Speaking in a second language

Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 485-502

  Tarone, Elaine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 56049110683     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410612700-39     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Anderson, M. (1998). Communication strategies and grounding in NNS-NNS and NS-NS interactions. Unpublished M.A. qualifying paper, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
2. Anderson-Hsieh, J., Johnson, R., & Koehler, K. (1992). The relationship between native speaker judgments of non-native pronunciation and deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. Language Learning, 42, 529-555.
3. Archibald, J. (1994). A formal model of learning L2 prosodic phonology. Second Language Research,10, 215-240.
4. Archibald, J. (Ed.). (1995). Phonological acquisition and phonological theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5. Archibald, J. (1997). The acquisition of English stress by speakers of tone languages: Lexical storage vs. computation. Linguistics, 35,167-181.
6. Archibald, J. (1998). Second language phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
7. Bayley, R., & Preston, D. (Eds.). (1996). Second Language Acquistion and Linguistic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
8. Beebe, L. (1980). Sociolinguistic variation and style-shifting in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30(2), 433-447.
9. Beebe, L., & Zuengler, J. (1983). Accommodation theory: An explanation for style shiftingin second language dialects. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and language acquisition (pp. 195-213). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
10. Beebe, L., & Giles, H. (1984). Speech accommodation theories: A discussion in terms of second language acquisition. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 5-32.
11. Bialystok, E. (1990). Communication strategies: A psychological analysis of second language use. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
12. Bongaerts, T., & Poulisse, N. (1989). Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different? Applied Linguistics, 10, 253-268.
13. Broner, M. & Tarone, M. (2000). Language play in immersion classroom discourse: Some suggestions for language teaching, Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 16,121-133.
14. Broner, M., & Tarone, E. (2001). Is it fun? Language play in a fifth grade Spanish immersion classroom. Modern Language Journal, 85(3), 363-379.
15. Broselow, E. (1988). Prosodic phonology and the acquisition of a second language. In S. Flynn & W. O'Neill (Eds.), Linguistic theory in second language acquisition (pp. 295-308). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
16. Broselow, E., Chen, S.-I., & Wang, C. (1998). The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 261-280.
17. Broselow, E., & Park, H.-B. (1995). Mora conservation in second language prosody. In J. Archibald (Ed.), Phonological acquisition and phonological theory (pp. 151-168). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Brown, G. (1996). Language learning, competence, and performance. In G. Brown, K. Malmkjaer, & J. Williams (Eds.), Performance and competence in second language acquisition (pp. 185-203). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Brown, G., Malmkjaer, K., & Williams, J. (Eds.). (1996). Performance and competence in second language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
20. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983a). Discourse analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
21. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983b). Teaching the spoken language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Carlisle, R. S. (1991). The influence of environment on vowel epenthesis in Spanish/English interphonology. Applied Linguistics, 12, 76-95.
23. Carlisle, R. S. (1998). The acquisition of onsets in a markedness relationship: A longitudinal study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 245-260.
24. Carlisle, R. S. (1999). The modification of onsets in a markedness relationship: Testing the interlanguage structural conformity hypothesis. In J. Leather (Ed.), Phonological issues in language learning (Language Learning 49, Supplement 1), (59-93). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
25. Cichocki, W., House, A. B., Kinloch, A. M., & Lister, A. C. (1999). Cantonese speakers and the acquisition of French consonants. Language Learning, 49 (Special Issue No. 1), 95-121.
26. Cook, G. (2000). Language play, language learning. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
27. Cook, V. J. (1991). The poverty-of-the-stimulus argument and multi-competence. Second Language Research. 7/2,103-117.
28. Cook, V. J. (1993). Linguistics and second language acquisition. New York: St. Martin's Press.
29. Cook, V. J. (1996). Competence and multi-competence. In G. Brown, K. Malmkjaer, & J. Williams (Eds.), Performance and competence in second language acquisition (pp. 57-69). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
30. Cummins, J. (1984). Bilingualism and special education: Issues in assessment and pedagogy. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
31. de Bot, K. (1994). The transfer of intonation and the missing data base. In E. Kellerman & M. Sharwood-Smith (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in second language acquisition (pp. 110-119). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
32. de Jonge, C. E. (1995). Interlanguage phonology: Perception and production. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
33. Derwing, T. M., Munro, M. J., & Wiebe, G. (1998). Evidence in favor of a broad framework for pronunciation instruction. Language Learning, 48,393-410.
34. Dickerson, L. (1975). The learner's interlanguage as a system of variable rules. TESOL Quarterly, 9,401-407.
35. Dickerson, L., & Dickerson, W. (1977). Interlanguage phonology: Current research and future directions. In S. P. Corder & E. Roulet (Eds.), The notions: Simplifications, interlanguages, and pidgins and their relation to second language pedagogy. Actes du 5eme Colloque de Linguistique Appliquee (pp. 18-29). Neufchatel, Switzerland: Libraire Droz.
36. Eckman, F. (1977). Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27, 315-330.
37. Eckman, F. (1991). The structural conformity hypothesis and the acquisition of consonant clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 23-41.
38. Eckman, F., & Iverson, G. (1993). Sonority and markedness among onset clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners. Second Language Research,9, 234-252.
39. Ellis, N. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24,143-188.
40. Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding second language acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
41. Faerch, C., & Kasper, G. (1983). Strategies in interlanguage communication. London: Longman.
42. Flege, J. E. (1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89,395-411.
43. Flege, J. E. (1995). Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues crosslinguistic research (pp. 233-277). Timonium, MD: York Press.
44. Flege, J. E., Bohn, O.-S., & Jang, S. (1997). The production and perception of English vowels by native speakers of German, Korean, Mandarin, and Spanish. Journal of Phonetics, 25, 437-470.
45. Flege, J., Frieda, E. M., Walley, A. C., & Randazza, L. A. (1998). Lexical factors and segmental accuracy in second language speech production. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20,155-187.
46. Flege, J. E., & Munro, M. J. (1994). The word unit in second language speech production and perception. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16(4), 381-411.
47. Flores, B. C. (1993). On the acquisition of English rhythm: Theoretical and practical issues. Lenguas Modernas, 20,151-164.
48. Garvey, G. (1974). Some properties of social play. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly20,163-180.
49. Garvey, G. (1977). Play with language and speech. In C. Mitchell-Kernan & S. Ervin-Tripp (Eds.), Child discourse. (pp. 27-47) New York: Academic Press.
50. Gatbonton, E. (1978). Patterned phonetic variability in second language speech: A gradual diffusion model. Canadian Modern Language Review, 34, 335-347.
51. Giles, H., & Byrne, J. (1982). An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multicultural and Multilingual Development, 3,17-40.
52. Giles, H., Mulac, A., Bradac, J. J., & Johnson, P. (1987). Speech accommodation theory: The first decade and beyond. In M. L. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication yearbook10 (pp. 13-48). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
53. Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (1991a). Language contexts and consequences. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
54. Giles, H., Coupland, N., & Coupland, J. (Eds.). (1991b). Contexts of accommodation. Developments in applied sociolinguistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
55. Gregg, K. (1990). The variable competence model and why it isn't. Applied Linguistics, 11(4), 364-383.
56. Hancin-Bhatt, B., & Bhatt, R. M. (1997). Optimal L2 syllables: Interactions of transfer and developmental effects. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 331-378.
57. Holden, K. T. (1993). The motive impact of foreign intonation: An experiment in switching English and Russian intonation. Language and Speech, 36, 67-88.
58. Huizinga, Johan. (1955). Homo ludens. Boston: Beacon Press.
59. Ioup, G., & Weinberger, S. (Eds.). (1987). Interlanguage phonology: The acquisition of a second language sound system. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
60. James, A. R. (1983). Transferability and dialect phonology: Swabian: Swabian English. In A. James & B. Kettemann (Eds.), Dialektphonologie und Fremdsprachenerweb [Dialect phonology and foreign language acquistion] (pp. 162-188). Tubingen, Germany: Narr.
61. R. C. Major (2001) Foreign Accent: The ontogeny and phylogeny of second language phonology. (p. 73) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
62. James, A. R., & Leather, J. (Eds.). (1997). Second language speech: Structure and process. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
63. Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
64. Kaltenbacher, E. (1997). German speech rhythm in L2 acquisition. In J. Leather & A. James (Eds.), New Sounds 97: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech(pp. 158-166). Klagenfurt: University of Klagenfurt.
65. Kasper, G., & Kellerman, E. (Eds.). (1997). Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. Harlow, UK: Longman.
66. Kellerman, E. (1991). Compensatory strategies in second language research: A critique, a revision, and some (non)implications for the classroom. In R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood-Smith, & M. Swain (Eds.), Foreign/Second language pedagogy research (pp. 142-160). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
67. Konishi, K., & Tarone, E. (2004). English constructions used in compensatory strategies: Baseline data for communicative EFL instruction, in D. Boxer & A. D. Cohen (eds.), Studying speaking to inform second language learning (pp. 174-198). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
68. Lado, R. (1957). Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
69. Leather, J. (1997). Interrelation of perceptual and productive learning in the initial acquisition of second language tone. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Second language speech: Structure and process (pp. 75-101). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
70. Leather, J. (1999a). Second language speech research: An introduction. In Leather, J. (Ed.), Phonological issues in language learning (Language Learning 49, Supplement 1) (pp. 1-58). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
71. Leather, J. (Ed.). (1999b). Phonological issues in language learning (Language Learning 49, Supplement 1). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
72. Leather, J., & James, A. R. (Eds.). (1992). New Sounds 92: Proceedings of the 1992 Amsterdam Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
73. Leather, J., & James, A. (Eds.). (1997). New Sounds 97: Proceedings of the Third International Symnposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech. Klagenfurt: University of Klagenfurt.
74. Lin, Y.-H. (2001). Syllable simplification strategies: A stylistic perspective. Language Learning, 51 (4), 681-718.
75. Long, M. (1997). Construct validity in SLA research: A response to Firth and Wagner. Modern Language Journal, 81,318-323.
76. Lybeck, K. (2002). The role ofacculturation and social networks in the acquisition ofsecond language pronunciation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
77. Mairs, J. L. (1989). Stress assignment in interlanguage phonology: An analysis of the stress system of Spanish speakers learning English. In S. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.), Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 260-283). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
78. Major, R. C. (1986). The ontogeny model: Evidence from L2 acquisition of spanish. Language Learning, 36, 453-504.
79. Major, R. C. (1996). Markedness in second language acquisition of consonant clusters. In R. Bayley & D. Preston (Eds.), Variation linguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 75-96). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
80. Major, R. C. (Ed.). (1998). Studies in second language acquisition 20: Special issue on interlanguage phonetics and phonology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
81. Major, R. C. (2001). Foreign accent: The ontogeny and phylogeny of second language phonology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
82. Milroy, L. (1980). Language and social networks. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
83. Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (2001). Modeling perceptions of the accentedness and comprehensibility of L2 speech: The role of speaking rate. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 451-468.
84. Murphey, T. (1998). Language hungry! An introduction to language learning fun and self-esteem. Tokyo: Macmillan Language House.
85. Nemser, W. (1971). Approximative systems of foreign language learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 9(2), 115-123.
86. Paribakht, T. (1985). Strategic competence and language proficiency. Applied Linguistics, 6,132-146.
87. Peck, Sabrina. (1978). Child-child discourse in second language acquisition. In E. Hatch (Ed.), Second language acquisition: A book of readings (pp. 383-400). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
88. Pennington, M. C. (1998). The teachability of phonology in adulthood: A re-examination. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 36(4), 323-341.
89. Poulisse, N. (1990). The use of compensatory strategies by Dutch learners of English. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Foris.
90. Preston, D. (2000). Three kinds of sociolinguistics and SLA: A psycholinguistic perspective. In B. Swierzbin, F. Morris, M. Anderson, C. Klee, & E. Tarone (Eds.), Social and cognitive factors in second language acquisition: Selected proceedings of the 1999 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 3-30). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
91. Preston, D. (2002). A variationist perspective on SLA: Psycholinguistic concerns. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
92. Rampton, Ben. (1995). Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.
93. Schumann, J. (1978). The pidginization process: A model for second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
94. Scovel, T. (1969). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance. Language Learning, 19, 245-253.
95. Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209-241.
96. Sheldon, A., & Strange, W. (1982). The acquisition of/r/and/l/by Japanese learners of English: Evidence that speech production can precede speech perception. Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 243-261.
97. Stockman, I. J., & Pluut, E. (1999). Segment composition as a factor in the syllabification errors of second-language speakers. Language Learning, 49 (Special Issue No. 1), 185-209.
98. Tarone, E. (1978a). The phonology of interlanguage. In J. Richards (Ed.), Understanding second and foreign language learning: Issues and approaches (pp. 15-33). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
99. Tarone, E. (1978b). Conscious communication strategies in interlanguage: A progress report. In H. D. Brown, C. Yorio, & R. Crymes (Eds.), On TESOL ‘77: Teaching and learning English as a second language(pp. 194-203). Washington, DC: TESOL.
100. Tarone, E. (1979). Interlanguage as chameleon, Language Learning, 29(1), 181-191.
101. Tarone, E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage, Language Learning, 30(2), 417-431.
102. Tarone, E. (1983). On the variability of interlanguage systems, Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 142-163.
103. Tarone, E. (1986). 'The arm of the chair is when you use for to write': Developing strategic competence in a second language. In P. Meara, (Ed.), Spoken language (15-27). London: CILT.
104. Tarone, E. (1988). Variation in Interlanguage. London: Edward Arnold Assoc.
105. Tarone, E. (1990). On variation in interlanguage: A response to Gregg. Applied Linguistics, 11, 392-400.
106. Tarone, E. (1994). Interlanguage. In R. Asher & S. Simpson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics(Vol. 4, pp. 1715-1719). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
107. Tarone, E. (2000). Getting serious about language play: Language play, interlanguage variation, and second language acquisition. In B. Swierzbin, F. Morris, M. Anderson, C. Klee, & E. Tarone (Eds.), Social and cognitive factors in SLA: Proceedings of the 1999 Second Language Research Forum (pp. 31-54). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
108. Tarone, E., & Yule, G. (1989). Focus on the language learner: Approaches to identifying and meeting the needs of second language learners. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
109. Tropf, H. (1987). Sonority as a variability factor in second language phonology. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound patterns in second language acquisition (pp. 173-191). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Foris.
110. Wagner, J., & Firth, A. (1997). Communication strategies at work. In G. Kasper & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 323-344). Harlow, UK: Longman.
111. Weir, R. (1962). Language in the crib. The Hague: Mouton.
112. Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1997). Studying language use as collaboration. In G. Kasper & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Communication strategies: Psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 238-274). New York: Longman.
113. Willey, B. (2001, February 25). Direct and indirect appeals for assistance. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, St. Louis, Missouri.
114. Yule, G. (1997). Referential communication tasks. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
115. Yule, G. (1999). Explaining English grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
116. Yule, G. & Tarone, E. (1990). Eliciting the performance of strategic competence, in R. Scarcella, E. Andersen and S. Krashen (eds.), Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language (179-194). Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
117. Yule, G., & Tarone, E. (1991). The other side of the page: Integrating the study of communication strategies and negotiated input in SLA. In R. Phillipson, E. Kellerman, L. Selinker, M. Sharwood-Smith, & M. Swain (Eds.), Foreign language pedagogy: A commemorative volume for Claus Faerch (pp. 162-171). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
118. Yule, G., & Tarone, E. (1997). Investigating L2 reference: Pros and cons. In G. Kasper & E. Kellerman (Eds.), Advances in communication strategy research (pp. 17-30). New York: Longman.