Phylum Tardigrada: An "individual" approach

Cladistics

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 861-871

  Sands, Chester J ^a   McInnes, Sandra J ^a   Marley, Nigel J ^b   Goodall Copestake, William P ^a   Convey, Peter ^a   Linse, Katrin ^a  

^a BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAYESIAN ANALYSIS; DNA; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; INVERTEBRATE; MORPHOLOGY; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETICS; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY;

ECDYSOZOA; EUTARDIGRADA; METAZOA; PARACHELA; TARDIGRADA;

EID: 56649108106     PISSN: 07483007     EISSN: 10960031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00219.x     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Turbeville, J.M., Linford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.J., Lake, J.A., 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387, 489 493.
2. Bertolani, R., 2001. Evolution of the reproductive mechanisms in tardigrades. A review. Zool. Anz. 240, 247 252.
3. Bertolani, R., Grimaldi, D., 2000. A new tardigrade (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) in amber from the upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey. In : Grimaldi, D. (Ed Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 103 110.
4. Binda, M.G., Pilato, G., 1990. Tardigrade di Terra del Fuoco e Magallanes. I. Milnesium brachyungue, nuova specie di tardigrado Milnesiidae. Animalia 17, 105 110.
5. Blaxter, M., Elsworth, B., Daub, J., 2004. DNA taxonomy of a neglected animal phylum: an unexpected diversity of tardigrades. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, s189 s192.
6. Cavalier-Smith, T., Allsopp, M.T.E.P., Chao, E.E., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., 1996. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Can. J. Zool. 74, 2031 2045.
7. Claxton, S.K., 1996. Sexual dimorphism in Australian Echiniscus (Tardigrada, Echiniscidae) with descriptions of three new species. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 116, 13 33.
8. Collins, A.G., 1998. Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: an analysis of 18S molecular evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15458 15463.
9. Dastych, H., 1987. Two new species of Tardigrada from the Canadian Subarctic with some notes on sexual dimorphism in the family Echiniscidae. Ent. Mitt. Zool. StInst. Zool. Mus. Hamburg. 8, 319 334.
10. Degma, P., Guidetti, R., 2007. Notes to the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa 1579, 41 53.
11. Drummond, A.J., Rambaut, A., 2007. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol. Biol. 7, 214.
12. Drummond, A.J., Nicholls, G.K., Rodrigo, A.G., Solomon, W., 2002. Estimating mutation parameters, population history and genealogy simultaneously from temporally spaced sequence data. Genetics 161, 1307 1320.
13. Drummond, A.J., Ho, S.Y.W., Phillips, M.J., Rambaut, A., 2006. Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 4, e88.
14. Eernisse, D.J., Albert, J.S., Anderson, F.E., 1992. Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralean metazoan morphology. Syst. Biol. 41, 305 330.
15. Ewing, B., Green, P., 1998. Basecalling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities. Genet. Res. 8, 186 194.
16. Ewing, B., Hillier, L., Wendl, M., Green, P., 1998. Basecalling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment. Genet. Res. 8, 175 185.
17. Garey, J.R., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., 1998. The essential role of "minor" phyla in molecular studies of animal evolution. Am. Zool. 38, 907 917.
18. Garey, J.R., Krotec, M., Nelson, D.R., Brooks, J., 1996. Molecular analysis supports a tardigrade arthropod association. Invertebr. Biol. 115, 79 88.
19. Garey, J.R., Nelson, D.R., Mackey, L.Y., Li, J., 1999. Tardigrade phylogeny: congruency of morphological and molecular evidence. Zool. Anz. 238, 205 210.
20. Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Banguna, J., Riutort, M., Ribera, C., 1996. First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 76 84.
21. Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Wheeler, W.C., 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413, 157 161.
22. Giribet, G., Ribera, C., 2000. A review of arthropod phylogeny: New data based on ribosomal DNA sequences and direct character optimization. Cladistics 16, 204 231.
23. Graybeal, A., 1998. Is it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem? Syst. Biol. 47, 9 17.
24. Guidetti, R., Bertolani, R., 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in the Macrobiotidae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Parachela). Zool. Anz., 240, 371 376.
25. Guidetti, R., Bertolani, R., 2005. Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification. Zootaxa 845, 1 46.
26. Guidetti, R., Rebecchi, L., Bertolani, R., 2000. Cuticle structure in the systematics of Macrobiotidae (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada). Acta Zool. 81, 27 36.
27. Guidetti, R., Gandolfi, A., Rossi, V., Bertolani, R., 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Macrobiotidae (Eutardigrada, Parachela): a combined morphological and molecular approach. Zool. Scr. 34, 235 244.
28. Halanych, K.M., 2004. The new view of animal phylogeny. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35, 229 256.
29. Jørgensen, A., 2000. Cladistic analysis of the Echiniscidae Thulin, 1928 (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscoidea). Steenstrupia 25, 11 23.
30. Jørgensen, A., Kristensen, R.M., 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Tardigrada - investigation of the monophyly of Heterotardigrada. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32, 666 670.
31. Kaczmarek, Ł., Michalczyk, Ł., 2007. A new species of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae): Milnesium krzysztofi from Costa Rica (Central America). N.Z. J. Zool. 34, 297 302.
32. Kaczmarek, Ł., Michalczyk, Ł., Beasley, C.W., 2004. Milnesium katarzynae sp. nov., a new species of eutardigrade (Milnesiidae) from China. Zootaxa 743, 1 5.
33. Kiehl, E., Dastych, H., D'Haese, J., Greven, H., 2007a. The 18S rDNA sequences support polyphyly of the Hypsibiidae (Eutardigrada). J. Limnol. 66, 21 25.
34. Kiehl, E., Dastych, H., D'Haese, J., Greven, H., 2007b. A cDNA library of the eutardigrade Hypsibius klebelsbergi Mihelčič, 1959 and analysis of the actin gene. J. Limnol. 66, 152 157.
35. Kristensen, R.M., 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In : Bertolani, R. (Ed Biology of Tardigrades, Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I., 1, Mucchi, Modena, pp. 261 335.
36. Kristensen, R.M., Higgins, R.P., 1984. A new family of Arthrotardigrada (Tardigrada, Heterotardigrada) from the Atlantic Coast of Florida, USA. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 103, 295 311.
37. Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Nei, M., 2004. MEGA3: integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief. Bioinform. 5, 150 163.
38. Mallat, J.M., Winchell, C.J., 2002. Testing the new animal phylogeny: first use of combined large-subunit and small-subunit rRNA gene sequences to classify the protostomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 289 301.
39. Mallat, J.M., Garey, J.R., Shultz, J.W., 2004. Ecdysozoan phylogeny and Bayesian inference: first use of nearly complete 28S and 18S rRNA gene sequences to classify the arthropods. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31, 178 191.
40. Medlin, L., Elwood, H.J., Stickel, S., Sogin, M.L., 1988. The characterization of enzymatically amplifed eukaryotic 16S-like rRNAcoding regions. Gene 71, 491 499.
41. Møbjerg, N., Jørgensen, A., Eibye-Jacobsen, J., Halberg, K.A., Persson, D., Kristensen, R.M., 2007. New records on cyclomorphosis in the marine eutardigrade Halobiotus crispae (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae). J. Limnol. 66, 132 140.
42. Moon, S., Kim, W., 1996. Phylogenetic position of the Tardigrada based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 116, 61 69.
43. Nichols, P.B., Nelson, D.R., Garey, J.R., 2006. A family level analysis of tardigrade phylogeny. Hydrobiologia 558, 53 60.
44. Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., 1991. Milnesium tetralamellatum, new species of Milnesiidae from Africa (Eutardigrada). Trop. Zool. 4, 103 106.
45. Pilato, G., Binda, M.G., Lissi, O., 2002. Notes on tardigrades of the Seychelles with the description of two new species. Bollettino delle sedute dell'Accademia gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania 35, 503 517.
46. Posada, D., Crandall, K.A., 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817 818.
47. Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J. 2007. Tracer ver. 1.4, available from http://tree.bio.ac.uk/software/tracer/
48. Rebecchi, L., Rossi, V., Altiero, T., Bertolani, R., Menozzi, P., 2003. Reproductive modes and genetic polymorphism in the tardigrade Richtersius coronifer (Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae). Invertebr. Biol. 122, 19 27.
49. Rebecchi, L., Altiero, T., Guidetti, R., 2007. Anhydrobiosis: the extreme limit of desiccation tolerance. Invertebr. Surv. J. 4, 65 81.
50. Regier, J.C., Shultz, J.W., Kambic, R.E., Nelson, D.R., 2004. Robust support for tardigrade clades and their ages from three protein-coding nuclear genes. Invertebr. Biol. 123, 93 100.
51. Sands, C.J., Convey, P., Linse, K., McInnes, S.J., 2008. Assessing meiafaunal variation among individuals utilising morphological and molecular approaches: an example using the Tardiagrada. BMC Ecology 8, 7.
52. Schill, R.O., 2007. Comparison of different protocols for DNA preparation and PCR amplification of mitochondrial genes of tardigrades. J. Limnol. 66, 164 170.
53. Schill, R.O., Steinbrück, G., 2007. Identification and differentiation of Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada species by riboprinting. J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 45, 184 190.
54. Schuster, R.O., Nelson, D.R., Grigarick, A.A., Christenberry, D., 1980. Systematic criteria of the Eutardigrada. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 99, 284 303.
55. Shultz, J.W., Regier, J.C., 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of arthropods using two nuclear protein-encoding genes supports a crustacean + hexapod clade. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 1011 1019.
56. Swofford, D.L., 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), ver. 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
57. Tumanov, D.V., 2006. Five new species of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae). Zootaxa 1122, 1 23.
58. Valentine, J.W., Jablonski, D., Erwin, D.H., 1999. Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion. Development 126, 851 859.
59. Wägele, J.W., Erikson, T., Lockhart, P., Misof, B., 1999. The Ecdysozoa: artefact or monophylum J. Zoolog. Syst. Evol. Res. 37, 211 223.
60. Yang, T., 2003. Two new species and three new records on the Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae; Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae, Macrobiotidae, Hypsibiidae). Acta Zootax. Sin. 28, 235 240.
61. Zrzavy, J., Mihulka, S., Kepka, P., Bezkek, A., Tietz, D., 1998. Phylogeny of the metazoan based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics 14, 249 285.