Enterobacter sakazakii: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention and control

Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 275-280

  Fiore, Alfonsina ^a   Casale, Maria ^a   Aureli, Paolo ^a  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

Author keywords

Control measures; E. Sakazakii; Infants; Infections; Powdered infant formula

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTION; HUMAN;

ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 56349146429     PISSN: 00212571     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Farmer III JJ, Asbury MA, Hickman FW, Brenner DJ. The Enterobacteriaceae Study group. Enterobacter sakazakii: a new species of "Enterobacteriaceae" isolated from clinical specimens, Int J Syst Bacteriol 1980;30:569-84.
2. Iversen C, Lehner A, Mullane N, Bidlas E, Cleenwerck I, Marugg J, Fanning S, Stephan R, Joosten H. The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobactcr gen. nov. and description of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb, nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turiccnsis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjcnsii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublincnsis sp. nov. and Cronobactcr genomospecies I. BMC Evol Biol 2007;7:64.
3. Iversen C, Forsythe S. Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen associated with infant milk formula. Trends in Food Sci and Technol 2003; 14:443-54.
4. ISDI (International Special dietary Foods Industries). Back-ground information on Enterobacter sakazakii. 2004. Available from: http://www.awex.be/NR/rdonlyres/A3A18BBA-F13C-4D36-97Bl-26519CB2E9EA/4055/ EnterobacterSakazakii. pdf; last visited 08/01/2007.
5. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Report of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Revision of Essential Requirements of Infant Formulae and Follow-on Formulae. Bruxelles: European Commission: 2003. (SCF/CS/NUT/IF/65 Final).
6. Joint FAO/WHO. Enterobacter sakazakii and other microrganisms in powdered infant formula. Meeting Report. 2004. (Microbiological risk assessment Series, n. 6).
7. ICMSF International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods. Microbiological testing in food safety management. In: Microrganisms in foods. New York: Kluwer cademic/Plenum Publishers; 2002.
8. ISO 21528-1. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae. Part 1: Detection and MPN technique with pre-enrichmcnt. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization: 2000.
9. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Isolation and enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from dehydrated powdered infant formula. College Park (Maryland): US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; 2002.
10. ISO 21528-2. Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae. Part 2: Colony-count method. Geneva: Intel-national Organization for Standardization; 2004.
11. ISO 22964. Milk and milk products - Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2004.
12. The DuPont Qualicon. Bax System method for the detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in selected foods. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment/mh-dm/mhe-dme/com-pendium/volume_3/ e_mflp-27.html; last visited 13/03/2007.
13. Derzelle S, Dilasser F. A robotic DNA purification protocol and real-time PCR for the detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formulae. BMC Microbiol 2006;6:100.
14. Nazarowec-White M. Farber JM. Phenotypic and genotyping typing of food and clinical isolates of Enterobacter sakazakii. J Med Microbiol 1999;48:559-67.
15. Mullane NR, Whyte P. Wall PG, Quinn T, Fanning S. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise and trace the prevalence of Enterobacter sakazakii in an infant formula processing facility. Int J Food Microbiol 2007;116:73-81.
16. Clementino MM, De Filippis I, Nascimento CR, Branquinho R. Rocha CL, Martins OB. PCR analyses of tRNA intergenic spacer, 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA reveal inter and intraspecific relationships of Enterobacter cloacae strains. J Clin Microbiol 2001:39(10:3865-70.
17. Bruce J. Automated system rapidly identifies and characterizes microrganisms in food. Food Technol 1996;50:77-81.
18. Kandhai MC, Reij MW, Gorris LGM. Guillaume-Gentil O, Van Schothorst M. Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households. Lancet 2004; 363:39-40.
19. Dipersio JR, Ficorilli SM, Varga FJ. Direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram negative bacilli from BACTEC bottles by use of the MS-2 system with updated bacterial identification software. J Clin Microbiol 1984;20:1202-4.
20. Farber JM. Enterobacter sakazakii- new foods for thought? Lancet 2004;363:5-6.
21. CAC (Codex Alimentarais Commission). Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Roma: Joint Office FAOAVHO; 2003. (Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme. Codex Committee on Food Hygiene; CX/FH 03/13). Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/ccfh35/fh03_01e.htm: last visited 11/01/2007.
22. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM, Reij MW, Cordier JL. Van Schothorst M. Enterobacter sakazakii. In: Miliotis MD, Bier JW (Ed.). International handbook of foodborne pathogens. USA; 2003. p. 407-13.
23. Biering G, Karlsson S, Clark NC, Jonsdottir KE, Ludvigsson P Steingrimsson O. Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:2054-6.
24. Fiore A, Casale M, Aureli P. Pericoli emergenti nell'alimentazione del neonato: il caso Enterobacter sakazakii. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanita: 2004. (Rapporti ISTISAN, 04/13).
25. Institute de Veille Sanitarie. Infections à Enterobacter sakazakii chez des nouveaux-nés ayant consomme du Pregcstimil, préparation pour alimentation des nourrissons et enfants en bas age. France, octobre à dècembre 2004. Available from: http://www.invs.sante.fr/presse/2004/le_point_sur/progestimil_211204/; last visited 8/9/2005.
26. New Zealand Ministry of Health. Enterobacter sakazakii. Available from: http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/0526cb4a 064b49a31cc257042007c4ef3? OpenDocument; last visited 8/9/2005.
27. Ray P, GautamV, Jain N, Narang A, Sharma M. Enterobacter sakazakii in infants: novel phenomenon in India. Indian J of Med Microbiol 2007;25(4):408-10.
28. Conde A, Legorburee P, Urcelay E, Zorate H, Zugazabeitia A. Neonatal sepsis due to Enterobacter sakazakii. An Pediatr (Barc.)2007:66:(2)196-7.
29. Zogay X, Bokranz W, Nimtz M, Romlind U. Production of cellulose and curli fimbriae by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Infect Immun 2003:71:4151-8.
30. Bar-Oz B, Preminger A, Peleg O, Block C, Arad I. Enterobacter sakazakii infection in the newborn. Acta Pediatr 2001 ; 90:356-8.
31. ADA American Dietetic Association. Guidelines for preparation of formula and breastmilk in health care facilities. Pediatric practice group of the American Dietetic Association, 2003. Available from: http://www.eatright. org/Public/NutritionInformation/92_1742.cfm; last visited 23/02/2007.
32. Commission Regulation (EC) n. 1441/2007 of 05 December 2007 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, 07 December 2007, L 322/12.
33. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM. Incidence, survival, and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. J Food Prot 1997;60:226-30.