A controlled trial of the health benefits of regular walking on a golf course

American Journal of Medicine

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 102-108

  Arkkari, Jari ^a   Natri, Antero ^a   Kannus, Pekka ^b   Mänttäri, Ari ^a   Laukkanen, Raija ^c   Haapasalo, Heidi ^a   Nenonen, Arja ^a   Pasanen, Matti ^b   Oja, Pekka ^b   Vuori, Ilkka ^b  

^a Tampere Res Ctr of Sports Medicine   (Finland)

^b UKK INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION RESEARCH   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; INSULIN; LIPID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FITNESS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART PERFORMANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; MUSCLE EXERCISE; NORMAL HUMAN; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; SPORT; WALKING; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

AGED; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GOLF; HEALTH STATUS; HEART; HUMANS; INSULIN; LIPIDS; LUNG; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOTOR SKILLS; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PHYSICAL FITNESS; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; WALKING; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 0034253785     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00455-1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Hakim A., Petrovitch H., Burchfiel C., et al. Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. NEJM. 338:1998;94-99.
2. Lee I., Hsieh C., Paffenbarger R. Exercise intensity and longevity in men the Harvard alumni health study . JAMA. 273:1995;1179-1184.
3. Erikssen G., Liestol K., Bjornholt J., et al. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet. 352:1998;759-762.
4. Shephard R.J. What is the optimal type of physical activity to enhance health? Br J Sports Med. 31:1997;277-284.
5. Morris J.N., Hardman A.E. Walking to health. Sports Med. 23:1997;306-332.
6. Berlin J.A., Colditz G.A. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 132:1990;612-628.
7. Ekelund L.G., Haskell W.L., Johnson J.L., et al. Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study . NEJM. 319:1988;1379-1384.
8. Leon A.S., Connet J., Jacobs D.R., Rauramaa R. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial . JAMA. 258:1987;2388-2395.
9. Hagberg JM. Exercise, fitness and hypertension. In: Boughard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, et al, eds. Exercise, Fitness, and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 1990:455-466.
10. Helmrich S.P., Ragland D.R., Leung R.W., Paffenbarger R.S. Jr. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. NEJM. 325:1991;147-152.
11. Lee I.-M., Paffenbarger R.S. Jr, Hsieh C.-C. Physical activity and risk of developing colorectal cancer among college alumni. J Natl Cancer Inst. 83:1991;1324-1329.
12. Paffenbarger R.S. Jr, Hyde R.T., Wing A.L., et al. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other life-style characteristics with mortality among men. NEJM. 328:1993;538-545.
13. Blair S.N., Kohl H.W., Barlow C.E., et al. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men . JAMA. 273:1995;1093-1098.
14. Kannus P. Preventing osteoporosis, falls, and fractures among elderly people. Promotion of lifelong physical activity is essential. BMJ. 318:1999;205-206.
15. Palank E., Hargreaves E. The benefits of walking the golf course. Phys Sportsmed. 18:1990;77-80.
16. Magnusson G. Golf exercise for fitness and health . Farrally M.R., Cochran A.J. Science and Golf. Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf, St. Andrews, England. 1998;Human Kinetics, Champaign, Ill.
17. Murase Y., Kamei S., Hoshikawa T. Heart rate and metabolic responses to participation in golf. J Sports Med. 29:1989;269-272.
18. Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Med. 2:1970;92-98.
19. Suni J., Oja P., Laukkanen R., et al. Health-related fitness test battery for adults. Aspects of reliability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 77:1996;399-405.
20. Suni J., Oja P., Miilunpalo S., et al. Health-related fitness test battery for adults associations with perceived health, mobility, and back function and symptoms . Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 79:1998;559-569.
21. Nelson M.E., Fiatarone M.A., Morganti C.M., et al. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. JAMA. 272:1994;1909-1914.
22. Suni J., Miilunpalo S., Asikainen T., et al. Safety and feasibility of a health related fitness test battery for adults. Phys Ther. 78:1998;134-148.
23. Rastas M, Seppänen R, Knuts L-R, et al, eds. Nutrient Composition of Foods. Helsinki: Publications of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland; 1993.
24. Blair S.N., Connelly J.C. How much physical activity should we do? The case for moderate amounts and intensities of physical activity. Res Q. 67:1996;193-205.
25. Physical Activity, and Health. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1996.
26. Frändin K., Grimby G., Mellström D., Svanborg A. Walking habits and health-related factors in a 70-year-old population. Gerontology. 37:1991;281-288.
27. Cummings S.R., Nevitt M.C., Browner W.S., et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. NEJM. 332:1995;767-773.
28. Dargen-Molina P., Favier F., Grandjean H., et al. Fall-related factors, and risk of hip fracture. The EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 348:1996;145-149.
29. Oja P., Mänttäri A., Heinonen A., et al. Physiological effects of walking and cycling to work. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1:1991;151-157.
30. Wood P.D., Haskell W.L., Blair S.N., et al. Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein alterations a one-year randomized controlled study in sedentary middle-aged men . Metabolism. 32:1983;31-39.
31. Ballor D.L., Keesey R.A. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changed in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. Int J Obesity. 15:1991;717-726.
32. Duncan J.J., Gordon N.F., Scott C.B. Women walking for health and fitness how much is enough? JAMA. 266:1991;3295-3299.
33. Dattilo A.M., Kris-Etherton P.M. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins a meta-analysis . Am J Clin Nutr. 56:1992;320-328.
34. Ward A, Morris DH, Porcari JP, et al. Effects of walking and/or low fat diet on total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol and risk ratio. Circulation. 1989;80(suppl II):509.
35. Tucker L.A., Friedman G.M. Walking and serum cholesterol in adults. Am J Public Health. 80:1990;1111-1113.
36. Leon A.S., Conrad J., Hunninghake D.B., Serfass R. Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 33:1979;1776-1787.
37. Kukkonen-Harjula K., Laukkanen R., Vuori I., et al. Effects of walking training on health-related fitness in healthy middle-aged adults - a randomized controlled study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 8:1998;236-242.
38. Paffenbarger R.S., Wing A.L., Hyde R.T., Jung D.L. Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 117:1983;245-257.
39. Cononie C.C., Graves J.E., Pollock M.L., et al. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to79-yr-old men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 23:1991;505-511.
40. Jørgensen U. The epidemiology of sports injuries in Denmark a prospective individual injury registration . Acta Orthop Scand. 57:1986;474.
41. de Loës M., Goldie I. Incidence rate of injuries during sport activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish municipality incidence rates in 17 sports . Int J Sports Med. 9:1988;461-467.