Prototypes and Personal Templates: Collective Wisdom and Individual Differences

Psychological Review

Volumn 115, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1054-1068

  Horowitz, Leonard M ^a   Turan, Bulent ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

interrater disagreement; personality trait; prototype; social knowledge; syndrome

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; CHARACTER; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALITY; KNOWLEDGE; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SUICIDE;

ASSOCIATION; CHARACTER; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JUDGMENT; KNOWLEDGE; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; SUICIDE;

EID: 56149099516     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0013122     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. (2000), Author, Washington, DC
2. Austin J.T., and Vancouver J.B. Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychological Bulletin 120 (1996) 338-375
3. Baldwin W.M. Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992) 461-484
4. Barsalou L.W. Ad hoc categories. Memory & Cognition 11 (1983) 211-227
5. Barsalou L.W. Ideals, central tendency, and frequency of instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11 (1985) 629-654
6. Barsalou L.W. Deriving categories to achieve goals. In: Bower G.H. (Ed). The psychology of learning and motivation 27 (1991), Academic Press, New York 1-41
7. Beck L., McCauley C., Segal M., and Hershey L. Individual differences in prototypicality judgments about trait categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 286-292
8. Bower G.H. Mood and memory. American Psychologist 36 (1981) 129-148
9. Brown R. Social psychology. 2nd ed. (1986), Free Press, New York
10. Brunswik E. Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (1956), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
11. Buss, D. M. (1981). The act frequency of interpersonal dispositions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
12. Buss D.M., and Craik K.H. The act frequency approach to personality. Psychological Review 90 (1983) 105-126
13. Cantor N., and Kihlstrom J.F. Personality and social intelligence (1987), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
14. Cantor N., and Mischel W. Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977) 38-49
15. Cantor N., and Mischel W. Prototypes in person perception. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 12 (1979), Academic Press, New York 3-52
16. Cohen G.L., and Dunning D. Egocentric definitions of traits and abilities in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 341-355
17. Cohen S., and Syme S.L. Social support and health (1985), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
18. Collins A.M., and Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82 (1975) 407-428
19. Cronbach L. Processess affecting scores on "understanding of others" and "assumed similarity.". Psychological Bulletin 52 (1955) 177-193
20. Cropanzano R., James K., and Citera M. A goal hierarchy model of personality, motivation, and leadership. In: Cummings L.L., and Staw B.M. (Eds). Research in organizational behavior 15 (1992), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 267-322
21. Cutrona C.E. Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 201-208
22. Dunning D., Meyerowitz J.A., and Holzberg A.D. Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving appraisals of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989) 1082-1090
23. Dunning D., Perie M., and Story A.L. Self-serving prototypes of social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 957-968
24. Einhorn H.J., and Hogarth R.M. Confidence in judgment: Persistence of the illusion of validity. Psychological Review 85 (1978) 395-416
25. Einhorn H.J., Hogarth R.M., and Klempner E. Quality of group judgment. Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977) 158-172
26. Emmons R.A. The personal striving approach to personality. In: Pervin L.A. (Ed). Goal concepts in personality and social psychology (1989), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 87-126
27. Everitt B. Cluster analysis (1974), Wiley, Oxford, England
28. Fehr B. Prototype analysis of the concepts of love and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 557-579
29. Fehr B. How do I love thee? Let me consult my prototype. In: Duck S. (Ed). Individuals in relationships (1993), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 87-120
30. Fehr B. Intimacy expectations in same-sex friendships: A prototype interaction-pattern model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (2004) 265-284
31. Fehr B. The role of prototypes in interpersonal cognition. In: Baldwin M.W. (Ed). Interpersonal cognition (2004), Guilford Press, New York 180-205
32. Fehr B., and Baldwin M. Prototype and script analyses of laypeople's knowledge of anger. In: Fletcher G.J.O., and Fitness J. (Eds). Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (1996), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 219-245
33. Fehr B., and Russell J.A. Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113 (1984) 464-486
34. Fehr B., Russell J.A., and Ward L.M. Prototypicality of emotions: A reaction time study. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 20 (1982) 253-254
35. Funder D.C. On the accuracy of personal judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 652-670
36. Hassebrauck M. Cognitions of relationship quality: A prototype analysis of their structure and consequences. Personal Relationships 4 (1997) 163-185
37. Holmes J.G. Social relationships: The nature and function of relational schemas. European Journal of Social Psychology 30 (2000) 447-495
38. Holmes J.G. Interpersonal expectations as the building blocks of social cognition: An interdependence theory perspective. Personal Relationships 9 (2002) 1-26
39. Holmes J.G., and Rempel J.K. Trust in close relationships. In: Hendrick C. (Ed). Close relationships. Review of personality and social psychology 10 (1989), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 187-220
40. Horowitz L.M. Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology (2004), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC
41. Horowitz L.M., Wilson K.R., Turan B., Zolotsev P., Constantino M.J., and Henderson L. How interpersonal motives clarify the meaning of interpersonal behavior: A revised circumplex model. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (2006) 67-86
42. Kearns J.N., and Fincham F.D. A prototype analysis of forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 838-855
43. Kenny D.A. Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis (1994), Guilford Press, New York
44. Klinger E. Current concerns and disengagement from incentives. In: Halisch F., and Kuhl J. (Eds). Motivation, intention, and volition (1987), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany 337-347
45. Lafferty J., and Eady P. The desert survival problem (1974), Experimental Learning Methods, Plymouth, MI
46. Linstone H.A., and Turoff M. The Delphi method: Techniques and applications (1975), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
47. Little B.R. Personal projects: A rationale and method for investigation. Environment and Behavior 15 (1983) 273-309
48. Liu D., Gelman S.A., and Wellman H.M. Components of young children's trait understanding: Behavior-to-trait inferences and trait-to-behavior predictions. Child Development 78 (2007) 1543-1558
49. Lopata H.Z. Loneliness: Forms and components. Social Problems 17 (1969) 248-262
50. Malle B.F., and Horowitz L.M. The puzzle of negative self-views: An explanation using the schema concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 470-484
51. McAdams D.P. Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity (1985), Guilford, New York
52. Paulhus D.L., and Harms P.D. Measuring cognitive ability with the overclaiming technique. Intelligence 32 (2004) 297-314
53. Paulhus D.L., Harms P.D., Bruce M.N., and Lysy D.C. The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003) 681-693
54. Reding, M. (2006). Why can't we all agree? Differences in the meaning of a concept can cause disagreement. Unpublished master's thesis, Stanford University.
55. Regan C.P., Kocan E.R., and Whitlock T. Ain't love grand! A prototype analysis of the concept of romantic love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 15 (1998) 411-420
56. Rempel J.K., Holmes J.G., and Zanna M.P. Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (1985) 95-112
57. Rosch E. Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology 104 (1975) 192-233
58. Rosch E. Principles of categorization. In: Rosch E., and Lloyd B.B. (Eds). Cognition and categorization (1978), Erlbaum, Oxford, England 27-48
59. Rosch E., Mervis C.B., Gray W.D., Johnson D.M., and Boyes-Braem P. Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 8 (1976) 382-439
60. Rosch E.H. Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 4 (1973) 328-350
61. Russell J.A., and Fehr B. Fuzzy concepts in a fuzzy hierarchy: Varieties of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 186-205
62. Surowiecki J. The wisdom of crowds (2005), Anchor Books, New York
63. Turan B., and Horowitz L.M. Can I count on you to be there for me? Individual differences in a knowledge structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (2007) 447-465
64. Winer B.J. Statistical principles in experimental design (1962), McGraw-Hill, New York