganti A, Shariat SF, Chun FK, et al. Differences in the rate of lymph node invasion in men with clinically localized prostate cancer might be related to the continent of origin. BJU Int. 2007;100:528-532.
31. Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Palapattu GS, et al. Nomograms provide improved accuracy for predicting survival after radical cystectomy. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:6663-6676.
32. Kattan MW. Nomograms are superior to staging and risk grouping systems for identifying high-risk patients: preoperative application in prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13:111-116.
33. Kattan MW, Shariat SF, Andrews B, et al. The addition of interleukin-6 soluble receptor and transforming growth factor beta1 improves a preoperative nomogram for predicting biochemical progression in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3573-3579.
34. Chun FK, Graefen M, Briganti A, et al. Initial biopsy outcome prediction - head-to-head comparison of a logistic regression-based nomogram versus artificial neural network. Eur Urol 2007;51:1236-1240; discussion 1241-1243.
35. Kattan MW, Karpeh MS, Mazumdar M, Brennan MF. Postoperative nomogram for disease-specific survival after an R0 resection for gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3647-3650.
36. Kattan MW, Leung DH, Brennan MF. Postoperative nomogram for 12-year sarcoma-specific death. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:791-796.
37. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion based on the extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2006;98:788-793.
38. Gallina A, Chun FK, Briganti A, et al. Development and split-sample validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of seminal vesicle invasion at radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;52:98-105.
39. Steuber T, Graefen M, Haese A. Validation of a nomogram for prediction of side specific extracapsular extension at radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2006;175(3 pt 1):939-944; discussion 944.
40. Sargent DJ. Comparison of artificial neural networks with other statistical approaches: results from medical data sets. Cancer. 2001;91(8 suppl):1636-1642.
41. Schwarzer G, Schumacher M. Artificial neural networks for diagnosis and prognosis in prostate cancer. Semin Urol Oncol. 2002;20:89-95.
42. Terrin N, Schmid CH, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB, Selker HP. External validity of predictive models: a comparison of logistic regression, classification trees, and neural networks. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:721-729.
43. Albertsen PC, Hanley JA, Gleason DF, Barry MJ. Competing risk analysis of men aged 55 to 74 years at diagnosis managed conservatively for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280:975-980.
44. Kattan MW, Giri D, Panageas KS, et al. A tool for predicting breast carcinoma mortality in women who do not receive adjuvant therapy. Cancer. 2004;101:2509-2515.
45. Kattan MW, Heller G, Brennan MF. A competing-risks nomogram for sarcoma-specific death following local recurrence. Stat Med. 2003;22:3515-3525.
46. Albertsen PC, Walters S, Hanley JA. A comparison of cause of death determination in men previously diagnosed with prostate cancer who died in 1985 or 1995. J Urol. 2000;163:519-523.
47. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Eastham JA, et al. Postoperative nomogram predicting the 10-year probability of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7005-7012.
48. Stephenson AJ, Scarcino PT, Eastham JA, et al. Preoperative nomogram predicting the 10-year probability of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:715-717.
49. Wang L, Hricak H, Kattan MW, et al. Prediction of seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer: incremental value of adding endorectal MR imaging to the Kattan nomogram. Radiology. 2007;242:182-188.
50. Wang L, Hricak H, Kattan MW, et al. Combined endorectal and phased-array MRI in the prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:743-748.
51. Eastham JA, May R, Robertson JL, Sartor O, Kattan MW. Development of a nomogram that predicts the probability of a positive prostate biopsy in men with an abnormal digital rectal examination and a prostate-specific antigen between 0 and 4 ng/mL. Urology. 1999;54:709-713.
52. Chun FK, Briganti A, Graefen M, et al. Development and external validation of an extended 10-core biopsy nomogram. Eur Urol. 2007;52:436-445.
53. Lopez-Corona E, Ohori M, Scardino PT, Reuter VE, Gonen M, Kattan MW. A nomogram for predicting a positive repeat prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy session. J Urol. 2003;170(4 pt 1):1184-1188; discussion 1188.
54. Yanke BV, Gonen M, Scardino PT, Kattan MW. Validation of a nomogram for predicting positive repeat biopsy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005;173:421-424.
55. Chun FK, Briganti A, Graefen M, et al. Development and external validation of an extended repeat biopsy nomogram. J Urol. 2007;177:510-515.
56. Penson DF, Grossfeld GD, Li YP, Henning JM, Lubeck DP, Carroll PR. How well does the Partin nomogram predict pathological stage after radical prostatectomy in a community based population? Results of the cancer of the prostate strategic urological research endeavor. J Urol. 2002;167:1653-1657; discussion 1657-1658.
57. Augustin H, Eggert T, Wenske S, et al. Comparison of accuracy between the Partin tables of 1997 and 2001 to predict final pathological stage in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171:177-181.
58. Partin AW, Mangold LA, Lamm DM, Walsh PC, Epstein JI, Pearson JD. Contemporary update of prostate cancer staging nomograms (Partin tables) for the new millennium. Urology. 2001;58:843-848.
59. Ohori M, Kattan MW, Koh H, et al. Predicting the presence and side of extracapsular extension: a nomogram for staging prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004;171:1844-1849; discussion 1849.
60. Koh H, Kattan MW, Scardino PT, et al. A nomogram to predict seminal vesicle invasion by the extent and location of cancer in systematic biopsy results. J Urol. 2003;170(4 pt 1):1203-1208.
61. Cagiannos I, Karakiewicz P, Eastham JA, et al. A preoperative nomogram identifying decreased risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol. 2003;170:1798-1803.
62. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Eur Urol. 2006;49:1019-1026; discussion 1026-1027.
63. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. A nomogram for staging of exclusive nonobturator lymph node metastases in men with localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2007;51:112-119; discussion 119-120.
64. Johansson JE, Andren O, Andersson SO, et al. Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2004;291:2713-2719.
65. Kattan MW, Eastham JA, Wheeler TM, et al. Counseling men with prostate cancer: a nomogram for predicting the presence of small, moderately differentiated, confined tumors. J Urol. 2003;170:1792-1797.
66. Epstein JI, Carmichael MJ, Partin AW, Walsh PC. Small high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens performed for nonpalpable disease: pathogenetic and clinical implications. J Urol. 1994;151:1587-1592.
67. Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI, Cagiannos I, et al. A validation of 2 preoperative nomograms predicting recurrence following radical prostatectomy in a cohort of European men. Urol Oncol. 2002;7:141-146.
68. Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI, Cagiannos I, et al. International validation of a preoperative nomogram for prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3206-3212.
69. Bianco FJ Jr, Katan MW, Scardino PT, Powell IJ, Pontes JE, Wood DP Jr. Radical prostatectomy nomograms in black American men: accuracy and applicability. J Urol. 2003;170:73-76; discussion 76-77.
70. Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, Chan DW, Pearson JD, Walsh PC. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy [see comments]. JAMA. 1999;281:1591-1597.
71. Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 2005;294:433-439.
72. Hull GW, Rabbani F, Abbas F, Wheeler TM, Kattan MW, Scardino PT. Cancer control with radical prostatectomy alone in 1,000 consecutive patients. J Urol. 2002;167(2 pt 1):528-534.
73. Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI, Cagiannos I, et al. Validation study of the accuracy of a postoperative nomogram for recurrence after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:951-956.
74. Suardi N, Porter CR, Reuther AM, et al. A nomogram predicting long-term biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer. 2008;112:1254-1263.
75. [No authors listed] Consensus statement: guidelines for PSA following radiation therapy. American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Consensus Panel. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37:1035-1041.
76. Kattan MW, Zelefsky MJ, Kupelian PA, Scardino PT, Fuks Z, Leibel SA. Pretreatment nomogram for predicting the outcome of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3352-3359.
77. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma in the prostate specific antigen era. Cancer. 2002;95:281-286.
78. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280:969-974.
79. Kattan MW, Potters L, Blasko JC, et al. Pretreatment nomogram for predicting freedom from recurrence after permanent prostate brachytherapy in prostate cancer. Urology. 2001;58:393-399.
80. Kattan MW, Zelefsky MJ, Kupelian PA, et al. Pretreatment nomogram that predicts 5-year probability of metastasis following 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4568-4571.
81. Dotan ZA, Bianco JF Jr, Rabbani F, et al. Pattern of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure dictates the probability of a positive bone scan in patients with an increasing PSA after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1962-1968.
82. Slovin SF, Wilton AS, Heller G, Scher HI. Time to detectable metastatic disease in patients with rising prostate-specific antigen values following surgery or radiation therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(24 pt 1):8669-8673.
83. Porter CR, Galliana A, Kodama K, et al. Prostate cancer-specific survival in men treated with hormonal therapy after failure of radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2007;52:446-454.
84. Smaletz O, Scher HI, Small EJ, et al. Nomogram for overall survival of patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer after castration. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3972-3982.
85. Halabi S, Small EJ, Kantoff PW, et al. Prognostic model for predicting survival in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1232-1237.
86. Walz J, Gallina A, Hutterer G, et al. Accuracy of life tables in predicting overall survival in candidates for radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69:88-94.
87. Tewari A, Johnson CC, Divine G, et al. Long-term survival probability in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: a case-control, propensity modeling study stratified by race, age, treatment and comorbidities. J Urol. 2004;171:1513-1519.
88. Cowen ME, Halasyamani KL, Kattan MW. Predicting life expectancy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2006;175:99-103.
89. Albertsen PC, Frybacvk DG, Storer BE, Konon TF, Fine J. The impact of co-morbidity on life expectancy among men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996;156:127-132.
90. Walz J, Gallina A, Saad F, et al. A nomogram predicting 10-year life expectancy in candidates for radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3576-3581.
91. Chun FK, Briganti A, Jeldres C, et al. Tumour volume and high grade tumour volume are the best predictors of pathologic stage and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:536-543.
92. Gallina A, Karakiewicz PI, Hutterer GC, et al. Obesity does not predispose to more aggressive prostate cancer either at biopsy or radical prostatectomy in European men. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:791-795.
93. Stephenson AJ, Smith A, Kattan MW, et al. Integration of gene expression profiling and clinical variables to predict prostate carcinoma recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer. 2005;104:290-298.
94. Shariat SF, Park S, Trinh QD, Roehrborn CG, Slawin KM, Karakiewciz PI. Plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 improves the predictive accuracy of prostate cancer nomograms. J Urol. 2007;178(4 pt 1):1229-1238; discussion 1236-1237.
95. Shukla-Dave A, Hricak H, Kattan MW, et al. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for predicting insignificant prostate cancer: an initial analysis. BJU Int. 2007;99:786-793.
96. Poulakis V, Witzsch U, de Vries R, et al. Preoperative neural network using combined magnetic resonance imaging variables, prostate-specific antigen, and Gleason score for predicting prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2004;64:1165-1170.
97. O'Connor AM. Do shared decision making programs work? A systematic overview. Med Decis Making. 1999;11:523.
98. Kattan MW. Judging new markers by their ability to improve predictive accuracy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:634-635.
99. Bajorin D. The phase III candidate: can we improve the science of selection? J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:211-213.
100. Babaian RJ, Fritsche HA, Zhang Z, Zhang KH, Madyastha KR, Barnhill SD. Evaluation of prostAsure index in the detection of prostate cancer: a preliminary report. Urology. 1998;51:132-136.
101. Virtanen A, Gomari M, Kranse R, Stenman UH. Estimation of prostate cancer probability by logistic regression: free and total prostate-specific antigen, digital rectal examination, and heredity are significant variables. Clin Chem. 1999;45:987-994.
102. Finne P, Finne R, Auvinen A, et al. Predicting the outcome of prostate biopsy in screen-positive men by a multilayer perceptron network. Urology. 2000;56:418-422.
103. Horninger W, Bartsch G, Snow PB, Brandt JM, Partin AW. The problem of cutoff levels in a screened population: appropriateness of informing screenees about their risk of having prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;91(8 suppl):1667-1672.
104. Kalra P, Togami J, Bansal BSG, et al. A neurocomputational model for prostate carcinoma detection. Cancer. 2003;98:1849-1854.
105. Garzotto M, Hudson RG, Peters L, et al. Predictive modeling for the presence of prostate carcinoma using clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound parameters in patients with prostate specific antigen levels < or 5 10 ng/mL. Cancer. 2003;98:1417-1422.
106. Finne P, Finne R, Bangma C, et al. Algorithms based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA), free PSA, digital rectal examination and prostate volume reduce false-positive PSA results in prostate cancer screening. Int J Cancer. 2004;111:310-315.
107. Karakiewicz PI, Benayoun S, Kattan MW, et al. Development and validation of a nomogram predicting the outcome of prostate biopsy based on patient age, digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol. 2005;173:1930-1934.
108. Porter CR, Gamito EJ, Crawford ED, et al. Model to predict prostate biopsy outcome in large screening population with independent validation in referral setting. Urology. 2005;65:937-941.
109. Suzuki H, Komiya A, Kamiya N, et al. Development of a nomogram to predict probability of positive initial prostate biopsy among Japanese patients. Urology. 2006;67:131-136.
110. O'Dowd GJ, Miller MC, Orozco R, Veltri RW. Analysis of repeated biopsy results within 1 year after a noncancer diagnosis. Urology. 2000;55:553-559.
111. Remzi M, Anagnostou T, Ravery V, et al. An artificial neural network to predict the outcome of repeat prostate biopsies. Urology. 2003;62:456-460.
112. Walz J, Graefen M, Chun FK, et al. High incidence of prostate cancer detected by saturation biopsy after previous negative biopsy series. Eur Urol. 2006;50:498-505.
113. Carlson GD, Calvanese CB, Partin AW. An algorithm combining age, total prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and percent free PSA to predict prostate cancer: results on 4298 cases. Urology. 1998;52:455-461.
114. Djavan B, Remzi M, Zlotta A, Seitz C, Snow P, Marberger M. Novel artificial neural network for early detection of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:921-929.
115. Stephan C, Cammann H, Semjonow A, et al. Multicenter evaluation of an artificial neural network to increase the prostate cancer detection rate and reduce unnecessary biopsies. Clin Chem. 2002;48:1279-1287.
116. Porter CR, O'Donnell C, Crawford ED, et al. Predicting the outcome of prostate biopsy in a racially diverse population: a prospective study. Urology. 2002;60:831-835.
117. Matsui Y, Utsunomiya N, Ichioka K, et al. The use of artificial neural network analysis to improve the predictive accuracy of prostate biopsy in the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:602-607.
118. Benecchi L. Neuro-fuzzy system for prostate cancer diagnosis. Urology. 2006;68:357-361.
119. Yanke BV, Carver BS, Bianco FJ Jr, et al. African-American race is a predictor of prostate cancer detection: incorporation into a pre-biopsy nomogram. BJU Int. 2006;98:783-787.
120. Narayan P, Gajendran V, Taylor SP, et al. The role of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy-based staging, preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen, and biopsy Gleason score in prediction of final pathologic diagnosis in prostate cancer. Urology. 1995;46:205-212.
121. Partin AW, Yoo J, Carter HB, et al. The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer [see comments]. J Urol. 1993;150:110-114.
122. Kattan MW, Stapleton AM, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. Evaluation of a nomogram used to predict the pathologic stage of clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;79:528-537.
123. Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Partin AW. Validation of Partin tables for predicting pathological stage of clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2000;164:1591-1595.
124. Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA. 1994;271:368-374.
125. Carter HB, Epstein JI. Prediction of significant cancer in men with stage T1c adenocarcinoma of the prostate. World J Urol. 1997;15:359-363.
126. Goto Y, Ohori M, Arakawa A, Kattan MW, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. Distinguishing clinically important from unimportant prostate cancers before treatment: value of systematic biopsies. J Urol. 1996;156:1059-1063.
127. Chun FK, Steuber T, Erbersdobler A, et al. Development and internal validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of prostate cancer Gleason sum upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy pathology. Eur Urol. 2006;49:820-826.
128. Chun FK, Briganti A, Shariat SF, et al. Significant upgrading affects a third of men diagnosed with prostate cancer: predictive nomogram and internal validation. BJU Int. 2006;98:329-334.
129. Steuber T, Chun FK, Erbersdobler A, et al. Development and internal validation of preoperative transition zone prostate cancer nomogram. Urology. 2006;68:1295-1300.
130. Peller PA, Young DC, Marmaduke DP, Marsh WL, Badalament RA. Sextant prostate biopsies. A histopathologic correlation with radical prostatectomy specimens. Cancer. 1995;75:530-538.
131. Ackerman DA, Barry JM, Wicklund RA, Olson N, Lowe BA. Analysis of risk factors associated with prostate cancer extension to the surgical margin and pelvic node metastasis at radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1993;150:1845-1850.
132. Rabbani F, Bastar A, Fair WR. Site specific predictors of positive margins at radical prostatectomy: an argument for risk based modification of technique. J Urol. 1998;160:1727-1733.
133. Bostwick DG, Qian J, Bergstralh E, et al. Prediction of capsular perforation and seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer. J Urol. 1996;155:1361-1367.
134. Gamito EJ, Stone NN, Batuello JT, Crawford ED. Use of artificial neural networks in the clinical staging of prostate cancer: implications for prostate brachytherapy. Tech Urol. 2000;6:60-63.
135. Gilliland FD, Hoffman RM, Hamilton A, et al. Predicting extracapsular extension of prostate cancer in men treated with radical prostatectomy: results from the population based Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Urol. 1999;162:1341-1345.
136. Veltri RW, Miller MC, Partin AW, Poole EC, O'Dowd GJ. Prediction of prostate carcinoma stage by quantitative biopsy pathology. Cancer. 2001;91:2322-2328.
137. Haese A, Chaudhari M, Miller MC, et al. Quantitative biopsy pathology for the prediction of pathologically organ-confined prostate carcinoma: a multiinstitutional validation study. Cancer. 2003;97:969-978.
138. Badalament RA, Miller MC, Peller PA, et al. An algorithm for predicting nonorgan confined prostate cancer using the results obtained from sextant core biopsies with prostate specific antigen level. J Urol. 1996;156:1375-1380.
139. Pisansky TM, Blute ML, Suman VJ, Bostwick DG, Earle JD, Zincke H. Correlation of pretherapy prostate cancer characteristics with seminal vesicle invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:585-591.
140. Baccala A Jr, Reuther AM, Bianco FJ Jr, Scardino PT, Kattan MW, Klein EA. Complete resection of seminal vesicles at radical prostatectomy results in substantial long-term disease-free survival: multi-institutional study of 6740 patients. Urology. 2007;69:536-540.
141. Roach M 3rd, Marguez C, Yuo HS, et al. Predicting the risk of lymph node involvement using the pre-treatment prostate specific antigen and Gleason score in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28:33-37.
142. Bluestein DL, Bostwick DG, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE. Eliminating the need for bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in select patients with prostate cancer. J Urol. 1994;151:1315-1320.
143. Batuello JT, Gamito EJ, Crawford ED, et al. Artificial neural network model for the assessment of lymph node spread in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology. 2001;57:481-485.
144. Briganti A, Karakiewicz PI, Chun FK, et al. Percentage of positive biopsy cores can improve the ability to predict lymph node invasion in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Eur Urol. 2007;51:1573-1581.
145. Greene KL, Meng MV, Elkin EP, et al. Validation of the Kattan preoperative nomogram for prostate cancer recurrence using a community based cohort: results from Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor (CaPSURE). J Urol. 2004;171(6 pt 1):2255-2259.
146. Graefen M, Augustin H, Karakiewicz PI, et al. [Can nomograms derived in the US applied to German patients? A study about the validation of preoperative nomograms predicting the risk of recurrence after radical prostatectomy]. Urologe A. 2003;42:685-692.
147. Graefen M, Noldus J, Pichlmeier U, et al. Early prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical retropubic prostatectomy: prediction on the basis of preoperative and postoperative tumor characteristics. Eur Urol. 1999;36:21-30.
148. Tewari A, Issa M, El-Galley R, et al. Genetic adaptive neural network to predict biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy: a multi-institutional study. Mol Urol. 2001;5:163-169.
149. Mitchell JA, Cooperberg MR, Elkin EP, et al. Ability of 2 pretreatment risk assessment methods to predict prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy: data from CaPSURE. J Urol. 2005;173:1126-1131.
150. Cooperberg MR, Pasta DJ, Elkin EP, et al. The University of California, San Francisco Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment score: a straightforward and reliable preoperative predictor of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2005;173:1938-1942.
151. Cooperberg MR, Freedland SJ, Pasta DJ, et al. Multiinstitutional validation of the UCSF Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment for prediction of recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Cancer. 2006;107:2384-2391.
152. May M, Knoll N, Siegsmund M, et al. Validity of the CAPRA score to predict biochemical recurrence-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Results from a European multicenter survey of 1296 patients. J Urol. 2007;178:1957-1962; discussion 1962.
153. Bauer JJ, Connelly RR, Seterhenn IA, et al. Biostatistical modeling using traditional preoperative and pathological prognostic variables in the selection of men at high risk for disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 1998;159:929-933.
154. Moul JW, Connelly RR, Lubeck DP, et al. Predicting risk of prostate specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy with the Center for Prostate Disease Research and Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor databases. J Urol. 2001;166:1322-1327.
155. Potter SR, Miller MC, Mangold LA, et al. Genetically engineered neural networks for predicting prostate cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 1999;54:791-795.
156. Ramsden AR, Chodak G. An analysis of risk factors for biochemical progression in patients with seminal vesicle invasion: validation of Kattan's nomogram in a pathological subgroup. BJU Int. 2004;93:961-964.
157. Stamey TA, Yemoto CM, McNeal JE, Sigal BM, Johnstone IM. Prostate cancer is highly predictable: a prognostic equation based on all morphological variables in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol. 2000;163:1155-1160.
158. McAleer SJ, Shultz D, Whittington R, et al. PSA outcome following radical prostatectomy for patients with localized prostate cancer stratified by prostatectomy findings and the preoperative PSA level. Urol Oncol. 2005;23:311-317.
159. Duchesne GM, Bloomfield D, Wall P. Identification of intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy suitable for neoadjuvant hormone studies. Radiother Oncol. 1996;38:7-12.
160. Pisansky TM, Kahn MJ, Bostwick DG. An enhanced prognostic system for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer. 1997;79:2154-2161.
161. Zagars GK, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. Prognostic factors for clinically localized prostate carcinoma: analysis of 938 patients irradiated in the prostate specific antigen era. Cancer. 1997;79:1370-1380.
162. Shipley WU, Thames HD, Sandler HM, et al. Radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer: a multi-institutional pooled analysis. JAMA. 1999;281:1598-1604.
163. Ragde H, Elgamal AA, Snow PB, et al. Ten-year disease free survival after transperineal sonography-guided iodine-125 brachytherapy with or without 45-gray external beam irradiation in the treatment of patients with clinically localized, low to high Gleason grade prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1998;83:989-1001.
164. Partin AW, Pearson JD, Landis PK, et al. Evaluation of serum prostate-specific antigen velocity after radical prostatectomy to distinguish local recurrence from distant metastases. Urology. 1994;43:649-659.
165. D'Amico AV, Moul J, Carroll PR, Sun L, Lubeck D, Chen MH. Cancer-specific mortality after surgery or radiation for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer managed during the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2163-2172.
166. D'Amico AV, Cote K, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, Schultz D. Determinants of prostate cancer-specific survival after radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4567-4573.
167. D'Amico AV, Cote K, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, Schultz D. Determinants of prostate cancer specific survival following radiation therapy during the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol. 2003;170(6 pt 2):S42-S46; discussion S46-S47.
168. Zhou P, Chen MH, McLeod D, Carroll PR, Moul JW, D'Amico AV. Predictors of prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6992-6998.
169. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Kattan MW, et al. Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:2035-2041.
170. Svatek R, Karakiewicz PI, Shulman M, Karam J, Perrotte P, Benaim E. Pre-treatment nomogram for disease-specific survival of patients with chemotherapy-naive androgen independent prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2006;49:666-674.