Physiological responses and mood states after daily repeated prolonged exercise

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue , 2004, Pages 1-43

  Väänänen, Ilkka ^a,b,c,d  

^a LIKES RESEARCH CENTER FOR SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^c Polytechnic Faculty of Social and Health Care   (Finland)

^d UAS   (Finland)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Functional capacity; Hormones; Lower extremities; Mood state; Muscle soreness; Recovery; Skiing; Walking

Indexed keywords

EID: 56249112333     PISSN: 13032968     EISSN: 13032968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Aakvaag, A., Benthal, Ö., Quigstad, K., Walistad, P., Rööningen, H. and Fonnum, F. (1978a) Testosterone and testosterone binding globulin (TeBG) in young men during prolonged stress. The International Journal of Andrology 1, 322-331.
2. Aakvaag, A., Sand, T., Opstad, P.K. and Fonnum, F. (1978b) Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain. European Journal of Applied Physiology 39, 283-291.
3. Aidaraliyev, A.A. and Maximov, A. (1990) Specificities of adaptation in aborginal and newcomer populations of Alaska and Chukotka in the process of intensive physiological loads. Proceedings of 8th International Congress of Circumpolar Health, Whitehorse. pp. 537-538.
4. de Almeida, M.D.V., Graca, P., Afonso, C., D'Amicis, A., Lappalainen, R. and Damkjaer, S. (1999) Physical activity levels and body weight in nationally representative sample in the European Union. Public Health Nutrition 2, 105-113.
5. Appell, H., Soares, J. and Duarte J. (1992) Exercise, muscle damage and fatigue. Sports Medicine 13, 108-115.
6. Armstrong, R.B. (1984) Mechanics of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16, 529-538.
7. Bilodeau, B., Benoît, R. and Boulay, M.R. (1994) Effect of drafting on heart rate in cross-country skiing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 637-641.
8. Bilodeau, B., Roy, B. and Boulay, M.R. (1991) A comparison of three skating techniques and diagonal stide on heart rate responses and speed in cross-country skiing. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 71-76.
9. Bishop, G.W. and Fallon, K.E. (1999) Musculoskeletal injuries in a six-day track race: Ultramarathoner's anckle. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 9, 216-220.
10. Booth, M.A., Troden, J.S., Reardon, F.D., Jette, M. and Rode, A. (1990) The 1988 Polar Bridge Expedition: Effects of the three-month trans-polar ski-trek on aerobic fitness and skiing economy. Proceedings of 8th International Congress of Circumpolar Health, Whitehorse. pp. 542-544.
11. Bouchard, C. and Shephard, R.J. (1994) Physical activity, fitness and health: The model and key concepts. In: Physical activity, fitness and health. Eds: Bouchard, C., Shephard, R.J. and Stephens, T. International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois. 77-78.
12. Brandenberger, G., Follenius, M., Muzet, A., Simeoni, M. and Reinhardt, B. (1984) Interaction between spontaneous and provoked cortisol secretory episodes in man. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 59, 406-411.
13. Budgett, R. (1990) Overtraining syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine 24, 231-236.
14. Cambell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C. (1963) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research on teaching. In: Handbook of research of teaching. Ed: Gage, N.L. Rand McNally, Chicago. 171-246.
15. Cavanagh, P. (1980) The running shoe book. Mountain View, Anderson World, USA.
16. Clarkson, P.M. and Tremblay, I. (1988) Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptation in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 1-6.
17. Cleak, M. and Eston, R. (1992) Delayed onset muscle soreness: Mechanisms and management. Journal of Sports Sciences 10, 325-341.
18. Cook, T.D. and Campbell, D.T. (1979) Quasiexperimentation, design & analysis issues for field settings. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
19. Cooper, K.H.A. (1968) A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake. The American Journal of Medicine 203, 135-138.
20. Davies, B., Shapiro, C.M., Daggett, A., Gatt, J.A. and Jakeman, P. (1984) Physiological changes and sleep responses during and following a world record continuous walking record. British Journal of Sports Medicine 18, 173-180.
21. Defence Staff, Finnish Defence Forces, Department of Education. (1999) PAK A 04:03.01. Palkatun henkilöstön kenttäkelpoisuus ja fyysinen työkyky. (Finnish military personnel's field competence and physical working ability). Standing instruction. 28.4.1999.
22. Dessypris, A., Kuoppasalmi, K. and Adlercreutz, H. (1976) Plasma cortisol, testosterone, androstenedione and luteinizing hormone (LH) in non-competitive marathon run Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 7, 33-37.
23. Dressendorfer, R. and Wade, C. (1983) The muscular overuse syndrome in long-distance runners. Physical Sports Medicine 11, 116-130.
24. Dressendorfer, R. and Wade, C.E. (1991) Effects of a 15-d race on plasma steroid levels and leg muscle fitness in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 954-958.
25. Dressendorfer, R.H., Wade, C.E. and Amsterdam, E.A. (1981) Development of pseudoanemia in marathon runners during a 20- day road race. The American Journal of Medicine 246, 1215-1218.
26. Dressendorfer, R.H., Wade, C.E., Hornick, C. and Timmis, G.C. (1982) High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in marathon runners during a 20-day road race. The American Journal of Medicine 247, 1715-1717.
27. Dressendorfer, R.H., Wade, C.E. and Scaff, J.H. (1985) Increased morning heart rate in runners: A valid sign of overtraining. Physical Sports Medicine 13, 77-86.
28. Dressendorfer, R.H., Wade, C.E., Claybaugh, J., Cucinell, S.A. and Timmis, G.C. (1991) Effects of 7 successive days of unaccustomed prolonged exercise on aerobic performance and tissue damage in fitness joggers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 55-61.
29. Dressendorfer, R.H., Hauser, A.M. and Timmis, G.C. (2000) Reversal of runner's bradycardia with training overstress. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 10, 279-285.
30. Duclos, M., Corcuff, J.B., Rashedi, M., Fougere, V.and Manier, G. (1997) Trained versus untrained men: different immediate post-exercise responses of pituitary adrenal axis. A preliminary study. European Journal of Applied Physiology 75, 343-350.
31. Durnin, J.V.G.A. and Rahaman, M. (1967) The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from the measurements of skinfold thickness. The British Journal of Nutrition 21, 681-689.
32. Ebbeling, C. and Clarkson, P. (1989) Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Medicine 7, 207-234.
33. Edington, D.W. and Edgerton, V.R. (1976) The biology of physical activity. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
34. Eisenman, P.A., Johnson, S.C., Beinbridge, C.N. and Zupan, M.F. (1989) Applied physiology of cross-country skiing. Sports Medicine 2, 67-97.
35. Enoka, R.M. (1994) Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology. Human Kinetics, Champaign.
36. Ewing, D.J., Hume, L., Campbell, I.W., Murray, A., Neilson, J.M.M. and Clarke, B.F. (1980) Autonomic mechanisms in the initial heart rate response to standing. Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 809-814.
37. Faber, M., Spinnler Benade, A.J., Celliers, C. and Marais, M. (1992) Changes in plasma lipoprotein levels during a hiking expedition in South America. International Journal of Sports Medicine 13, 279-284.
38. Fallon, G.W. and Bishop, G. (2002) Changes in erythropoiesis assessed by reticulocyte parameters during ultralong distance running. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 12, 172-178.
39. Fellmann, N., Bedu, M., Boudet, G., Mage, M., Sagnol, M., Pequignot, J.-M., Claustrat, B., Brun, M., Peyrin, L. and Coudert, J. (1992) Interrelationships between pituitary-adrenal hormones and catecholamines during a 6-day Nordic ski race. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 258-265.
40. Fernández-Garcia, B., Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Chicarro, J. L., Rodriquez-Alonso, M., Bandrés, F. and Terrados, N. (2002) The response of sexual and stress hormones of male pro-cyclists during continuous intense competition. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23, 555-560.
41. Filaire, E., Legrand, B., Bret, K., Sagnol, M., Cottet-Emard, J.M. and Pequignot, J.M. (2002) Physiologic responses to 4 days of increased training and recovery in cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23, 588-594.
42. Finlandiahiihto. (2004) Results. Winners by decades. 1995-1999. Retrieved March 8th, 2004. Available from URL: http://www.finlandiahiihto.fi/fh/v90.htm.
43. Fogelholm, M., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Nenonen, A. and Pasanen, M. (2000) Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: a randomized controlled study. Archives of Internal Medicine 160, 2177-2184.
44. Fowler, B. (1983) Principles of training. Modern Athlete and Coach 21, 25-28.
45. Fry, A.C. and Kraemer, W.J. (1997) Resistance exercise overtraining and overreaching.Neuroendocrinology Responses 23, 106-129.
46. Fry, R.W., Morton, A.R. and Keast, D. (1991) Overtraining in athletes. Sports Medicine 12, 32-65.
47. Galbo, H. (1981) Endocrinology and metabolism in exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 203-211.
48. Giladi, M., Milgrom, C., Danon, Y. and Aharonson, Z. (1985) The correlation between cumulative march training and stress fractures in soldiers. Military Medicine 150, 600-601.
49. Gilman, M.B. (1996) The use of heart rate to monitor the intensity of endurance training. Sports Medicine 21, 73-79.
50. Greenhaff, P.L., McCormick, K. and Maughan, R.J. (1987) The metabolic response to prolonged walking in fed and fasted men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 115-119.
51. Griffin, B. A., Skinner, E. R. and Maughan, R.J. (1988) The acute effect of prolonged walking and dietary changes on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and high-density lipoprotein subfractions. Metabolism 37, 535-541.
52. Guglielmini, C., Paolini, A.R. and Conconi, F. (1984) Variations of testosterone concentrations after physical exercises of different duration. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5, 246-249.
53. Gulledge, T.P. and Hackney, A.C. (1996) Reproducibility of low resting testosterone concentrations in endurance trained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 582-583.
54. th edition. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
55. Hackney, A.C., Sinning, W.E. and Bruot, B.C. (1990) Hypothalamic- pituitary-testicular function of endurance-trained and untrained males. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11, 298-303.
56. Hackney, A.C. and Styers, A.G. (1999) Recovery of endocrine system following exercise. Medicina dello Sport 3, 177-189.
57. Hale, B.S. and Raglin, J.S. (2002) State anxiety responses to acute resistance training and step aerobic exercise across eight weeks of training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 42, 108-112.
58. Hale, B.S., Koch, K.R. and Raglin, J.S. (2002) State anxiety responses to 60 minutes of cross training. British Journal of Sports Medicine 36, 105-107.
59. Harre, D. (1975) Trainingslehre. Sportverlag, Berlin, (in German).
60. Haynes, S.C. and Perrin, D.H. (1992) Effect of a counterirritant on pain and restricted range of motion associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. The Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 1, 13-18.
61. Hedman, L.A. (1988) Effect of a hydrocolloid dressing on the pain level from abrasions on the feet during intensive marching. Military Medicine 153, 188-190.
62. Hellsten, Y., Hansson, H.A., Jonson, L., Frandsen, U.and Sjödin, B. (1996) Increased expression of xanthine oxidase and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle after strenuous exercise in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 157, 191-197.
63. Holewijn, M. (1990) Physiological strain due to load carrying. European Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 237-245.
64. Holewijn, M., Heus, R. and Wammes, L.J.A. (1992) Physiological strain due to load carrying in heavy footware. European Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 129-134.
65. Hooper, S.L. and Mackinnon L.T. (1995) Monitoring overtraining in athletes. Sports Medicine 20, 321-327.
66. Howley, E.T. (2001) Type of activity: resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, S364-S369.
67. Huhtaniemi, I.T., Ding, Y.Q., Tähtelä, R. and Välimäki, M. (1992) The bio/immuno ratio of plasma luteinizing hormone does not change during the endogenous secretion pulse: reanalysis of the concept using improved immunometric techniques. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75, 1442-1445.
68. Huttunen, J.K., Länsimies, E., Voutilainen, E., Ehnholm, C., Hietanen, E., Penttilä, I., Siitonen, O., Rauramaa, R. (1979) Effect of moderate physical exercise on serum lipoproteins. A controlled clinical trial with special reference to serum high-density lipoproteins. Circulation 60, 1220-1229.
69. Hysing, J. and Fretland, I. (1997) Belastningstendinitter - korttidsbehandling med antiflogistika. Erfaringer fra firedagersmarsjen i Nijmegen 1996. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 117, 1092-1093. (In Norwegian).
70. Höchli, D., Schneiter, T., Ferretti, G., Howald, H., Claassen, H., Moia, C., Atchou, G., Belleri, M., Veicsteinas, A. and Hoppeler, H. (1995) Loss of oxidative capacity after an extreme endurance run: the Paris-Dakar foot-race. International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, 343-346.
71. International dictionary of medicine and biology in three volumes. (1986) A Wiley Medical Publication, USA.
72. Jaakkola, T., Ding, Y.Q., Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P., Vaaralahti, R., Martikainen, H., Tapaninen, J., Rönnberg, L. and Huhtaniemi, I. (1990) The ratios of serum bioactive/immunoactive luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in various clinical conditions with increased and decreased gonadotropin secretion: reevaluation by a highly sensitive immunometric assay. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70, 1496-1505.
73. Johnson, R.F. and Knapik, J.J. (1995) Symptoms during load carrying: Effects of mass and load distribution during a 20-km road march. Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, 331-338.
74. Jones, B.H. (1983) Overuse injuries of the lower extremities associated with marching, jogging, and running: A review. Military Medicine 148, 783-787.
75. Jones, B.H. and Knapik, J.J. (1999) Physical training and exercise-related injuries. Surveillance, research and injury prevention in military populations. Sports Medicine 27, 111-125.
76. Jordaan, G. and Schwellnus, M.P. (1994) The incidence of overuse injuries in military recruits during basic military training. Military Medicine 159, 421-426.
77. Karvonen, J., Kubica, R., Wilk, B., Wnorowski, J., Krasicki, S. and Kalli, S. (1989) Effects of skating and diagonal skiing techniques on results and some physiological variables. Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences 14, 117-121.
78. Karvonen, J. and Vuorimaa, T. (1988) Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. Practical application. Sports Medicine 5, 303-311.
79. Kennedy, M.D.J. and Bell, G.J. (1996) Measurement of heart rate response during a 55km cross country ski race. Journal of Human Movement Studies 31, 161-177.
80. Keyes, A., Fidanza, F., Karvonen, M.J., Kimura N.and Taylor, H. (1972) Indices of relative weight and obesity. Journal of Chronic Disease 25, 329.
81. Kirwan, J.P., Costill, D.L., Flynn, M.G., Mitchell, J.B., Fink, W.J., Neufer, P.D. and Houmard, J.A. (1988) Physiological responses to successive days of intense training in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 255-259.
82. Knapik, J.J., Ang, P., Meiselman, H., Johnson, W., Kirk, J., Bensel, C. and Hanlon, W. (1997) Soldier performance and strenuous road marching: Influence of load mass and load distribution. Military Medicine 162, 62-67.
83. Knapik, J.J., Reynolds, K. and Barson, J. (1999) Risk factors for foot blisters during road marching: tobacco use, ethnicity, foot type, previous illness, and other factors. Military Medicine 164, 92-97.
84. Komi, P.V. and Bosco, C. (1978) Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10, 261-265.
85. Komulainen, J., Takala, T. and Vihko, V. (1995) Does serum creatine kinase activity reflect exercise-induced muscle damage in rats? International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, 150-154.
86. Koplan, J.P., Powell, K.E., Sikes, R.K., Shirley, R.W. and Cambell, C.C. (1982) An epidemiologic study of the benefits and risks of running. The American Journal of Medicine 248, 3118-3121.
87. Kuhn, C.M. (1989) Adrenocortical and gonadal steroids in behavioral cardiovascular medicine. In: Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. Eds: Schneiderman, N., Weiss, S.M. and Kaufmann P. Plenum Press, New York. 185-204.
88. Kuipers, H. (1994) Exercise induced muscle damage. International Journal of Sports Medicine 15, 132-135.
89. Kuipers, H. and Keizer, H.A. (1988) Overtraining in elite athletes: review and directions for the future. Sports Medicine 6, 1720-1724.
90. Kyröläinen, H., Pullinen, T., Candau, R., Avela, J., Huttunen, P. and Komi, P.V. (2000) Effects of marathon running on running economy and kinematics. European Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 297-304.
91. Legg, S.J. (1985) Comparison of different methods of load carriage. Ergonomics 28, 197-212.
92. Lehmann, M., Foster, C., Dickhuth, H.H. and Gastmann, U. (1998) Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 1140-1145.
93. Lehti, H. and Rehunen, S. (1992) The influence of orthoses on the over-use injuries in the recruits. Annales Medicinae Militare Fenniae 67, 76-79.
94. Leith, L.M. (1994) Foundations of exercise and mental health. Fitness Information Technology, Inc., Morgantown.
95. Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., Carvajal, A. and Chicharro, J.L. (1999) Heart rate response to professional road cycling: The Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine 20, 167-172.
96. Lucia, A., Diaz, B., Hoyos, J., Fernández, C., Villa, G., Bandrés, F. and Chicharro, J.L. (2001) Hormone levels of world class cyclists during the Tour of Spain stage race. British Journal of Sports Medicine 35, 424-430.
97. Luurila O.J., Karjalainen J., Viitasalo M. and Toivonen L. (1994) Arrhythmias and ST segment deviation during prolonged exhaustive exercise (ski marathon) in healthy middle-aged men. European Heart Journal 15, 507-513.
98. MacIntyre, D.L., Reid, W.D. and McKenzie, D.C. (1995) Delayed muscle soreness. The inflammatory response to muscle injury and its clinical implications. Sports Medicine 20, 24-40.
99. Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C., Speizer, F.E. and Hennekens, C.H. (1999) A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women The England Journal of Medicine 341, 650-658.
100. Marniemi, M., Vuori, I., Kinnunen, V., Rahkila, P., Vainikka, M. and Peltonen, P. (1984) Metabolic changes induced by combined prolonged exercise and low-calorie intake in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology 53, 121-127.
101. Maughan, R.J., Greenhaff, P.L., Gleeson, M., Fenn, C.E. and Leiper, J.B. (1987) The effect of dietary carbohydrate intake on the metabolic response to prolonged walking on consecutive days. European Journal of Applied Physiology 56, 583-591.
102. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. and Katch, V.L. (1991) Exercise physiology. Energy, nutrion, and human performance. 3rd edition. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
103. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I. and Katch, V.L. (2000) Essentials of exercise physiology. 2nd edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
104. McNair, D.M., Lorr, M. and Droppleman, L.F. (1971) Eits Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego: Educational and industrial testing service.
105. Morgan, W.P., Costill, D.L., Flynn, M.J. and Raglin, J.S. (1988) Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20, 408-414.
106. Miles, M.P. and Clarkson, P.M. (1994) Exercise-induced muscle pain, soreness, and cramps. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 34, 203-216.
107. Morris, J.N. and Hardman, A.E. (1997) Walking to health. Sports Medicine 23, 306-332.
108. Mueller, M.J. and Maluf, K.S. (2002) Tissue adaptation to physical stress: A proposed physical stress theory to guide physical therapist practise, education, and research. Physical Therapy 82, 383-403.
109. Myles, W.S., Eclache, J.P. and Beaury, J. (1979) Self-pacing during sustained, repetitive exercise. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 50, 921-924.
110. Newham, D.J., Jones, D.A. and Edwards, R.H.T. (1983) Large delayed plasma creatine kinase changes after stepping exercise. Muscle Nerve 6, 380-385.
111. Nicol, C., Komi, P.V. and Marconnet, P. (1991a) Fatigue effects of marathon running on neuromuscular performance I. Changes in muscle force and stiffness characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1, 10-17.
112. Nicol, C., Komi, P.V. and Marconnet, P. (1991b) Fatigue effects of marathon running on neuromuscular performance II. Changes in force, integrated electromyographic activity and endurance capacity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1, 18-24.
113. Nigg, B.M., Denoth, J., Kerr, B., Luethi, S., Smith, D. and Stacoff, A. (1984) Load sport shoes and playing surfaces. In: Sport shoes and playing surfaces. Ed: Frederich, E.C. Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois. 1-23.
114. O'Connor, P.J., Morgan, W.P., Raglin, J.S., Barksdale, C.M. and Kalin, N.H. (1989) Mood state and salivary cortisol levels following overtraining in female swimmers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 14, 303-310.
115. O'Connor, P.J., Morgan, W.P. and Raglin, J.S. (1991) Physiological effects of 3 d of increased training in female and male swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 1055-1061.
116. Oja, P., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Nieminen, R., Vuori, I. and Pasanen, M. (1988) Cardiorespiratory strain of middle-aged men in mass events of long-distance cycling, rowing, jogging, and skiing. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9, 45-51.
117. Oksa, J., Rissanen, S. and Martikkala, V. (1995) Cardiorespiratory strain of a five day jogging relay. British Journal of Sports Medicine 29, 165-167.
118. Opstad, P.K. (1992) Androgenic hormones during prolonged physical stress, sleep, and energy defiance. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 74, 1176-1183.
119. Opstad, P.K. (1994) Orcadian rhythm of hormones is extinguished during prolonged physical stress, sleep and energy deficiency in young men. European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies 131, 56-66.
120. Opstad, P.K. and Aakvaag, A. (1982) Decreased serum levels of oestradiol, testosterone and prolactin during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation, and the influence of a high calory diet. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 343-348.
121. Opstad, P.K., Ekanger, R., Nummenstad, M. and Raabe, N. (1978) Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 49, 1065-1073.
122. Palmer, G.S., Hawley, J.A., Dennis, S.C. and Noakes, T.D. (1994) Heart rate responses during a 4-d cycle stage race. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 1278-1283.
123. Panin, L.E. (1990) Biochemical changes in the blood of participants of the Soviet-Canadian transarctic ski-journey. Proceedings of 8th International Congress of Circumpolar Health, Whitehorse. pp. 549-552.
124. Parkkari, J., Natri, A., Kannus, P., Mänttäri, A., Laukkanen, R., Haapasalo, H., Nenonen, A., Pasanen, M., Oja, P. and Vuori, I. (2000) A controlled trial of the health benefits of regular walking on a golf course. The American Journal of Medicine 109, 102-108.
125. Perrin, M. and Guex, J.J. (2000) Edema and leg volume: methods of assessment. Angiology 51, 9-12.
126. Pestell, R.G., Hurley, D.M. and Vandongen, R. (1989) Biochemical and hormonal changes during a 1000 km ultramarathon. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology &Pphysiology 16, 353-361.
127. Program-Magazine De 4 Daagse. (1994). nr. 8, p. 10. ET Derventer, Acteam Publishers b.v.
128. Quesada, P.M., Mengelgoch, L.J., Hale, R.C. and Simon S.R. (2000) Biomechanical and metabolic effects of varying backpack loading on simulated marching. Ergonomics 43, 293-309.
129. Raglin, J.S. (1990) Exercise and mental health. Beneficial and detrimental effects. Sports Medicine 9, 323-329.
130. Raglin, J.S. and Wilson, M. (1996) State anxiety following 20 minutes of bicycle ergometer exercise at selected intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine 17, 467-471.
131. Raglin, J.S., Morgan, W.P. and O'Connor, P.J. (1991) Changes in mood states during training in female and male college swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 585-589.
132. Raschka, C., Plath, M. and Parzeller, M. (1994a) Serum enzyme changes and their interrelations during a 20-day long road race. European Journal of Applied Physiology Suppl 69, S29.
133. Raschka, C., Schuhmann, R., Plath, M. and Parzeller, M. (1994b) The changes of hormone values during an ultra long distance run. European Journal of Applied Physiology Suppl 69, S29.
134. Raschka, C., Schuhmann, R. and Parzeller, M. (1995) The changes of hormone parameters and patterns during an ultra long distance run of 1000 km in 20 stages of daily 50 km. In: The way to win. Eds: Viitasalo, J. T. and Kujala U. Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Research in Sports held in Helsinki, on 9-11 August 1994. The Finnish Society for Research in Sport and Physical Education, 141, Hakapaino OY, Finland, p. 31.
135. Refsum, H.E., Strømme, S.B. and Tveit, B. (1972) Changes in serum enzyme levels after 90 km cross-country skiing. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 84, 16A-17A.
136. Richter, E.A. (1986) Hormones, exercise and skeletal muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences 8, 35-41.
137. Rodgers, C.D., Vanheest, J.L. and Schachter, C.L. (1995). Energy expenditure during submaximal walking with Exerstriders. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 607-611.
138. Ronsen O. (2003) Medical aspects of cross country skiing. In: Cross country skiing. Ed: Rusko, H. Blackwell Science, Maiden. 101-140.
139. Ross, J. (1993a) A review of lower overuse injuries during basic military training. Part 1: Types of overuse injuries. Military Medicine 158, 410-415.
140. Ross, J. (1993b) A review of lower overuse injuries during basic military training. Part 2: Prevention of overuse injuries. Military Medicine 158, 415-420.
141. Ross, J.H., Attwood, E.C., Atkin, G.E. and Villar, R.N. (1983) A study of the effects of severe repetitive exercise on serum myoglobin, creatine kinase, transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series LII, 206, 268-279.
142. Roussel, B. and Buguet, A. (1982) Changes in human heart rate during sleep following daily physical exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49, 409-416.
143. Rudzki, S.J. (1997a) Injuries in Australian army recruits. Part I: Decreased incidence and severity of injury seen with reduced running distance. Military Medicine 162, 472-476.
144. Rudzki, S.J. (1997b) Injuries in Australian army recruits. Part II: Location and cause of injury seen in recruits. Military Medicine 162, 477-480.
145. Rudzki, S.J. (1997c) Injuries in Australian army recruits. Part III: The accuracy of a pretraining orthopedic screen in predicting ultimate injury outcome. Military Medicine 162, 481-483.
146. Rusko, H. (2003a) Training for cross country skiing. In: Cross country skiing. Ed: Rusko, H. Blackwell Science, Maiden. 62-100.
147. Rusko, H. (2003b) Physiology of cross country skiing. In: Cross country skiing. Ed: Rusko, H. Blackwell Science, Maiden. 1-31.
148. Sanders, J.M. and Bloor, C.M. (1975) Effects of repeated endurance exercise on serum enzyme activities in well-conditioned males. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 7, 44-47.
149. Saris, W.H.M., Erp Baart, M.A. van, Brouns, F., Westerterp, K.R. and ten Hoor, F. (1989a) Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: The Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10, S26-S31.
150. Saris, W.H., Schrijver, J., Erp Baart, M.A. van. and Brouns, F. (1989b) Adequacy of vitamin supply under maximal sustained workloads: the Tour de France. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research Suppl 30, 205-212.
151. Schwartz, L. and Kindermann, W. (1990) Betaendorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and catecholamines during aerobic and anaerobic exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 165-171.
152. Schürmeyer, T., Jung, K. and Nieschlag, E. (1984) The effect of an 1100 km run on testicular, adrenal and thyroid hormones. International Journal of Andrology 7, 276-282.
153. Sekiya, N., Nagasaki, H., Ito, H. and Furua, T. (1996) The invariant relationship between step length and step rate during free walking. Journal of Human Movement Studies 30, 241-257.
154. Selye, H. (1975) The stress of life. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
155. Shapiro, Y., Magazanik, A., Sohar, E. and Reich, C. (1973) Serum enzyme changes in untrained subjects following a prolonged march. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 51, 271-276.
156. Shephard, R.J. (1991) Some consequences of polar stress: Data from a transpolar ski-trek. Archives of medical research 50, 25-29.
157. Sherman, W.M., Armstrong, L.E., Murray, T.H., Hagerman, F.C., Costill, D.L., Staron, R.C. and Ivy, J.L. (1984) Effect of a 42.2-km footrace and subsequent rest or exercise on muscular strength and work capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology 57, 1668-1673.
158. Smith, G.A. (2002) Biomechanics of cross country skiing. In: Cross country skiing. Ed: Rusko, H. Blackwell Science, Maiden. 32-61.
159. Street, G.M. (1990) Biomechanics of cross-country skiing. In: Winter sports medicine. Eds: Casey, M.J., Foster, C. and Hixson E.G. FA Davis Co., Philadelphia. 284-301.
160. Ståhl, T. and Laukkanen, R. (2000) A way of healthy walking - A guidebook for health promotion practice. The Finnish Rheumatism Association, Helsinki.
161. Sumpio, B.E. (2000) Foot ulcers. The New England Journal of Medicine 343, 787-793.
162. Sutherland, S. (1989) MacMillan dictionary of psychology. The MacMillan Press Ltd., London. 266
163. Suuri kansallinen liikuntatutkimus 2001-2002. (2002). Aikuisliikunta. SLU:n julkaisusarja 5/02. Suomen Kuntourheiluliitto, Kunto ry., Helsinki, p.20. (In Finish).
164. Tanaka, H., Cléroux, J., de Champlain, J., Ducharme J. R. and Collu, R. (1986) Persistent effects of a marathon run on the pituitary-testicular axis. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 9, 97-101.
165. Thomas, J.R. and Nelson, J.K. (1990) Research methods in physical activity. 2nd edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
166. Thomas, T.R., Ziogas, G., Smith, T., Zhang, Q. and Londeree, B.R. (1995) Physiological and perceived exertion responses to six modes of submaximal exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 66, 239-46
167. Toiskallio, J. (1998) Kohti sotilaan toimintakyvyn teoriaa. (Toward the theory of the soldier's action competence). In: Toimintakyky sotilaspedagogiikassa. Ed: Toiskallio, J. Maanpuolustuksen korkeakoulu, Koulutustaidon laitos Julkaisusarja 2. N:o 4. Ykkös-Offset OY, Vaasa. pp. 161-185. (In Finish).
168. Tremblay, M.S., Chu, S.Y. and Mureika, R. (1995) Methodological and statistical considerations for exercise-related hormone evaluations. Sports Medicine 20, 90-108.
169. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1996) Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta: International Medical Publishing, USA.
170. Vasankari, T.J., Kujala, U.M., Taimela, S. and Huhtaniemi, I.T. (1993) Pituitary-gonadal response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation is enhanced in men after strenuous physical exercise. Acta Endocrinologica 129, 9-14.
171. Viru, A. (1984) The mechanism of training effects: a hypothesis. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5, 219-227.
172. Viru, A. (1992) Plasma hormones and physical exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 13, 201-209.
173. Viru, A. and Smirnova, T. (1995) Health promotion and exercise training.
174. Viru, A.M., Hackney, A.C., Välja, E., Karelson, K., Janson, T. and Viru, M. (2001) Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormone responses to subsequent exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 85, 578-585.
175. Voloshin, A.S. (1988) Shock absorption during running and walking. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 78, 295-299.
176. Vuori, I. (1972) Sydämeen kohdistuva kuormitus laturetkihiihdossa. (Cardiac load in daylong skihike). Turun yliopiston julkaisuja. Sarja C, Osa 12, Forssan kirjapaino Oy, Forssa. (In Finish).
177. Vuori, I. (1982) Physiological and medical aspects of strenuous mass sport events. Annals of Clinical Research 14, Suppl 34, 130-138.
178. Vuori, I. (1986) The cardiovascular risks of physical activity. Acta Medica Scandinavica Suppl. 711, 205-214.
179. Vuori, I., Marniemi, J., Rahkila, P. and Vainikka, M. (1979) Plasma catecholamine concentrations and their responses to short-term physical exercise during and after a six-day ski-hike. In: Biochemistry of exercise IV-B. Poortmans, J. and Niset, G. Int Series on Sport Sciences, vol. IV B. University Park Press, Baltimore. 107-114.
180. Vuori, I., Suurnäkki, T. and Suurnäkki, L. (1983) Liikuntaan liittyvän äkkikuoleman riski ja syyt. (Causes and risk of sudden death in exercise and sports). Duodecim 99, 516-526. (In Finish).
181. Wade, C.E., Dressendorfer, R.H., O'Brien, J.C. and Claybaugh, J.R. (1981) Renal function, aldosterone, and vasopressin excretion following repeated long-distance running. Journal of Applied Physiology 50, 709-712.
182. Wade, C.E., Dressendorfer, R.H., O'Brien, J.C. and Claybaugh, J.R. (1982) Overnight basal urinary findings during a 500 km race over 20 days. Journal of Sports Medicine 22, 371-376.
183. Wang, S.S. Whitney, S.L. Burdett, R.G. and Janosky, J.E. (1993) Lower extremity muscular flexibility in long distance runners. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 17, 102-107.
184. Wheeler, G.D., Wall, S.R., Belcastro, A.N. and Cumming, D.C. (1984) Reduced serum testosterone and prolactin levels in male distance runners. The American Journal of Medicine 252, 514-516.
185. de Wild, G.M., Peeters, M.P.D., Hoefnagels, W.H.L., Oeseburg, B. and Binkhorst, R.A. (1997) Relative exercise intensity of long-distance marching (120 km in 4 days) in 153 subjects aged 69-87 years. European Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 510-516.