Nicotine delivery capabilities of smokeless tobacco products and implications for control of tobacco dependence in South Africa

Tobacco Control

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 186-189

  Ayo Yusuf, O A ^a   Swart, T J P ^a   Pickworth, W B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE;

ARTICLE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; PH MEASUREMENT; SMOKING; SOUTH AFRICA;

GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; NICOTINE; SOUTH AFRICA; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; TOBACCO, SMOKELESS;

EID: 5644250353     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2003.006601     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Norman R, et al. Tobacco use in South Africans during 1998: the first demographic and health survey. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002;9:161-70.
2. Tobacco Board. Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Annual Report, 1992.
3. Tobacco Board. Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Annual Report, 1994/95.
4. Swart D, Reddy P, Pitt B, et al. The prevalence and determinants of tobacco-use among Grade 8-10 learners in South Africa, http://www.cdc.gov/ tobacco/global/GYTS/reports/SA REPORT1htm [Accessed December 16, 2002].
5. De Wet T, Steyn K, Richter L. Children and tobacco; birth to ten. Urban Health 2000;3:15-18.
6. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy C, et al. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the Southern United States. N Engl J Med 1981;304:745-9.
7. Sterling TD, Rosenbaum WL, Weinkam JJ. Analysis of relationship between smokeless tobacco and cancer based on data from National Mortality Flowback survey. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:223-31.
8. Idris AM, Ahmed HM, Malik MOA. Toombak dipping and cancer of the oral cavity in the Sudan: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 1995;63:477-80.
9. Rodu B, Cole P. Smokeless tobacco use and cancer of the upper respiratory tract. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;93:511-15.
10. Schroeder KL, Chen MS. Smokeless tobacco and blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1985;312:919.
11. Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, et al. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;44:23-8.
12. Bolinder GM, Ahlborq BO, Lindell JH. Use of smokeless tobacco: blood pressure elevation and other health hazards found in a large-scale population survey. J Intern Med 1992;232:327-34.
13. Benowitz NL. Systemic absorption and health effects of nicotine from smokeless tobacco. Adv Dent Res 1997;11:336-40.
14. Deshmukh JS, Motghare DD, Zodpey SP, et al. Low birth weight and associated maternal factors in an urban area. Indian Pediatr 1998;35:33-6.
15. England LJ, Levin RJ, Mills JL, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in snuff users. Am J Obstret Gynecol 2003;189:939-43.
16. Henningfield JE, Radzius A, Cone EJ. Estimation of available nicotine content of six smokeless tobacco products. Tobacco Control 1995;4:57-61.
17. Tomar SL, Henningfield JE. Review of the evidence that pH is a determinant of nicotine dosage from oral use of smokeless tobacco. Tobacco Control 1997;6:219-25.
18. Fant RV, Henningfield JE, Nelson RA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans. Tobacco Control 1999;8:387-92.
19. Ayo-Yusuf OA, Swart TJP, Ayo-Yusuf IJ. Prevalence and pattern of snuff dipping in a rural South African population. S Afr Dental J 2000;55:610-4.
20. Kozlowski L, Strasser AA, Giovino GA, et al. Applying the risk/use equilibrium: use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction. Tobacco Control 2001;10:201-3.
21. Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallas P, et al. Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, 2001.
22. Peltzer K. Smokeless tobacco and cigarette use among black secondary school students in South Africa. Subst Use Misuse 2003;38:1003-16.
23. South African Government. Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act No. 12 of 1999. South African Government Gazette No. 19962. Pretoria: Government printers.
24. Malson JL, Sims K, Murty R, et al. Comparison of the content of tobacco used in bidis and conventional cigarettes. Tobacco control 2001;10:181-3.
25. Peltzer K, Phaswana N, Malaka D. Smokeless tobacco use among adults in the Northern Province of South Africa: qualitative data from focus groups. Subst Use Misuse 2001;36:447-62.
26. Pankow JF, Tavakoli AD, Luo W, et al. Percent free base nicotine in the tobacco smoke particulate matter of selected commercial and reference cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2003;16:1014-8.
27. Peltzer K. Smokeless tobacco use among urban white and black South Africans. Psychol Rep 1999;85:933-4.
28. Schroeder KL, Chen MS Jr, Iaderosa GR, et al. Proposed definition of a smokeless tobacco user based on 'potential' nicotine consumption. Addict Behav 1988;13:395-400.
29. Ajani FA. Prevalence and determinants of snuff use among adult women in Mabopane, North-West Province. MPH thesis. South Africa: University of Witwatersrand, 2001.
30. South African Government. Regulations relating to the labelling, advertising, and sale of tobacco products. South African Government Gazette No. 2063, December 1994. Pretoria: Government printers.
31. Connolly GN. The marketing of nicotine addiction by one oral snuff manufacturer. Tobacco Control 1995;4:73-9.
32. Idris AM, Ibrahim SO, Vasstrand EN, et al. The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different? Oral Oncol 1998;34:558-66.
33. Djordjevic MV, Hoffmann D, Glyn T, et al. US commercial brands of moist snuff, 1994. I. Assessment of nicotine, moisture, and pH. Tobacco Control 1995;4:62-6.
34. Clark PI, Gautam S, Gerson LW. Effect of menthol cigarettes on biochemical markers of smoke exposure among black and white smokers. Chest 1996;110:1194-8.
35. Benowitz NL, Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, et al. Slower metabolism and reduced intake of nicotine from cigarettes smoking in Chinese-Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:108-15.
36. Kandel DB, Chen K. Extent of smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States: 1991-1993. Nicotine Tob Res 2000;2:263-74.
37. Buka SL, Shenassa ED, Niaura R. Elevated risk of tobacco dependence among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: a 30-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1978-84.
38. van Walbeek C. Recent trends in smoking in South Africa - some evidence from AMPS data. S Afr Med J 2002;92:468-70.