Minimal access surgery for staging regional lymph nodes: The sentinel-node concept

Current Problems in Surgery

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 961-1016

  Krag, David N ^a  

^a Department of Mathematics and Statistics   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLORING AGENT; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

BREAST TUMOR; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOMA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; METHODOLOGY; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PEROPERATIVE CARE; RADIOGRAPHY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA; COLORING AGENTS; CONTRAST MEDIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRAOPERATIVE CARE; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; NEOPLASMS; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MINIMALLY INVASIVE;

EID: 0032214894     PISSN: 00113840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0011-3840(98)80008-7     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Braithwaite LR. The flow of lymph from the ileocaecal angle, and its possible bearing on the cause of duodenal and gastric ulcer. Br J Surg 1923;11:7-26.
2. Haagensen CD. General anatomy of the lymphatic system. In: Haagensen CD, Feind CR, Herter FP, Slanetz CA, Weinberg JA, editors. The lymphatic cancers. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1972. p. 1-21.
3. Hudack SS, McMaster PD. I. The permeability of the wall of the lymphatic capillary. J Exp Med 1932;56:223-41.
4. Hudack SS, McMaster PD. The lymphatic participation in human cutaneous phenomena: a study of the minute lymphatics of the living skin. J Exp Med 1933;57:751-72.
5. McMaster PD, Hudack SS. II. Induced alterations in the permeability of the lymphatic capillary. J Exp Med 1932;56:239-55.
6. Casley-Smith JR. An electron microscopic study of injured and abnormally permeable lymphatics. Ann NY Acad Sei 1964;116:803-30.
7. Leak LV, Burke JE. Ultrastructural studies on the lymphatic anchoring filaments. JCellBiol 1968;36:129-49.
8. Weiss L. Pathophysiology of metastasis: lymphatic system metastasis. Boston: G K Hall; 1980.
9. Leaf CH, Cantab MB. On the relation of blood to lymphatic vessels. Lancet 1900;Mar 3:606-8.
10. Yoffey JM, Courtice FC. Lymphatics, lymph, and lymphoid tissue. 2nd ed. London: E Arnold; 1956.
11. Edwards JM, Kinmonth JB. Lymphovenous shunts in man. Br Med J 1969;4:579-81.
12. Glenn WWL, Cresson SL, Bauer FX, Goldstein F, Huffman O, Healey JE Jr. Experimental thoracic duct fistula. Surgery, Gynecology, & Obstetrics 1949;89:200-8.
13. Gray JH. The relation of lymphatic vessels to the spread of cancer. Br J Surg 1938;26:462-95.
14. Weinberg J, Greaney EM. Identification of regional lymph nodes by means of a vital staining dye during surgery of gastric cancer. Surgery, Gynecology, & Obstetrics 1950;90:561-7.
15. Weinberg JA. Identification of regional lymph nodes in the treatment of bronchiogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Surg 1951:22:517-26.
16. Busch RM, Sayegh ES. Roentgenographic visualization of human testicular lymphatics: a preliminary report. J Urol 1963:89:106-10.
17. Busch FM, Sayegh ES, Chenault OW. Some uses of lymphangiography in the management of testicular tumors. J Urol 1964:93:490-3.
18. Chiappa S, Galli G, Barbaini S, Ravasi G, Bagliani G. La lymphographic peroperatoire dans les tumeurs du testicule. J Radiol Electr 1963:44:613.
19. Chiappa S, Uslenghi C, Bonadonna, Marano P, Ravasi G. Combined testicular and foot lymphangiography in testicular carcinoma. Surgery, Gynecology. & Obstetrics 1966; 13:10-4.
20. Cook FE, Lawrence DD, Smith JR. Gritti EJ. Testicular carcinoma ,ind lymphangiography. Radiology 1965;84:420-7.
21. Sayegh E, Brooks T, Sacher E, Busch F. Lymphangiography of the rîtroperitoneal lymph nodes through the inguinal route. J Urol 1966;95:102-7.
22. Halsell JT, Smith JR, Bentlage CR, Humphreys JW Jr. Lymphatic drainage of the breast demonstrated by vital dye staining and radiography. Ann Surg 1965;162:221-6.
23. Drinkwater DC Jr, Whittnigh C, Bethune DC, Chiu RC. Endoscopie gastrointestinal lymphoscintigraphy. Current Surgery 1981:67-71.
24. Cabanas RM. An approach for the treatment of penile carcinoma. Cancer 1977;39:456-66.
25. Fee JH, Robinson DS, Sample WF, et al. The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study. Surgery 1978;84:626-32.
26. Bethune DCG, Chiu RC, Mulder DS, Rosenthal L. In vivo mapping of pulmonary lymphatic pathways: a new technique. J Surg Res 1979;26:513-8.
27. Terui S, Kato H, Hirashima T, Lizuka T, Oyamada H. An evaluation of the mediastinal lymphoscintigram for carcinoma of the esophagus studied with 99mTc rhenium sulfur colloid. Eur J Nucl Med 1982;7:99-101.
28. Wong JH, Cagle LA, Morton DL. Lymphatic drainage of skin to a sentinel lymph node in a feline model. Ann Surg 1991:214:637-41.
29. Alex JC, Krag DN. Gamma-probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol 1993:2:137-43.
30. Eichner E, Goldberg I, Bove ER. In vivo studies with direct sky blue of the lymphatic drainage of the internal genitals of women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1954:67:1277-87.
31. Enquist IF, Block IR. Rectal cancer in the female: selection of proper operation based upon anatomic studies of rectal lymphatics. Progress in Clinical Cancer 1966; 2:73-85.
32. Nopajaroonsri C, Simon GT. Phagocytosis of colloidal carbon in a lymph node. Am JPathol 1971:65:25-42.
33. Averette HE, Hudson RC, Viamonte JI, Parks RE, Ferguson JH. Lymphangioadenography (lymphography) in the study of female genital c.mcer. Cancer 1962:15:769-75.
34. Averette HE, Hudson RC, Ferguson JH. Lymphangioadenography: applications in the study and management of gynecologic cancer. Cancer 1964; 17:1093-107.
35. Kinmonth JB. Lymphangiography in clinical surgery and particularlv in the treatment of lymphoedema. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1954;300:14-5.
36. Jackson L, Wallace S, Färb SN, Parke WW, Toy F. Cervical lymphangiography. Laryngoscope 1963:73:926-41.
37. Wallace S. Clinical applications of lymphangiography. American Journal of Roentgenology 1962;88:97-109.
38. Viamonte M, Myers MB, Soto M, Kenyon NM, Parks RE. Lymphography: its role in detection and therapeutic evaluation of carcinoma and neoplastic conditions of the genitourinary tract. J Urol 1962;8:85-90.
39. Fisch UP, Sigel ME. Cervical lymphatic system as visualized by lymphography. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1964:73:869-82.
40. Sherman AI, Ter-Pogossian M, Tocus EC. Lymph-node concentration of radioactive colloidal gold following interstitial injection. Cancer 1953:6:1238-40.
41. Gitsch E, Philipp K. Radionuclide-guided radical surgery for cervical cancer. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988:2:867-75.
42. Gasparini M, Andreoli C, Rodari A, Costa A, Buraggi GE. Eack of efficacy of lymphoscintigraphy in detecting axillary lymph node métastases from breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987:23:475-80.
43. Agwunobi TC, Boak JE. Diagnosis of malignant breast disease by axillary lymphoscintigraphy: a preliminary report. Br J Surg 1978:65:379-83.
44. Gabelle PH, Comet M, Bodin JP, et al. Mammary lymphatic scintiscans by intratumoral injection in the assessment of breast cancer 105 examinations in 100 patients. Ea Nouvelle Presse Médicale 1981:10:3067-70.
45. Matsubara S, Umehara I, Shibuya H. et al. Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy performed on the mastectomized chest wall. Cancer 1986:58:1225-30.
46. Drew CG, Bethune, Mulder DS, Chiu RC. Endobronchial lymphoscintigraphy (EBES). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;76:446-52.
47. Welsh EW, Welsh JJ. Cervical lymphatics: pathologic conditions. Ann Otol Rhinol Earyngol 1966:75:176-91.
48. Arnaud JP, Bergamaschi R. Schloegel M, et al. Progress in the assessment of lymphatic spread in rectal cancer: rectal endoscopie lymphoscintigraphy. Dis Colon Rectum 1990:33:398-401.
49. Ege GN. Cummings BJ. Interstitial radiocolloid iliopelvic lymphoscintigraphy technique, anatomy and clinical application. Int J Radiât Oncol Biol Phys 1980; 6:148390.
50. Gardiner RA, Fitzpatrick JM, Constable AR, Cranage RW, O'Donoghue EPN, Wickham JEA. Improved techniques in radionuclide imaging of prostatic lymph nodes. Br J Urol 1979:51:561-4.
51. Raghavaiah NV, Jordan WP. Prostatic lymphography. J Urol 1979; 121:178-81.
52. Kontturi M, Eukkarinen O, Vihko P, Vihko R. Radioimaging of lymph node involvement in prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1988;110:113-7.
53. Eeroy M. Teillac P, Rain JD, Saccavini JC, Ee Due A. Najean Y. Radioimmunodetection of lymph node invasion in prostatic cancer. Cancer 1989;64: 1-5.
54. Hultborn KA, Earsson E-G, Ragnhult I. The lymph drainage from the breast to the axillary and parasternal lymph nodes studied with the aid of colloidal Au 198. Acta Radiol 1955:43:52-63.
55. Sage H, Gozun BV. Eymphatic scintigrams: method for studying function of lymphatics and lymph nodes. Cancer 1958;11:200-3.
56. Vendrell-Trone E, Setoain-Quinquer J, Domenech-Torne FM. Study of normal mammary lymphatic drainage using radioactive isotopes. J Nucl Med 1972:13:801-5.
57. Strand S-E, Bergqvist E. Radiolabeled colloids and macromolecules in the lymphatic system. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1989;6:211-38.
58. Bergqvist E, Strand S-E, Persson BRR. Particle sizing and biokinetics of interstitial lymphoscintigraphic agents. Semin Nucl Med 1983:13:9-19.
59. Hung JC, Wiseman GA, Wahner HW, Mullan BP, Taggart TR, Dünn WE. Filtered technetium-99m-sulfur colloid evaluated for lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1995:36:1895-901.
60. Barber HB, Barrett HH, Woolfenden JM, Myers KJ, Hickernall TS. Comparison of in vivo scintillation probes and gamma cameras for detection of small, deep tumors. Phys Med Biol 1989;34:727-39.
61. Gulec SA, Moffat FL, Carroll RG. Nuclear medicine annal: the expaiding clinical role for intraoperative gamma probes. Philadelphia: Lippincot-Raven; 1997. p. 20937.
62. Morton DL. Wen D-R, Wong JH, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992; 127:392-9.
63. Thompson JF. McCarthy WH, Bosch CMJ, et al. Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res 1995;5:255-60.
64. Reinigen D, Cruise CW, Wells K, et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal métastases. Ann Surg 1994;220:759-67.
65. Brady MS, Coit DG. Sentinel lymph node evaluation in melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1997:133:1014-20.
66. Reinigen D, Balch CM, Kirkwood J, Ross M. Recent advances in the care of the patient with malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1997;225:1-14.
67. Reinigen D. More rational and conservative surgical strategies for malignant melanoma using lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy techniques. Curr Opin Oncol 1996:8:152-8.
68. Essner R. The role of lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node mapping in assessing patient risk in melanoma. Semin Oncol 1997;24(suppl):S8-10.
69. Ross MI. Surgical management of stage I and II melanoma patients: approach to the regional lymph node basin. Semin Surg Oncol 1996;12:394-401.
70. Reinigen D, Rapaport D, Tanabe KK, Ross M. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma. J Fla Med Assoc 1997;84:18893.
71. Reinigen D, Albertini J. Berman C, et al. Accurate nodal staging of malignant melanoma. Cancer Control 1995; Sep/Oct:405-14.
72. North JH Jr. Spellman JE. Role of sentinel node biopsy in managemenl of malignant melanoma. Oncology 1996;10:1237-46.
73. Alazraki NP, Eshima D, Eshima LA, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy, the sentinel node concept, and the intraoperative gamma probe in melanoma, breast cancer, and other potential cancers. Semin Nucl Med 1997:27:55-67.
74. Krag DN, Haseman MK, Ford R et al. Frontiers in nuclear medicine/diagnostic uses of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies: intraoperative detection of ovarian and colorectal cancer using a hand held gamma counter. Washington (DC): American College of Nuclear Physicians Symposium; 1991. p. 163-70.
75. Krag DN. Antibody imaging for ovarian cancer. Applied Radiology 1992;21:30-3.
76. Krag DN, Ford PV, Patel M, Schneider PD, Goodnight JE. A simplified technique to resect abnormal bony radiolocalizations using a gamma counter Surg Oncol 1992:1:371-7.
77. Krag DN, Haseman MK, Ford P, et al. Gamma probe localization af indiumlabeled B72.3: an extension of immunoscintigraphy. J Surg Oncol 1992;51:226-30.
78. Krag DN, Ford P, Smith L, et al. Clinical immunoscintigraphy of recurrent ovarian cancer with indium Ill-labeled B72.3 monoclonal antibody. Arch Surg 1993:128:819-23.
79. Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, Rankin BS, Krag DN. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol 1993;2::i03-8.
80. Krag DN, Meijer SJ, Weaver DL, et al. Minimal-access surgery for staging of malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1995; 130:654-8.
81. Krag DN, Ashikaga T, Harlow SP, Weaver DL. Development of sentinel node targeting technique in breast cancer patients. The Breast Journal 1998;4:67-74.
82. Fisch UP. Cervical lymphography in cases of laryngo-pharyngeal carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 1964;78:715-26.
83. Pijpers R, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS, et al. Impact of lymphoscintigraphy on sentinel node identification with technetium-99m-colloidal albumin in breast cancer. J Nucl Med 1997;38:366-8.
84. Borgstein PJ, Pijpers R, Comans EF, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186:275-83.
85. Borgstein PJ, Meijer S. Pijpers R. Intradermal blue dye to identify sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Lancet 1997;347:1668-9.
86. Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Galimberti V, et al. Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph-nodes. Lancet 1997:349:1864-7.
87. Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox C, et al. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA 1996;276:1818-22.
88. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994:230:391-401.
89. Giuliano AE. Jones RC, Brennan M, Statman R. Sentinel lymphadenectomy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997:15:2345-50.
90. Ames SE, Krag DN, Brady MS. Radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1998:67:251-4.
91. Messina JL, Reintgen DS, Cruse CW, et al. Selective lymphadenectomy in patients with Merkel cell (cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1997:4:389-95.
92. Pfeiffer T, Weinberg H, Brady MS. Lymphatic mapping for Merkel's cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997:37:650-1.
93. Levenback C, Burke TW, Morris M, Malpica A, Lucas KR, Gershenson DM. Potential applications of intraoperative lymphatic mapping vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1995:59:216-20.
94. DeCesare SL, Fiorica JV, Roberts WS, et al. A pilot study utilizing intraoperative lymphoscintigraphy for identification of the sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1997:66:425-8.
95. Burke TW. Levenback C, Tornos C, et al. Intraabdominal lymphatic mapping to direct selective pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in women with high-risk endometrial cancer: results of a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 1996:62:169-73.
96. Alex JC, Krag DN. The gamma-probe-guided resection of radiolabeled primary lymph nodes. In: Foster RS Jr, editor. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America: lymph nodes in surgical oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 3341.
97. Stadelmann WK, Javaheri S, Cruse CW, Reintgen DS. The use of selective lymphadenectomy in squamous cell carcinoma of the wrist: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1997:22:726-31.
98. Morrow M, Foster RS Jr. Staging of breast cancer: a new rationale for internal mammary node biopsy. Arch Surg 1981 ; 116:748-51.
99. Cody HS III, Urban JA. Internal mammary node status: a major prcgnosticator in axillary node-negative breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 1995;2:32-7.
100. Norman J. Cruse CW, Espinosa C, et al. Redefinition of cutaneous lymphatic drainage with the use of lymphoscintigrahy for malignant melanorra. Am J Surg 1991; 162:432-7.
101. Münz DL, Altmeyer P, Sessler MJ, Hör G . Axillary lymph node groups: the center in lymphatic drainage from the truncal skin in man: clinical significance for management of malignant melanoma. Lymphology 1982; 15:143-7.
102. Albertini JJ, Cruise CW, Rapaport D, et al. Intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 1996;223:217-24.
103. Kapteijn BA, Omgo E, Nieweg OE, et al. Localizing the sentinel nod: in cutaneous melanoma: gamma probe detection versus blue dye. Ann Surg Oncol 1997:4: 156-60.
104. Leong SP, Steinmetz I, Fahim A, et al. Optimal selective sentinel lymph node dissection in primary malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1997; 132:666-73.
105. Pijpers R, Borgstein PH, Meijer S, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients: dynamic lymphoscintigraphy followed by intraoperative gamma prob and vital dye guidance. World J Surg 1997;21:788-93.
106. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Thompson JF, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy to identify sentinel lymph nodes in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res 1994;4:395-9.
107. Monon DL, Wen D-R, Foshag LJ, Essner R, Cochran A. Intraoperalive lymphatic mapping and selective cervical lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanomas of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1751-6.
108. Lingham MK, Mackie RM, McKay AJ. Intraoperative identification of sentinel lymph node in patients with malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1505-8.
109. Karakousis CP, Velez AF, Spellman JE Jr, Scarozza J. The technique of sentinel node biopsy. Eur J Surg Oncol 1996;22:271-5.
110. Taylor A, Murray D, Herda S, Vansant J, Alazraki N. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy to identify the sentinel and satellite nodes. Clin Nucl Med 1996;21:755-8.
111. Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS. The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:1238-41.
112. Godellas CV, Berman CG, Lyman G, et al. The identification and mapping of melanoma regional nodal métastases: minimally invasive surgery for the diagnosis of nodal métastases. Am Surg 1995;61:97-101.
113. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF, Shaw HM, McCarthy WH. Lymphatic drainage from peri-umbilical skin to internal mammary nodes. Clin Nucl Med 1995;20:254-5.
114. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Thompson JF, Quinn MJ. Direct lymphatic drainage from the skin of the forearm to a supraclavicular node. Clin Nucl Med 1996;21:3879.
115. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RF, Shaw HM, Thompson JR, McCarthy WH. Lymphoscintgraphy in high-risk melanoma of the trunk: predicting draining node groups, defining lymphatic channels and locating the sentinel node. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1435-40.
116. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Thompson JF, et al. Lymphatic drainage to triangular intermuscular space lymph nodes. J Nucl Med 1996;37:964-6.
117. Mundun A, Murray DR, Herda SC, et al. Early stage melanoma: lymphoscintigraphy, reproducibility of sentinel node detection, and effectiveness of the intraoperative gamma probe. Radiology 1996;199:171-5.
118. Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, et al. Reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy for lymphatic mapping in cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 1996;37:972-5.
119. Seitzman DM, Halaby FA. Lymphangiography: an evaluation of its applications. J Urol 1964:91:301-5.
120. Wells KE, Rapaport DP, Cruse CW, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma of the head and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100:591-4.
121. O'Brien CJ, Uren RF, Thompson JE. et al. Prediction of potential metastatic sites in cutaneous head and neck melanoma using lymphoscintigraphy. Am J Surg 1995:170:461-6.
122. Alex JC, Krag DN, Harlow SP, et al. Localization of regional lymph nodes in melanoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124:135-40.
123. Kapteijn BAE, Nieweg OE, Muller SH, et al. Validation of gamma probe detection of the sentinel node in melanoma. J Nucl Med 1997:38:362-6.
124. Jonk A, Kroon BBF, Mooi WJ, Hoeffnagel CA. Contralaterai inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with melanoma of the lower extremities. Br J Surg 1989:76:1161-2.
125. Smith EM, Smoak WM III, Gilson AJ. Letter to the editor. J Nucl Med 1967;8:896.
126. Larson JM, Bennett LR. Human serum albumin as a stabilizer for 99mTc-sulfur suspension [letter]. J Nucl Med 1969; 10:294-5.
127. Hunter WW Jr. Preliminary note: stabilization of paniculate suspensions with nonantigenic polyhydric alcohols: application to Tc-sulfur colloid. J Nuci Med 1969:10:607-8.
128. Keeling DH. Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals: United Kingdom 19771983. Br J Radiol 1984:57:1091-6.
129. Block MB, Thompson JS, Polcyn RE. Anaphylactoid reaction to technetium-99m sulfur colloid stabilized with gelatin. Dig Dis 1970; 15:569-71.
130. Cordova MA, Hladik WB III, Rhodes BA. Validation and characterization of adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals. Noninvasive Medical Imaging 1984:1:17-24.
131. Bronskill MJ. Radiation dose estimates for interstitial radiocolloid lymphoscintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med 1983:13:20-5.
132. Bergvist L, Strand S-E, Persson B, Hafstrom L. Jonsson P-E. Dosimetry in lymphoscintigraphy of Tc-99m antimony sulfide colloid. J Nucl Med 1982;23:698-705.
133. Bares R, Muller B, Pass J, Buell U, Schumpelick V. The radiations dose to surgical personnel during intraoperative radioimmunoscintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med 1992:19:110-2.
134. Miner T, Shriver CD, Maniscalco-Theberge M, Jaques DP, Krag D. Ultrasound guided injection improves localization of the radiolabeled sentinel lymph node in breast cancer [abstract]. Poster presentation at the Society of Surgical Oncology Annual Meeting; March 25-28, 1998; San Diego, Calif.
135. Saphir O. Amromin GD. Obscure axillary lymph-node metastasis in carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 1948:1:238-41.
136. Kingsley WB, Peters GN, Cheek JH. What constitutes adequate study of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer? Ann Surg 1985;201:311-4.
137. International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group. Clinical practice. Lancet 1990;335:1565-8.
138. De Mascarel I, Bonichon F, Coindre JM, Trojani M. Prognostic significance of breast cancer axillary lymph node micrometastases assessed by two special techniques: réévaluation with longer follow-up. Br J Cancer 1992;66:523-7.
139. Friedman S, Bertin F, Mouriesse H, et al. Importance of tumor cells in axillary node sinus margins ('clandestine' métastases) discovered by serial sectioning in operable breast carcinoma. Acta Oncologica 1988:27:483-7.
140. Fisher ER. Swamidoss S, Lee CH, et al. Detection and significance of occult axillary node métastases in patients with invasive breast cancer. Cancer 1978;42:2025-31.
141. Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T. Immunohistochemically detected lymph-node micrometastases in breast cancer and their correlation with prognostic factors. The Breast Journal 1997 ;3:106-11.
142. McGuckin MA, Cummings MC. Walsh MD, Hohn BG, Bennett IC, Wright RG. Occult axillary node métastases in breast cancer: their detection and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 1996;73:88-95.
143. Jeffers MD, O'Dowd G, Mulcahy H, et al. The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 1994:172:183-7.
144. Nasser I A, Lee AK, Bosari S, et al. Occult axillary lymph node metas:ases in nodenegative breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1993;24:950-7.
145. Elson CE, Kufe D, Johnston WW. Immunohistochemical detection and significance of axillary lymph node micrometastases in breast carcinoma: a stucy of 97 cases. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1993;15:171-8.
146. Hainsworth PJ, Tjandra JJ, Stillwell RG, et al. Detection and significance of occult métastases in node-negative breast cancer. Br J Surg 1993:80:459-63.
147. Cutait R, Alves VA, Lopes LC, et al. Restaging of colorectal cancer based on the identification of lymph node micrometastases through immunoperoxidase staining of CEA and cytokeratins. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:917-20.
148. Trojani M, de Mascarel I, Bonichon F, Coindre JM, Delsol G. Micrometastases to axillary lymph nodes from carcinoma of breast: detection by immunohistochemistry and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 1987:55:303-6.
149. Wells CA, Heryet A, Brochier J, Gatter KC, Mason DY. The immunocytochemical detection of axillary micrometastases in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1984:50:193-7.
150. Heller R, Becker J, Wasselle J, et al. Detection of submicroscopic lymph node métastases in patients with melanoma. Arch Surg 1991:126:1455-60
151. Noguchi S, Aihara T, Motomura K, et al. Detection of breast cancer rricrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol 1996; 148:649-56.
152. DaltaYH, Adams PT, Drabyski WF, et al. Sensitive detection of occult breast cancer by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. I Clin Oncol 1994:12:475-82.
153. Hayashi N, Arakakwa H, Nagase H, et al. Genetic diagnosis identifies occult lymph node métastases undetectable by the histopathological method. Cancer Res 1994:54:3853-6.
154. Schoenfeld A, Luqmani Y, Smith D, et al. Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by using polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1994:54:2986-90.
155. Wang X, Heller R, Van Voorhis N, et al. Detection of submicroscopic lymph node métastases with polymerase chain reaction in patients with malignant melanoma. AnnSurg 1994;220:768-74.
156. Carson KF, Wen D-R, Li P-X, et al. Nodal mevi and cutaneous melanomas. Am J SurgPathol 1996:20:834-40.