메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 257, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 143-150

High seedling recruitment of indigenous tree species in forest plantations in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya

Author keywords

Africa; Kakamega Forest; Late successional species; Seedlings; Trees; Tropical rainforest

Indexed keywords

EMPLOYMENT; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS;

EID: 56449094843     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.022     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 56449112555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Althof, A.J., 2005. Human impact on flora and vegetation of Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Structure, distribution and disturbance of plant communities in an East African rainforest. Dissertation. University Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany.
    • Althof, A.J., 2005. Human impact on flora and vegetation of Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Structure, distribution and disturbance of plant communities in an East African rainforest. Dissertation. University Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany.
  • 2
    • 9644288214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and regeneration in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
    • Babaasa D., Eilu G., Kasangaki A., Bitariho R., and McNeilage A. Gap characteristics and regeneration in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 42 (2004) 217-224
    • (2004) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.42 , pp. 217-224
    • Babaasa, D.1    Eilu, G.2    Kasangaki, A.3    Bitariho, R.4    McNeilage, A.5
  • 4
    • 0031922512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of forest fragmentation on seedling abundance in a tropical rain forest
    • Benítez-Malvido J. Impact of forest fragmentation on seedling abundance in a tropical rain forest. Conserv. Biol. 12 (1998) 380-389
    • (1998) Conserv. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 380-389
    • Benítez-Malvido, J.1
  • 5
    • 0043262898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of forest fragmentation on understory plant species richness in Amazonia
    • Benítez-Malvido J., and Martínez-Ramos M. Impact of forest fragmentation on understory plant species richness in Amazonia. Conserv. Biol. 17 (2003) 389-400
    • (2003) Conserv. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 389-400
    • Benítez-Malvido, J.1    Martínez-Ramos, M.2
  • 6
    • 38149111786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exotic guavas are foci of forest regeneration in Kenyan farmland
    • Berens D.G., Farwig N., Schaab G., and Böhning-Gaese K. Exotic guavas are foci of forest regeneration in Kenyan farmland. Biotropica 40 (2008) 104-112
    • (2008) Biotropica , vol.40 , pp. 104-112
    • Berens, D.G.1    Farwig, N.2    Schaab, G.3    Böhning-Gaese, K.4
  • 8
    • 56449087874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blackett, H.L., 1994. Forest Inventory Report No. 3 Kakamega. Forest Dept./KIFCON, Nairobi.
    • Blackett, H.L., 1994. Forest Inventory Report No. 3 Kakamega. Forest Dept./KIFCON, Nairobi.
  • 9
    • 33745442838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega forest, Kenya
    • Bleher B., Uster D., and Bergsdorf T. Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega forest, Kenya. Biodivers. Conserv. 15 (2006) 1159-1177
    • (2006) Biodivers. Conserv. , vol.15 , pp. 1159-1177
    • Bleher, B.1    Uster, D.2    Bergsdorf, T.3
  • 10
    • 0025250780 scopus 로고
    • Tropical secondary forests
    • Brown S., and Lugo A.E. Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol. 6 (1990) 1-32
    • (1990) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 1-32
    • Brown, S.1    Lugo, A.E.2
  • 11
    • 0037188961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitating regeneration of secondary forests with the use of mixed and pure plantations of indigenous tree species
    • Carnevale N.J., and Montagnini F. Facilitating regeneration of secondary forests with the use of mixed and pure plantations of indigenous tree species. Forest Ecol. Manage. 163 (2002) 217-227
    • (2002) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.163 , pp. 217-227
    • Carnevale, N.J.1    Montagnini, F.2
  • 12
    • 0029772640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exotic plantations and the regeneration of natural forests in Kibale National Park, Uganda
    • Chapman C.A., and Chapman L.J. Exotic plantations and the regeneration of natural forests in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biol. Conserv. 76 (1996) 253-257
    • (1996) Biol. Conserv. , vol.76 , pp. 253-257
    • Chapman, C.A.1    Chapman, L.J.2
  • 13
    • 0032982641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential causes of arrested succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: growth and mortality of seedlings
    • Chapman C.A., Chapman L.J., Kaufman L., and Zanne A.E. Potential causes of arrested succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: growth and mortality of seedlings. Afr. J. Ecol. 37 (1999) 81-92
    • (1999) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.37 , pp. 81-92
    • Chapman, C.A.1    Chapman, L.J.2    Kaufman, L.3    Zanne, A.E.4
  • 14
    • 0043269866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances
    • Chazdon R.L. Tropical forest recovery: legacies of human impact and natural disturbances. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 6 (2003) 51-71
    • (2003) Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.6 , pp. 51-71
    • Chazdon, R.L.1
  • 15
    • 56449087875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colwell, R.K., 2005. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 7.5. Available online at http://purl.oclc.org/estimates.
    • Colwell, R.K., 2005. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 7.5. Available online at http://purl.oclc.org/estimates.
  • 16
    • 0842263180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of native species plantations in recovery of understory diversity in degraded pasturelands of Costa Rica
    • Cusack D., and Montagnini F. The role of native species plantations in recovery of understory diversity in degraded pasturelands of Costa Rica. Forest Ecol. Manage. 188 (2004) 1-15
    • (2004) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.188 , pp. 1-15
    • Cusack, D.1    Montagnini, F.2
  • 17
    • 0034042039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in stand structure, light and seedling abundance across a tropical moist forest sequence
    • Denslow J.S., and Guzman S. Variation in stand structure, light and seedling abundance across a tropical moist forest sequence. Panama J. Veg. Sci. 11 (2000) 201-212
    • (2000) Panama J. Veg. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 201-212
    • Denslow, J.S.1    Guzman, S.2
  • 18
    • 0037415977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of plantation harvest during tropical forest restoration in Uganda
    • Duncan R.S., and Chapman C.A. Consequences of plantation harvest during tropical forest restoration in Uganda. Forest Ecol. Manage. 173 (2003) 235-250
    • (2003) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.173 , pp. 235-250
    • Duncan, R.S.1    Chapman, C.A.2
  • 19
    • 32444450606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced seed dispersal of Prunus africana in fragmented and disturbed forests?
    • Farwig N., Böhning-Gaese K., and Bleher B. Enhanced seed dispersal of Prunus africana in fragmented and disturbed forests?. Oecologia 147 (2006) 238-252
    • (2006) Oecologia , vol.147 , pp. 238-252
    • Farwig, N.1    Böhning-Gaese, K.2    Bleher, B.3
  • 20
    • 44349097614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human impact diminishes seedling species richness in Kakamega Forest, Kenya
    • Farwig N., Sajita N., Schaab G., and Böhning-Gaese K. Human impact diminishes seedling species richness in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Basic Appl. Ecol. 9 (2008) 383-391
    • (2008) Basic Appl. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 383-391
    • Farwig, N.1    Sajita, N.2    Schaab, G.3    Böhning-Gaese, K.4
  • 21
    • 43849096119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya
    • Farwig N., Sajita N., and Böhning-Gaese K. Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya. Forest Ecol. Manage. 255 (2008) 3885-3892
    • (2008) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.255 , pp. 3885-3892
    • Farwig, N.1    Sajita, N.2    Böhning-Gaese, K.3
  • 22
    • 9644262802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial variability in the vegetation structure and composition of an East African rain forest
    • Fashing P.J., and Gathua J.M. Spatial variability in the vegetation structure and composition of an East African rain forest. Afr. J. Ecol. 42 (2004) 189-197
    • (2004) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.42 , pp. 189-197
    • Fashing, P.J.1    Gathua, J.M.2
  • 23
    • 0842328872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term tree population dynamics and their implications for the conservation of the Kakamega Forest, Kenya
    • Fashing P.J., Forrestel A., Scully C., and Cords M. Long-term tree population dynamics and their implications for the conservation of the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Biodivers. Conserv. 13 (2004) 753-771
    • (2004) Biodivers. Conserv. , vol.13 , pp. 753-771
    • Fashing, P.J.1    Forrestel, A.2    Scully, C.3    Cords, M.4
  • 24
    • 0029669097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: the first 100 years of succession
    • Finegan B. Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: the first 100 years of succession. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11 (1996) 119-124
    • (1996) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.11 , pp. 119-124
    • Finegan, B.1
  • 25
    • 0030664404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Native forest regeneration in pine and eucalypt plantations in Northern Province, South Africa
    • Geldenhuys C.J. Native forest regeneration in pine and eucalypt plantations in Northern Province, South Africa. Forest Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 101-115
    • (1997) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.99 , pp. 101-115
    • Geldenhuys, C.J.1
  • 26
    • 0035399878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics
    • Guariguata M.R., and Ostertag R. Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics. Forest Ecol. Manage. 148 (2001) 185-206
    • (2001) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.148 , pp. 185-206
    • Guariguata, M.R.1    Ostertag, R.2
  • 27
    • 0028994590 scopus 로고
    • Early woody invasion under tree plantations in Costa Rica: implications for forest restoration
    • Guariguata M.R., Rheingans R., and Montanini F. Early woody invasion under tree plantations in Costa Rica: implications for forest restoration. Rest. Ecol. 3 (1995) 256-260
    • (1995) Rest. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 256-260
    • Guariguata, M.R.1    Rheingans, R.2    Montanini, F.3
  • 28
    • 0030779861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and floristics of secondary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica
    • Guariguata M.R., Chazdon R.L., Denslow J.S., Dupuy J.M., and Anderson L. Structure and floristics of secondary and old-growth forest stands in lowland Costa Rica. Plant Ecol. 132 (1997) 107-120
    • (1997) Plant Ecol. , vol.132 , pp. 107-120
    • Guariguata, M.R.1    Chazdon, R.L.2    Denslow, J.S.3    Dupuy, J.M.4    Anderson, L.5
  • 29
    • 0030711541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of plantations to foster woody regeneration within a deforested landscape in lowland Costa Rica
    • Haggar J., Wightman K., and Fisher R. The potential of plantations to foster woody regeneration within a deforested landscape in lowland Costa Rica. Forest Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 55-64
    • (1997) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.99 , pp. 55-64
    • Haggar, J.1    Wightman, K.2    Fisher, R.3
  • 30
    • 33845286594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research needs for restoring seasonal tropical forests in Thailand: accelerated natural regeneration
    • Hardwick K., Healey J.R., Elliott S., and Blakesley D. Research needs for restoring seasonal tropical forests in Thailand: accelerated natural regeneration. New Forest 27 (2004) 285-302
    • (2004) New Forest , vol.27 , pp. 285-302
    • Hardwick, K.1    Healey, J.R.2    Elliott, S.3    Blakesley, D.4
  • 31
    • 0034732088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest
    • Harms K.E., Wright S.J., Calderón O., Hernández A., and Herre E.A. Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature 404 (2000) 493-495
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 493-495
    • Harms, K.E.1    Wright, S.J.2    Calderón, O.3    Hernández, A.4    Herre, E.A.5
  • 32
    • 0034479606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical montane forest restoration in Costa Rica: overcoming barriers to dispersal and establishment
    • Holl K.D., Loik M.E., Lin E.H., and Samuels I.A. Tropical montane forest restoration in Costa Rica: overcoming barriers to dispersal and establishment. Restor. Ecol. 6 (2000) 339-349
    • (2000) Restor. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 339-349
    • Holl, K.D.1    Loik, M.E.2    Lin, E.H.3    Samuels, I.A.4
  • 33
    • 56449120181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KIFCON, 1994. Kakamega Guide. The Official Guide. Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme, Nairobi.
    • KIFCON, 1994. Kakamega Guide. The Official Guide. Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Programme, Nairobi.
  • 34
    • 41849092274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local disturbance of tropical forests diminishes frugivores and seed removal of a small-seeded Afrotropical tree
    • Kirika J.M., Farwig N., and Böhning-Gaese K. Local disturbance of tropical forests diminishes frugivores and seed removal of a small-seeded Afrotropical tree. Conserv. Biol. 22 (2008) 318-328
    • (2008) Conserv. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 318-328
    • Kirika, J.M.1    Farwig, N.2    Böhning-Gaese, K.3
  • 35
    • 56449123135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kirika, J.M., Bleher, B., Böhning-Gaese, B., Chira, R., Farwig, N. Fragmentation and local disturbance of forests reduce frugivore diversity and fruit removal in Ficus thonningii. Basic Appl. Ecol., in press.
    • Kirika, J.M., Bleher, B., Böhning-Gaese, B., Chira, R., Farwig, N. Fragmentation and local disturbance of forests reduce frugivore diversity and fruit removal in Ficus thonningii. Basic Appl. Ecol., in press.
  • 36
    • 0000303693 scopus 로고
    • Conservation status of the Kakamega Forest in Kenya. The Eastern most relic of the equatorial rainforest of Africa
    • Kokwaro J.O. Conservation status of the Kakamega Forest in Kenya. The Eastern most relic of the equatorial rainforest of Africa. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Mo. Bot. Gard. 25 (1988) 471-489
    • (1988) Monogr. Syst. Bot. Mo. Bot. Gard. , vol.25 , pp. 471-489
    • Kokwaro, J.O.1
  • 37
    • 0032418204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale ecological restoration of degraded tropical forest lands: the potential role of timber plantations
    • Lamb D. Large-scale ecological restoration of degraded tropical forest lands: the potential role of timber plantations. Rest. Ecol. 6 (1998) 271-279
    • (1998) Rest. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 271-279
    • Lamb, D.1
  • 38
    • 20444378167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration in exotic tree plantations in Hong Kong, China
    • Lee E.W.S., Hau B.C.H., and Corlett R.T. Natural regeneration in exotic tree plantations in Hong Kong, China. Forest Ecol. Manage. 212 (2005) 358-366
    • (2005) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.212 , pp. 358-366
    • Lee, E.W.S.1    Hau, B.C.H.2    Corlett, R.T.3
  • 39
    • 33847042603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree recovery and seed dispersal by birds: comparing forest, agroforestry and abandoned agroforestry in coastal Ecuador
    • Lozada T., de Koning G.H.J., Marché R., Klein A.-M., and Tscharntke T. Tree recovery and seed dispersal by birds: comparing forest, agroforestry and abandoned agroforestry in coastal Ecuador. Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 8 (2007) 131-140
    • (2007) Persp. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.8 , pp. 131-140
    • Lozada, T.1    de Koning, G.H.J.2    Marché, R.3    Klein, A.-M.4    Tscharntke, T.5
  • 40
    • 0026483235 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of tropical tree plantations with secondary forests of similar age
    • Lugo A.E. Comparison of tropical tree plantations with secondary forests of similar age. Ecol. Monogr. 62 (1991) 1-41
    • (1991) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.62 , pp. 1-41
    • Lugo, A.E.1
  • 41
    • 0030711540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The apparent paradox of reestablishing species richness on degraded lands with tree monocultures
    • Lugo A.E. The apparent paradox of reestablishing species richness on degraded lands with tree monocultures. Forest Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 9-19
    • (1997) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.99 , pp. 9-19
    • Lugo, A.E.1
  • 42
    • 56449125088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung, T., 2004. Landbedeckungsänderungen im Gebiet "Kakamega Forest und assoziierte Waldgebiete" (Westkenia). Mulitspektrale Klassifikation von Landsat-Satellitenbilddaten und Auswertung mittels Methoden im Raster-GIS. Karlsruher Geowissenschaftliche Schriften, Schaab G (Ed.), Karlsruhe.
    • Lung, T., 2004. Landbedeckungsänderungen im Gebiet "Kakamega Forest und assoziierte Waldgebiete" (Westkenia). Mulitspektrale Klassifikation von Landsat-Satellitenbilddaten und Auswertung mittels Methoden im Raster-GIS. Karlsruher Geowissenschaftliche Schriften, Schaab G (Ed.), Karlsruhe.
  • 43
    • 33751267487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing fragmentation and disturbance of west Kenyan rainforests by means of remotely sensed time series data and landscape metrics
    • Lung T., and Schaab G. Assessing fragmentation and disturbance of west Kenyan rainforests by means of remotely sensed time series data and landscape metrics. Afr. J. Ecol. 44 (2006) 491-506
    • (2006) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.44 , pp. 491-506
    • Lung, T.1    Schaab, G.2
  • 44
    • 0037354667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: implications for forest restoration and management
    • Lwanga J.S. Forest succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: implications for forest restoration and management. Afr. J. Ecol. 41 (2003) 9-22
    • (2003) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.41 , pp. 9-22
    • Lwanga, J.S.1
  • 45
    • 56449121307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutangah, J.G., Mwangangi, O., Mwaura, P.K. 1992. Kenya Indigenous forest conservation project-biodiversity surveys: Kakamega Forest, a vegetation survey report.
    • Mutangah, J.G., Mwangangi, O., Mwaura, P.K. 1992. Kenya Indigenous forest conservation project-biodiversity surveys: Kakamega Forest, a vegetation survey report.
  • 46
    • 33644543070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do frugivorous birds assist rainforest succession in weed dominated oldfield regrowth of subtropical Australia?
    • Neilan W., Catterall C.P., Kanowski J., and McKenna S. Do frugivorous birds assist rainforest succession in weed dominated oldfield regrowth of subtropical Australia?. Biol. Conserv. 129 (2006) 393-407
    • (2006) Biol. Conserv. , vol.129 , pp. 393-407
    • Neilan, W.1    Catterall, C.P.2    Kanowski, J.3    McKenna, S.4
  • 47
    • 0026268740 scopus 로고
    • Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape-forest recovery and agricultural restoration
    • Nepstad D.C., Uhl C., and Serrao E.A.S. Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape-forest recovery and agricultural restoration. Ambio 20 (1991) 248-255
    • (1991) Ambio , vol.20 , pp. 248-255
    • Nepstad, D.C.1    Uhl, C.2    Serrao, E.A.S.3
  • 48
    • 0030303748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of tree establishment in abandoned pasture and mature forest of eastern Amazonia
    • Nepstad D.C., Uhl C., Pereira C.A., and da Silva J.M.C. A comparative study of tree establishment in abandoned pasture and mature forest of eastern Amazonia. Oikos 76 (1996) 25-39
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.76 , pp. 25-39
    • Nepstad, D.C.1    Uhl, C.2    Pereira, C.A.3    da Silva, J.M.C.4
  • 49
    • 56449120935 scopus 로고
    • The role of plantation forest regeneration under fast-growing forest plantations on degraded Imperata cylindrical grasslands
    • Parrotta J. The role of plantation forest regeneration under fast-growing forest plantations on degraded Imperata cylindrical grasslands. New Forests 19 (1992) 69-93
    • (1992) New Forests , vol.19 , pp. 69-93
    • Parrotta, J.1
  • 50
    • 56449120678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands
    • Parrotta J., Turnbull J.W., and Jones N. Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. J. Veg. Sci. 6 (1997) 627-636
    • (1997) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 627-636
    • Parrotta, J.1    Turnbull, J.W.2    Jones, N.3
  • 51
    • 0033924981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land-use history and forest regeneration in the Cayey Mountains, Puerto Rico
    • Pascarella J.B., Aide T.M., Serrano M.I., and Zimmermann J.K. Land-use history and forest regeneration in the Cayey Mountains, Puerto Rico. Ecosystems 3 (2000) 217-228
    • (2000) Ecosystems , vol.3 , pp. 217-228
    • Pascarella, J.B.1    Aide, T.M.2    Serrano, M.I.3    Zimmermann, J.K.4
  • 52
    • 0030711668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of overstorey composition on understorey woody regeneration and species richness in 7-year-old plantation in Costa Rica
    • Powers J.S., Haggar J.P., and Fisher R.F. The effect of overstorey composition on understorey woody regeneration and species richness in 7-year-old plantation in Costa Rica. Forest Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 43-54
    • (1997) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.99 , pp. 43-54
    • Powers, J.S.1    Haggar, J.P.2    Fisher, R.F.3
  • 54
    • 56449130763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team, 2004. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at http://www.R-project.org.
    • R Development Core Team, 2004. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at http://www.R-project.org.
  • 55
    • 0028181208 scopus 로고
    • Tropical rain forest conversion to pasture: changes in vegetation and soil properties
    • Reiners W.A., Bouwman A.F., Parson W.J.F., and Keller M. Tropical rain forest conversion to pasture: changes in vegetation and soil properties. Ecol. Appl. 4 (1994) 363-377
    • (1994) Ecol. Appl. , vol.4 , pp. 363-377
    • Reiners, W.A.1    Bouwman, A.F.2    Parson, W.J.F.3    Keller, M.4
  • 56
    • 0024179982 scopus 로고
    • Long-term chronosequence of forest succession in the upper Rio Negro of Colombia and Venezuela
    • Saldarrigata J.C., West D.C., Tharp M.L., and Uhl C. Long-term chronosequence of forest succession in the upper Rio Negro of Colombia and Venezuela. J. Ecol. 76 (1988) 938-958
    • (1988) J. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 938-958
    • Saldarrigata, J.C.1    West, D.C.2    Tharp, M.L.3    Uhl, C.4
  • 57
    • 0036764169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest, southern Ethiopia
    • Senbeta F., Teketay D., and Näslund B.-A. Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest, southern Ethiopia. New Forests 24 (2002) 131-145
    • (2002) New Forests , vol.24 , pp. 131-145
    • Senbeta, F.1    Teketay, D.2    Näslund, B.-A.3
  • 58
    • 0034490011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term permanent plot observations of vegetation dynamics in Budongo, a Ugandan rain forest
    • Sheil D., Jennings S., and Savill P. Long-term permanent plot observations of vegetation dynamics in Budongo, a Ugandan rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 16 (2000) 765-800
    • (2000) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.16 , pp. 765-800
    • Sheil, D.1    Jennings, S.2    Savill, P.3
  • 59
    • 0025623872 scopus 로고
    • Habitat disturbance, severity and patterns of abundance in Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya
    • Tsingalia M.H. Habitat disturbance, severity and patterns of abundance in Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 28 (1990) 213-226
    • (1990) Afr. J. Ecol. , vol.28 , pp. 213-226
    • Tsingalia, M.H.1
  • 60
    • 56449105460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White, F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research 20, UNESCO, Paris, France.
    • White, F., 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research 20, UNESCO, Paris, France.
  • 61
    • 0030723967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands
    • Wunderle J.M. The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecol. Manage. 99 (1997) 223-235
    • (1997) Forest Ecol. Manage. , vol.99 , pp. 223-235
    • Wunderle, J.M.1
  • 62
    • 34547428868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed rain and seed dispersal agents in pure and mixed plantations of native trees and abandoned pastures at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica
    • Zamora C.O., and Montagnini F. Seed rain and seed dispersal agents in pure and mixed plantations of native trees and abandoned pastures at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Rest. Ecol. 15 (2007) 453-461
    • (2007) Rest. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 453-461
    • Zamora, C.O.1    Montagnini, F.2
  • 63
    • 0035662592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expediting forest regeneration in tropical grasslands: distance and isolation from seed sources in plantations
    • Zanne A.E., and Chapman C.A. Expediting forest regeneration in tropical grasslands: distance and isolation from seed sources in plantations. Ecol. Appl. 11 (2001) 1610-1621
    • (2001) Ecol. Appl. , vol.11 , pp. 1610-1621
    • Zanne, A.E.1    Chapman, C.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.