Lymph nodes in gastric cancer

Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 98, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 476-481

  Ozmen, M Mahir ^a,c   Ozmen, Fusun ^b   Zulfikaroglu, Bariş ^a  

^a ANKARA TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (Turkey)

^b HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c Department of Surgery ^*  (Turkey)

Author keywords

Gastric cancer; Lymph nodes; Surgery

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CI 42045; DISULFINE BLUE; GOLD 198; ISOSULFAN BLUE; LYMPHOSCINT; TECHNETIUM 99M; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; DECISION MAKING; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SCINTISCANNING; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; LYMPHOGRAPHY; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE; STOMACH CANCER; SURGICAL ANATOMY;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; LYMPHOGRAPHY; PREOPERATIVE CARE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; TECHNETIUM COMPOUNDS; TIN FLUORIDES;

EID: 55749084182     PISSN: 00224790     EISSN: 10969098     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jso.21134     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, et al.: Estimates of the world-wide mortality from 25 cancers in1990. Int J Cancer 1999;83:18-29.
2. Hermanek P, Sobin LH: UICC TNM Classification of malignant tumors. 4th edition. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992.
3. Japanese research Society for Gastric Cancer. Japanese classification for gastric carcinoma. 2nd English Edition. Gastric Cancer 1998;1:10-24.
4. McNeer G, Lawrence W, Ortega LG, et al.: Early results of extended total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Cancer 1956; 9:1153-1159.
5. Gervosani JE, Taneja C, Chung MA, et al.: Biological and Clinical significance of lymphadenectomy. Surg Clin North Am 2000;80:1631-1673.
6. DeAretxabala X, Konishi K, Yonemura Y, et al.: Node dissection in gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1987;74:770-773.
7. Kaibara N, Sumi K, Yonekawa M, et al.: Does extensive dissection of lymph nodes improve the results of surgical treatment of gastric cancer? Am J Surg 1990;159:218-221.
8. Kodoma Y, Sugimachi K, Soejima K, et al.: Evaluation of extensive lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the stomach. World J Surg 1981;5:241-248.
9. Majima S, Etani S, Fujita Y, et al.: Evaluation of extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Jpn J Surg 1972;2:1-6.
10. Mine M, Majima S, Harada M, et al.: End results of gastrectomy for gastric cancer: Effect of extensive lymph node dissection. Surgery 1970;68:753-758.
11. Dent DM, Madden MV, Price SK: Randomized comparison of R1 and R2 gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. Br J Surg 1988;75: 110-112.
12. Dent DM, Madden MV, Price SK: Controlled trials and R1/R2 controversy in the management of gastric carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 1993;2:433-441.
13. Cuschieri A, Fayers P, Fielding J, et al.: Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer. Lancet 1996;347:995-999.
14. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hernans J, et al.: Randomized comparison of morbidity after D1 and D2 dissection for gastric cancer in 996 Dutch patients. Lancet 1995;345:748-758.
15. Siewert JR, Bottcher K, Roder JD, et al.: Prognostic relevance of systematic lymph node dissection in gastric carcinoma. German Gastric Carcinoma Study Group. Br J Surg 1996;80:1015-1018.
16. Siewert JR, Bottcher K, Stein HJ, et al.: Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer. Ten year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study. Ann Surg 1998;228:449-461.
17. Volpe CM, Koo J, Miloro Sm, et al.: The effect of extended lymphadenectomy on survival in patients with gastric carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 1995;181:56-64.
18. Kodera Y, Yamamura Y, Torii A, et al.: Postoperative Staging of gastric carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31:476-480.
19. Sasako M, McCulloch P, Kinashita T, et al.: New method to evaluate the therapeutic value of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1995;82:346-351.
20. Miwa K, Miyazaki I, Sahara H, et al.: Rationale for extensive lymhadenectomy in early gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995;72: 1518-1524.
21. Cabanas RM: An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer 1977;39:456-466.
22. Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, Pijpers R: Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Lancet 1997;349:1668-1669.
23. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V, et al.: Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. Lancet 1997;349:1864-1867.
24. Maruyama K, Sasako M, Kinoshita T, et al.: Can sentinel node biopsy indicate rational extend of lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer surgery? Langenbeck's Arch Surg 1999;384:149-157.
25. Kitagawa Y, Hirofumi F, Mukai M, et al.: The role of the sentinel lymph node in gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2000; 80:1799-1809.
26. Tsioulias G, Wood TF, Morton DL, et al.: Lymphatic mapping and focused analysis of sentinel lymph nodes upstage gastrointestinal neoplasms. Arch Surg 2000;135:926-932.
27. Hiratsuka M, Miyashiro I, Ishikawa O, et al.: Application of sentinel node biopsy to gastric cancer surgery. Surgery 2001;129: 335-340.
28. Yasuda S, Shimida H, Ogoshi K, et al.: Preliminary study for sentinel lymph node identification with Tc-99m tin colloid in patients with esophageal or gastric cancer. Tokai J Exp Clin med 2001;26:15-18.
29. Kitagawa Y, Fujii H, Mukai M, et al.: Radio-guided sentinel node detection for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:604-608.
30. Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Mori M, et al.: Sentinel lymph node mapping for gastric cancer using a dual procedure with dye and gamma probe-guided techniques. J Am Coll Surg 2003;196:68-74.
31. Gretschel S, Bembenek A, Ulmer CH, et al.: lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in gastric cancer. Chirurg 2003; 74:132-138.
32. Krag ND: Minimal access surgery for staging regional lymph nodes: The sentinel node concept. Curr Problems Surg 1998;35: 951-1018.
33. Eichner E, Goldberg I, Bove ER: In vivo studies with direct sky blue of the lymphatic drainage of the internal genitals of women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1954;67:1277-1287.
34. Enquist IF, Block IR: Rectal cancer in the female: Selection of proper operation based upon anatomic studies of rectal lymphatics. Prog Clin Cancer 1966;2:73-85.
35. Nopajaroonsri C, Simon GT: Phagocytosis of colloidal carbon in a lymph node. Am J Pathol 1971;65:25-42.
36. Averette HE, Hudson RC, Ferguson JH: Lymphangioadenography: Applications in the study and management of gynecologic cancer. Cancer 1964;17:1093-1107.
37. Kinmonth JB: Lymphangiography in clinical surgery and particularly in the treatment of lymphoedema. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1954;300:14-15.
38. Sage H, Gozun BV: Lymphatic scintigrams: Method for studying function of lymphatics and lymph nodes. Cancer 1958;11:200-203.
39. Bergqvist L, Strand S-E, Persson BRR: Particle sizing and biokinetics of interstitial lymphoscintigraphic agents. Semin Nucl Med 1983;13:9-19.
40. Hung JC, Wiseman GA, Wahner HW, et al.: Filtered technetium-99m-sulfur colloid evaluated for lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1995;36:1895-1901.
41. Sobin LH: TNM: Evolution and relation to other prognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol 2003;21:3-11.
42. Zulfikaroglu B, Koc M, Ozmen MM, et al.: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy using radioactive tracer in gastric cancer. Surgery 2005;138:899-904.
43. Ozmen MM, Zulfikaroglu B, Kucuk NO, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphy in detection of the regional lymph node involvement in gastric cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006;88:632-638.
44. Nakahara T, Kitagawa Y, Yakeuchi H, et al.: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for detection of sentinel lymph node in patients with gastric cancer-initial experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1447-1453.
45. Dauway EL, Giuliano R, Pendas S, et al.: Lymphatic mapping: A technique providing accurate staging for breast cancer. Breast Cancer 1999;6:145-154.
46. Haigh PI, Hsueh EC, Giuliano AE: Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 1999;6:139-144.
47. Hida J, Mori N, Kubo R, et al.: Metastases from carcinoma of the colon and rectum detected in small lymph nodes by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg 1994;178:223.
48. Krag DN, Weaver DL: Pathological and molecular assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in solid tumors. Semin Oncol 2002;29:274-279.
49. Foster RS: The Biological and Clinical significance of lymphatic metastases in breast cancer. In: Lymph nodes in Surgical Oncology. Edited by Cady B and Foster R. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 1996;5:79-104.
50. Sasako M: Surgical Management of Gastric Cancer: The Japanese Experience. In: Daly JM, Hennessy TPJ, Reynolds JV, editors. Management of upper gastrointestinal cancer. UK: WB Saunders; 1999; pp:107-123.
51. Marchet A, Mocellin S, Ambrosi A, et al.: The prognostic value of N-ratio in patients with gastric cancer: Validation in a large, multicenter series. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008;34:159-165.
52. Liu C, Lu P, Lu Y, et al.: Clinical implications of metastatic lymph node ratio in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2007;7:201-208.
53. Tangoku A, Seike J, Nakano K, et al.: Current status of sentinel lymph node navigation surgery in breast and gastrointestinal tract. J Med Invest 2007;54:1-18.
54. Saito H, Fukumoto Y, Osaki T, et al.: Prognostic significance of the ratio between metastatic and dissected lymph node (n ratio) in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008;97:132-135.
55. Persiani R, Rausei S, Biondi A, et al.: Ratio of metastatic lymph nodes: Impact on staging and survival of gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007;10:1-6.
56. Mullaney PJ, Wadley MS, Hyde C, et al.: Appraisal of complicance with the UICC/AJCC staging system in the staging of gastric cancer. Union International Contra la Cancrum/American Joint Committee on Cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89: 1405-1408.
57. Fatouros M, Ziogas D: Controversy in the treatment of gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1795-1797.
58. Kodera Y: The beginning of a new era: East meets West more comfortably regarding lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer-Japan will finally drop the surgery-alone arm in its pursuit of a multimodal treatment strategy. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:69-74.
59. Sasagawa T, Solano H, Vega W, et al.: The effectiveness of extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer performed in Costa Rica under the supervision of a Japanese surgeon: A comparison with surgical results in Japan. Am J Surg 2008;195: 53-60.
60. Yildirim E, Celen O, Berberoglu U: The Turkish experience with curative gastrectomies for gastric carcinoma: Is D2 dissection worthwhile? J Am Coll Surg 2001;192:25-37.
61. Ozmen MM, Moran M, Zulfikaroglu B, et al.: Prospective randomized trial comparing D2 vs D3 dissection for advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2007;18:vii56 (abstract).
62. Ichitkura T, Tomimatsu S, Okusa Y, et al.: Comparison of the prognostic significance between the number of metastatic lymph nodes and nodal stage based on their location in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1894-1900.
63. Isozaki T, Okajima K, Kawashima Y, et al.: Prognostic value of the number of metastatic lymph nodes in gastric cancer with radical surgery. J Surg Oncol 1993;53:247-251.
64. Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, et al.: Extended lymphnode dissection for gastric cancer. Dutch Gastric Cancer Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:908-914.
65. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, et al.: Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: Long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative group. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1522-1530.
66. Hundahl SA, Phillips JL, Menck HR: The national cancer database report on poor survival of U.S. gastric carcinoma patients treated with gastrectomy, ed 5. American joint committee on cancer staging, proximal disease and 'the different disease' hypothesis. Communication. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and The American Cancer Society. Cancer 2000; 88(4) 921-932.
67. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJH, Putter H, et al.: Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: Who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch Gastric Cancer Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2069-2077.
68. Khan FA, Shukla AN: Pathogenesisi and treatment of gastric carcinoma: "An up-date with brief review". J Cancer Res 2006; 2:196-199.
69. Stacker SA, Caesar C, Baldwin ME, et al.: VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics. Nat Med 2001;7:186-191.
70. Alitalo K, Carmeliet P: Molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in health and disease. Cancer Cell 2002;1:210-227.
71. He Y, Kozaki K, Karpanen T, et al.: Suppression of tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:819-825.
72. Juttner S, Wissmann C, Jons T, et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor-D and its receptor VEGFR-3: Two novel independent prognostic markers in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:228-240.
73. Slevin M, Payne S: New treatments for colon cancer. BMJ 2004;329:124-126.
74. Zwaaans BMM, Bielenberg DR: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for lymphatic metastasis. Microvascular Res 2007;74:145-158.