Medical management of glaucoma

International Ophthalmology Clinics

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 115-141

  Geringer, Casey C ^a   Imami, Nauman R ^b  

^a Hubbard Henslee Center for Eye Surgery   (United States)

^b HENRY FORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ADRENALIN; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPHAGAN P; APRACLONIDINE; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; BENZODODECINIUM; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETAXOLOL; BETOPTIC S; BIMATOPROST; BIMATOPROST PLUS TIMOLOL; BRIMONIDINE; BRINZOLAMIDE; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE INHIBITOR; CARTEOLOL; COMBIGAN; DORZOLAMIDE; DORZOLAMIDE PLUS TIMOLOL; LATANOPROST; LATANOPROST PLUS TIMOLOL; LEVOBUNOLOL; METHAZOLAMIDE; METIPRANOLOL; OCUDOSE; PILOCARPINE; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; THIAMAZOLE; TIMOLOL; TIMOLOL GFS; TIMOLOL MALEATE; TIMOLOL PLUS TRAVOPROST; TRAVOPROST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; UNOPROSTONE ISOPROPYL ESTER; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; ALLERGIC BLEPHAROCONJUNCTIVITIS; ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ANOREXIA; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; APLASTIC ANEMIA; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BITTER TASTE; BLOOD DYSCRASIA; BLURRED VISION; BRONCHOSPASM; BURNING SENSATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSION; CILIARY MUSCLE SPASM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; CONFUSION; CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA; CONJUNCTIVITIS; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DISORIENTATION; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENERGY; EYE ALLERGY; EYE BURNING; EYE COLOR; EYE DISCOMFORT; EYE IRRITATION; EYE TOXICITY; EYELID EDEMA; FATIGUE; FOLLICULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS; GLAUCOMA; GLAUCOMA SURGERY; HEADACHE; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART RATE; HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; IMPOTENCE; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; IRIS DISEASE; IRIS PIGMENTATION; LACRIMATION; LASER COAGULATION; LIBIDO DISORDER; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; LUNG TOXICITY; MELANOSOME; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MORNING DOSAGE; MUSCLE SPASM; MYOPIA; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; OPTIC NERVE LESION; PARESTHESIA; PERIORBITAL HYPERPIGMENTATION; PIGMENT DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOEXFOLIATION GLAUCOMA; RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA MACULA CYSTOID EDEMA; REVIEW; SEDATION; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SYNCOPE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TACHYPHYLAXIS; TASTE DISORDER; TRABECULECTOMY; TRABECULOPLASTY; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; TRICHIASIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UVEITIS; VISION; WEAKNESS; XEROSTOMIA; CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFECT;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; GLAUCOMA; HUMANS; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE;

EID: 56149101495     PISSN: 00208167     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/IIO.0b013e318187e8b5     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Quigley HA. Number of people with glaucoma worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:389-393.
2. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertensive Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medications delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:701-713, 829-830.
3. AGIS Investigators: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field determination. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:429-440.
4. Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, et al. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression. Results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:1268-1279.
5. Stewart WC, Stewart JA, Nassar QJ, et al. Cost effectiveness of treating ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:94-98.
6. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:498-505.
7. Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:487-497.
8. Drance S, Anderson DR, Schulzer M, et al. Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:6997-7008.
9. Lichter PR, Musch DC, Gillespie BW, et al. Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1943-1953.
10. Janz NK, Wren PA, Lichter PA, et al. Quality of life in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients: Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:887-897.
11. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group. The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) and Glaucoma Laser Trial Follow-up Study, 7: results. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;120:718-731.
12. American Academy of Ophthalmology Basic and Clinical Science Course Section 10: Glaucoma. 2004-2005.
13. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Preferred Practice Pattern. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2005:1-40.
14. Armaly MF, Krueger DE, Maunder L, et al. Biostatistical analysis of the Collaborative Glaucoma Study, I: summary report of the risk factors for glaucomatous visual-field defects. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:2163-2171.
15. Alm A, Stjernschantz J. Effects on intraocular pressure and side effects of 0.005% latanoprost applied once daily, evening or morning: a comparison with timolol. Scandanavian Latanoprost Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1743.
16. Camras CB. Comparison of latanoporst and timolol in patients with ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a six-month masked, multicenter trial in the United States. The Untied States Latanoprost Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:138.
17. Racz P, Ruzsonyi MR, Nagy ZT, et al. Around-the-clock intraocular pressure reduction with once-daily application of latanoprost by itself or in combination with timolol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:268.
18. Stewart WC, Stewart JA, Kapik BM. The effects of unoprostone isopropyl 0.12% and timolol maleate 0.5% on diurnal intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma. 1998;7:388.
19. Susanna R Jr, Giampani J Jr, Borges AS, et al. A double-masked, randomized clinical trial comparing latanoprost with unoprostone in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:259.
20. Goldberg I, Cunha-Vaz J, Jakobsen JE, et al. Comparison of topical travoprost eye drops given once daily and timolol given twice daily in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:472.
21. Netland PA, Landry T, Sullivan EK, et al. Travoprost compared with latanoprost and timolol in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:472-484.
22. Fellman RL, Sullivan EK, Ratliff M, et al. Comparison of travoprost 0.0015% and 0.004% with timolol 0.5% in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 6-month, masked, multicenter trial. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:998.
23. Baudouin C, Riancho L, Warnet JM, et al. In vitro studies of antiglaucomatous prostaglandin analogues: travoprost with and without benzalkonium chloride and preserved latanoprost. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4123-4128.
24. Lewis RA, Katz GJ, Weiss MJ, et al. Travoprost 0.004% with and without benzalkonium chloride: a comparison of safety and efficacy. J Glaucoma. 2007;161:98-103.
25. Brandt JD, VanDenburgh AM, Chen K, et al. Comparison of once- or twice-daily bimatoprost with twice-daily timolol in patients with elevated IOP: a 3-month clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1023-1031.
26. Higginbotham EJ, Schuman JS, Goldberg I, et al. One-year, randomized study comparing bimatoprost and timolol in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;120:1286.
27. Gandolfi S, Simmons ST, Sturm R, et al. Three-month comparison of bimatoprost and latanoprost in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Adv Ther. 2001;18:110.
28. Parrish RK, Palmberg P, Sheu WP. A comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:688.
29. Bournias TE, Lee D, Gross R, et al. Ocular hypotensive efficacy of bimatoprost when used as a replacement for latanoprost in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003;19:193.
30. Scherer WJ. A retrospective review of non-responders to latanoprost. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002;18:287.
31. Gandolfi SA, Cimino L. Effect of bimatoprost on patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who are nonresponders to latanoprost. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:609.
32. Nagasubramanian S, Sheth GP, Hitchings RA, et al. Intraocular pressure-reducing effect of PhXA41 in ocular hypertension: comparison of dose regimens. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1305.
33. Rosetti L, Karabatsas CH, Topouzis F, et al. Comparison of the effects of bimatoprost and a fixed combination latanoprost and timolol on circadian intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:2241-2251.
34. Franks WA, Renard JP, Rojanapongpun P. A 6-week, double-masked, parallel group study of the efficacy and safety of travoprost 0.004% compared with latanoprost 0.005%/timolol 0.5% in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Clin Ther. 2006;28:332-339.
35. Schumer RA, Camras CB, Mandahl AK. Putative side effects of prostaglandin analogs. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(suppl 1):S219.
36. Kroll DM, Schuman JS. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus keratitis after initiating bimatoprost treatment for glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:401.
37. Warwar RE, Bullock JD, Ballal D. Cystoid macular edema and anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost use: experience and incidence in a retrospective review of 94 patients. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:263.
38. Soll DB. Evaluation of timolol in chronic open-angle glaucoma: once a day vs twice a day. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:2178.
39. Yalon M, Urinowsky E, Rothkoff L, et al. Frequency of timolol administration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;92:526.
40. Zimmerman TJ, Kaufman HE. Timolol: a beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:601-604.
41. Vogel R, Strahlman E, Rittenhouse KD. Adverse events associated with commonly used glaucoma drugs [Review]. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1999;39:107.
42. Lama PJ. Systemic adverse effects of beta-adrenergic blockers: an evidence-based assessment. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:749.
43. Katz IM, Hubbard WA, Getson AJ, et al. Intraocular pressure decrease in normal volunteers following timolol ophthalmic solution. Invest Ophthalmol. 1976;15:489.
44. Mills KB. Blind randomised non-crossover long-term trial comparing topical timolol 0.25% with timolol 0.5% in the treatment of simple chronic glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:216.
45. Freedman SF, Freedman NJ, Shields MB, et al. Effects of ocular cartelol and timolol on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;116:600-611.
46. Allen RC, Epstein DL. Additive effect of betaxolol and epinephrine in primary open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:1178-1184.
47. Harris LS, Greenstein SH, Bloom AF. Respiratory difficulties with betaxolol. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:274-275.
48. Novack GD. Ophthalmic beta-blockers since timolol. Surv Ophthalmol. 1987;31:307-327.
49. Fiscella R, Green A, Patuszynski DH, et al. Medical treatment cost considerations for glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:18-25.
50. Lee AG, Anderson R, Kardon RH, et al. Presumed "sulfa allergy" in patients with intracranial hypertension treated with acetazolamide or furosemide: cross-reactivity, myth or reality? Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:114-118.
51. Block ER, Rostand RA. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in glaucoma: hazard or benefit in the chronic lunger? Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;23:169-172.
52. Heller I, Halevy J, Cohen S, et al. Significant metabolic acidosis induced by acetazolamide: not a rare complication. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:1815-1817.
53. Dailey RA, Brubaker RF, Bourne WM. The effects of timolol maleate and acetazolamide on the rate of aqueous formation in normal human subjects. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93:232.
54. McCannel CA, Heinrich SR, Brubaker RF. Acetazolamide but not timolol lowers aqueous humor flow in sleeping humans. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1992;230:518.
55. Maus TL, Larsson LI, McLaren JW, et al. Comparison of dorzalomide and acetazolamide as suppressors of aqueous humor flow in humans. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:45.
56. Sugrue MF. Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19:87.
57. Sall K. The efficacy and safety of brinzolamide 1% ophthalmic suspension (Azopt) as a primary therapy in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;44(suppl 2):S155.
58. Seong GJ, Lee SC, Lee JH, et al. Comparisons of intraocular-pressure- lowering efficacy and side effects of 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide. Ophthalmologica. 2001;215:188.
59. Lippa EA, Carlson LE, Ehinger B, et al. Dose response and duration of action of dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:495.
60. Strahlman ER, Vogel R, Tipping R, et al. The use of dorzolamide and pilocarpine as adjunctive therapy to timolol in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: the dorzolamide additivity study group. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1283.
61. Kimal Arici M, Topalkara A, Guler C. Additive effect of latanoprost and dorzolamide in patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Int Ophthalmol. 1998;22:37.
62. Stewart R; Brinzolamide Comfort Study Group. The ocular comfort of TID-dosed brinzolamide 1.0% compared to TID-dosed dorzolamide 2.0% in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:559.
63. Giasson CJ, Nguyen TQ, Boisjoly HM, et al. Dorzolamide and corneal recovery from edema in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthamol. 2000;129:144.
64. Barneby H, Kwok SY. Patients' acceptance of a switch from dorzolamide to brinzolamide for the treatment of glaucoma in a clinical practice setting. Clin Ther. 2000;22:1204.
65. Butler P, Mannschreck M, Lin S, et al. Clinical experience with the long-term use of 1% apraclonidine: incidence of allergic reactions. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:293-296.
66. Pollack IP, Brown RH, Crandall AS, et al. Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical 1% apraclonidine. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:754-757.
67. Chen TC, Ang RT, Grosskreutz CL, et al. Brimonidine 0.2% versus apraclonidine 0.5% for the prevention of intraocular pressure elevations after anterior segment laser surgery. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1033.
68. Toris CB, Gleason ML, Camras CB, et al. Effects of bromonidine on aqueous humor dynamics in human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1514.
69. Katz LJ. Brimonidine tartrate 0.2% twice daily vs timolol 0.5% twice daily: 1-year results in glaucoma patients. Brimonidine Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:20-26.
70. Novack GD, O'Donnell MJ, Molloy DW. New glaucoma therapy in glaucoma patients with apraclonidine allergy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:511.
71. Chen TC. Brimonidine 0.15% versus apraclonidine 0.5% for prevention of intraocular pressure elevation after anterior segment laser surgery. Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31:1707-1712.
72. Katz LJ. Twelve-month evaluation of brimonidine-Purite versus brimonidine on aqueous humor dynamics in ocular hypertensive patients. J Glaucoma. 2002;11:119-126.
73. Yoles E, Wheeler LA, Schwartz M. α2-Adrenoreceptor agonists are neuroprotective in a rat model of optic nerve degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:65-73.
74. WoldeMussie E, Ruiz G, Wijono M, et al. Neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells by brimonidine in rates with laser-induced chronic ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:2849-2855.
75. Rylander N. Cost analysis of glaucoma medications. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:106-113.
76. Hart WM. Intraocular pressure. In: Hart WM, ed. Adler's Physiology of the Eye. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1992:248-267.
77. Drance SM, Nash PA. The dose response of human intraocular pressure to pilocarpine. Can J Ophthalmol. 1971;6:9.
78. Keates EU. Evaluation of timolol maleate combination therapy in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1979;88:565.
79. Fristom B, Nilsson SE. Interaction of PhXA41, a new prostaglandin analogue, with pilocarpine: a study on patients with elevated intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:662.
80. Pape LG, Forbes M. Retinal detachment and miotic therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:558.
81. Schuman JS, Hersh P, Kylstra J. Vitreous hemorrhage associated with pilocarpine. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:95.
82. Mori M, Araie M, Sakurai M, et al. Effects of pilocarpine and tropicamide on blood-aqueous barrier permeability in man. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:416.
83. Schappert SM. Office visits for glaucoma: United States, 1991-1992. Adv Data. 1995;262:1-14.
84. Strohmaier K, Snyder E, DuBiner H, et al. The efficacy and safety of the dorzolamide-timolol combination versus the concomitant administration of its components: Dorzolamide-Timolol Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1936.
85. Hutzelmann J, Owens S, Shedden A, et al. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of the fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol and the concomitant administration of dorzolamide and timolol: a clinical equivalence study. International Clinical Equivalence Study Group. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:1249.
86. Konstas AG, Papapanos P, Tersis I, et al. Twenty-four hour diurnal curve comparison of commercially available latanoprost 0.005% versus the timolol and dorzolamide fixed combination. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1357-1360.
87. Craven ER, Walters TR, Williams R, et al. Brimonidine and timolol fixed-combination therapy versus monotherapy: a 3 month randomized trial in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:337-348.
88. Higgenbotham EJ, Feldman R, Stiles M, et al. Latanoprost and timolol combination therapy vs. monotherapy: a one year randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:915-922.
89. Higginbotham EJ, Diestelhorst M, Pfeiffer N, et al. The efficacy and safety of unfixed and fixed combinations of latanoprost and other antiglaucoma medications. Survey Ophthalmol. 2002;47(suppl):S13S-S140.
90. Schuman JS, Katz GJ, Lewis RA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution once daily for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;14:242-250.
91. Barnebey HS, Orengo-Nania S, Flowers BE, et al. The safety and efficacy of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination ophthalmic solution. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:1.e1-1.e8.
92. Hughes BA, Bacharach J, Craven ER, et al. A three-month, multicenter, double-masked study of the safety and efficacy of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution compared to travoprost 0.004% ophthalmic solution and timolol 0.5% dosed concomitantly in subjects with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma. 2005;14:392-393.
93. Hommer A; Ganfort Investigators Group I. A double-masked, randomized, parallel comparison of a fixed combination of brimatoprost 0.03%/timolol 0.5% with nonfixed combination use in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007;17:53-62.
94. Hedman K, Larsson LI. The effect of latanoprost compared with timolol in African-American, Asian, Caucasian and Mexican open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertensive patients. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(suppl 1):S77-S89.
95. Fecter RD, Realini T. Fixed combinations of topical glaucoma medications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15:132-135.
96. Noecker RS, Dirks MS, Choplin N, et al. Comparison of latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: a 12-week, randomized, masked-evaluator multicenter study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:688-703.
97. Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN, Sample PA, et al. Validation of a predictive model to estimate the risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1351-1360.
98. Alm A, Widengard I, Kjellgren D, et al. Latanoprost administered once daily caused a maintained reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients treated concomitandy with timolol. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79:12-16.
99. Nardin G, et al. Activity of the topical CAI MK-507 bid when added to timolol bid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32(suppl):989.
100. O'Connon DJ, Martone IF, Mead A. Additive intraocular pressure lowering effect of various medications with latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:836-837.
101. Reis R, Queiroz CF, Santos LC, et al. A randomized, investigator-masked, 4-week study comparing timolol maleate 0.5%, brinzolamide 1%, and brimonidine tartrate 0.2% as adjunctive therapies to travoprost 0.004% in adults with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Clin Ther. 2006;28:552-559.
102. Feldman RM, Tanna AP, Gross RL, et al. Comparison of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of adjunctive brimonidine 0.15% or brinzolamide 1% in combination with travoprost 0.004%. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1248-1254.
103. Migdal C, Gregory W, Hitchings R. Long-term functional outcome after early surgery compared with laser and medicine in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1651-1656; discussion 1657.
104. Lavin MJ, Wormald RP, Migdal CS, et al. The influence of prior therapy on the success of trabeculectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:1543-1548.
105. Sherwood MB, Grierson I, Millar L, et al. Long term morphologic effects of antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule in glaucomatous patients. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:327-335.
106. Damji KF, Shah KC, Rock WJ, et al. Selective laser trabeculoplasty V argon laser trabeculoplasty: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83:718-722.
107. Juzych MS, Chopra V, Banitt MR, et al. Comparison of long-term outcomes of argon laser trabeculoplasty in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:1853-1859.
108. Latina MA, Sibayan SA, Shin DH, et al. Q-switched 532-nm ND: YAG laser trabeculoplasty (selective laser trabeculoplasty):a multicenter, pilot clinical study. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:2082-2088.
109. Chen J, Cohn RA, Lin SC, et al. Endoscopic photocoagulation of the ciliary body for treatment of refractory glaucomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:787-796.
110. Uram M. Combined phacoemulsification, endoscopic ciliary process cyclophotocoagulation, and intraocular lens implantation in glaucoma management. Ophthalmic Surg. 1995;26:346-352.
111. Gayton JL, Van Der Karr M, Sanders V. Combined cataract and glaucoma surgery: trabeculectomy versus endoscopic laser cycloablation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:1214-1219.
112. Sleath B, Robin AL, Covert D, et al. Patient-reported behavior and problems in using glaucoma medications. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:431-436.
113. Winfield AJ, Jessiman D, Williams A, et al. A study of the causes of non-compliance by patients prescribed eye drops. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:477-480.
114. Friedman DS, Jampel HD, Congdon NG, et al. The travatan dosing aid accurately records when drops are taken. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:699-701.
115. Granstrom PA. Glaucoma patients are not compliant with their drug therapy: clinical and behavioral aspects. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982;66:464-470.
116. Mac Kean JM, Elkington AR. Compliance with treatment of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:46-49.
117. Vincent P. Factors influencing patient non-compliance: a theoretical approach. Nurs Res. 1971;20:509-516.