Neurostimulatory therapeutics in management of treatment-resistant depression with focus on deep brain stimulation

Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 263-275

  Dumitriu, Dani ^a   Collins, Kate ^a   Alterman, Ron ^a   Mathew, Sanjay J ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cingulate gyrus; Deep brain stimulation; Electroconvulsive therapy; Internal capsule; Major depression; Neurosurgery; Nucleus accumbens; Therapeutics; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Treatment resistant depression; Vagal nerve stimulation; Ventral striatum

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

AMNESIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CHRONIC EPIDURAL CORTICAL STIMULATION; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; DEPRESSION; DIPLOPIA; DYSARTHRIA; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTRODE; HEADACHE; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; MAGNETIC SEIZURE THERAPY; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NERVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PARESTHESIA; RELAPSE; THALAMUS VENTRAL NUCLEUS; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; RECURRENCE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; VAGUS NERVE;

EID: 55449125717     PISSN: 00272507     EISSN: 19317581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/msj.20044     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Schildkraut JJ. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 122: 509-522.
2. Rush AJ, Trivedi M, Wisniewski S, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-1917.
3. Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Shelton RC, et al. Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 417-422.
4. Oquendo MA, Baca-Garcia E, Kartachov A, et al. A computer algorithm for calculating the adequacy of antidepressant treatment in unipolar and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64: 825-833.
5. Prudic J, Haskett RF, Mulsant B, et al. Resistance to antidepressant medications and short-term clinical response to ECT. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 721-722.
6. Prudic J, Sackeim HA, Devanand DP. Medication resistance and clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res 1990; 31: 287-296.
7. Rush AJ, Thase M, Dubé S. Research issues in the study of difficult-to-treat depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 743-753.
8. Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(suppl 13): 23-29.
9. Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 649-659.
10. Souery D, Amsterdam J, de Montigny C, et al. Treatment resistant depression: methodological overview and operational criteria. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9: 83-91.
11. Souery D, Oswald P, Massat I, et al. Clinical factors associated with treatment resistance in major depressive disorder: results from a European multicenter study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 1062-1070.
12. Kessler RC, Merikangas KR, Wang PS. Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2007; 3: 137-158.
13. Lebensohn Z. The history of electroconvulsive therapy in the United States and its place in American psychiatry: a personal memoir. Compr Psychiatry 1999; 40: 173-181.
14. Kellner C, Knapp R, Petrides G, et al. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy vs pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in major depression: a multisite study from the Consortium for Research in Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1337-1344.
15. Burt C, McCaig L, Rechtseiner E. Ambulatory medical care utilization estimates for 2005. Adv Data 2007; 29: 1-15.
16. Mathew SJ, Amiel. Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression. Prim Psychiatry 2005; 12: 51-56.
17. Dowman J, Patel A, Rajput K. Electroconvulsive therapy: attitudes and misconceptions. J ECT 2005; 21: 84-87.
18. Sackeim H, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 425-434.
19. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Fuller R, et al. The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 244-254.
20. Fink M, Taylor M. Electroconvulsive therapy: evidence and challenges. JAMA 2007; 298: 330-332.
21. George MS, Wassermann EM, Post RM. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a neuropsychiatric tool for the 21st century. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996; 8: 373-382.
22. Roth Y, Amir A, Levkovitz Y, Zangen A. Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 24: 31-38.
23. Loo CK, McFarquhar TF, Mitchell PB. A review of the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a clinical treatment for depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11: 131-147.
24. Avery D, Holtzheimer P III, Fawaz W, et al. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 187-194.
25. Berman R, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 332-337.
26. Menkes DL, Bodnar P, Ballesteros RA, Swenson MR. Right frontal lobe slow frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (SF r-TMS) is an effective treatment for depression: a case-control pilot study of safety and efficacy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 113-115.
27. Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 315-320.
28. Fitzgerald P, Benitez J, de Castella A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 88-94.
29. Stern W, Tormos J, Press D, et al. Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 19: 179-186.
30. Loo CK, Mitchell PB. A review of the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment for depression, and current and future strategies to optimize efficacy. J Affect Disord 2005; 88: 255-267.
31. Holtzheimer PE, Russo J, Avery DH. A meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 2001; 35: 149-169.
32. Grunhaus L, Shcriber S, Dolberg OT, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53: 324-331.
33. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 659-667.
34. Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, et al. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 3: 129-134.
35. O'Reardon J, Solvason HB, Janicak P, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 1208-1216.
36. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Neurological Devices Panel meeting on January 26, 2007. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/ cfadvisory/details.cfm?mtg=675. Accessed May 2008.
37. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Accessed February 2008.
38. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Schlaepfer TE, Sackeim HA. Safety and feasibility of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in major depression: randomized within-subject comparison with electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1852-1865.
39. White PF, Amos Q, Zhang Y, et al. Anesthetic considerations for magnetic seizure therapy: a novel therapy for severe depression. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 76-80.
40. Boggio PS, Rigonatti SP, Ribeiro RB, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11: 249-254.
41. George MS, Sackeim HA, Marangell LB, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation. A potential therapy for resistant depression? Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000; 23: 757-783.
42. Uthman BM, Reichl AM, Dean JC, et al. Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients: a 12-year observation. Neurology 2004; 63: 1124-1126.
43. Harden CL, Pulver MC, Ravdin LD, et al. A pilot study of mood in epilepsy patients treated with vagus nerve stimulation. Epilepsy Behav 2000; 1: 93-99.
44. VanBockstaele E, Peoples J, Valentino R. Anatomic basis for differential regulation of the rostrolateral peri-locus coeruleus region by limbic afferents. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 1352-1363.
45. Conway C, Sheline Y, Chibnall J, et al. Cerebral blood flow changes during vagus nerve stimulation for depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2006; 146: 179-184.
46. Rush AJ, George M, Sackeim H, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depressions: a multicenter study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 276-286.
47. Sackeim HA, Rush AJ, George MS, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, side effects, and predictors of outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25: 713-728.
48. Rush AJ, Marangell L, Sackeim H, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized, controlled acute phase trial. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 347-354.
49. Rush AJ, Sackeim H, Marangell L, et al. Effects of 12 months of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: a naturalistic study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 355-363.
50. Marangell LB, Rush AJ, George MS, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for major depressive episodes: one year outcomes. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51: 280-287.
51. George MS, Rush AJ, Marangell LB, et al. A one-year comparison of vagus nerve stimulation with treatment as usual for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58: 364-373.
52. Nahas Z, Marangell LB, Husain MM, et al. Two-year outcome of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment of major depressive episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 1097-1104.
53. Phurrough S, Salive MS, Lofton B, Schafer J. Decision memo for vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of resistant depression (TRD) (CAG-00 313R). Available at: https://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/ viewdecision-memo.asp?id=195. Accessed May 2008.
54. Rauch SL. Neuroimaging and neurocircuitry models pertaining to the neurosurgical treatment of psychiatric disorders. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003; 14: 213-223, vii-viii.
55. Mayberg HS. Modulating dysfunctional limbic-cortical circuits in depression: towards development of brain-based algorithms for diagnosis and optimised treatment. Br Med Bull 2003; 65: 193-207.
56. Anderson WS, Lenz FA. Surgery insight: Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006; 2: 310-320.
57. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, et al. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol 1987; 50: 344-346.
58. Medtronic, Inc. Available at: http://www.medtronic. com. Accessed September 2007.
59. Eitan R, Lerer B. Nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of depression: electroconvulsive therapy and novel brain stimulation modalities. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2006; 8: 241-258.
60. Voon V, Kubu C, Krack P, et al. Deep brain stimulation: neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric issues. Mov Disord 2006; 21(suppl 14): S305-S327.
61. Temel Y, Kessels A, Tan S, et al. Behavioural changes after bilateral subthalamic stimulation in advanced Parkinson disease: a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12: 265-272.
62. Burkhard PR, Vingerhoets FJ, Berney A, et al. Suicide after successful deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Neurology 2004; 63: 2170-2172.
63. Castelli L, Perozzo P, Zibetti M, et al. Chronic deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for Parkinson's disease: effects on cognition, mood, anxiety and personality traits. Eur Neurol 2006; 55: 136-144.
64. Andy OJ, Jurko F. Thalamic stimulation effects on reactive depression. Appl Neurophysiol 1987; 50: 324-329.
65. Abelson JL, Curtis GC, Sagher O, et al. Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 510-516.
66. Gabriels L, Cosyns P, Nuttin B, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: psychopathological and neuropsychological outcome in three cases. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 107: 275-282.
67. Aouizerate B, Cuny E, Martin-Guehl C, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral caudate nucleus in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Case report. J Neurosurg 2004; 101: 682-686.
68. Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, et al. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 2384-2393.
69. Schlaepfer TE, Cohen MX, Frick C, et al. Deep brain stimulation to reward circuitry alleviates anhedonia in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 368-377.
70. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 2005; 45: 651-660.
71. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 675-682.
72. Mottaghy FM, Keller CE, Gangitano M, et al. Correlation of cerebral blood flow and treatment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2002; 115: 1-14.
73. Nobler MS, Oquendo MA, Kegeles LS, et al. Decreased regional brain metabolism after ECT. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 305-308.
74. Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, et al. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 1049-1056.
75. Inagaki M, Yoshikawa E, Kobayakawa M, et al. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with secondary depressive episodes after fatal pancreatic cancer diagnosis. J Affect Disord 2007; 99: 231-236.
76. Kumana H, Ida I, Oshima, et al. Brain metabolic changes associated with predisposition to onset of major depressive disorder in cancer patients - a preliminary PET study. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 591-599.
77. Jimenez F, Velasco F, Salin-Pascual R, et al. A patient with a resistant major depression disorder treated with deep brain stimulation in the inferior thalamic peduncle. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: 585-593; discussion 585-593.
78. Sakas DE, Panourias IG. Rostral cingulate gyrus: a putative target for deep brain stimulation in treatmentre-fractory depression. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66: 491-494.
79. Sartorius A, Henn FA. Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in treatment resistant major depression. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69: 1305-1308.
80. Anderson T, Hu B, Pittman Q, Kiss ZH. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: an intracellular study in rat thalamus. J Physiol 2004; 559: 301-313.
81. Magarinos-Ascone C, Pazo JH, Macadar O, Buno W. High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus silences subthalamic neurons: a possible cellular mechanism in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2002; 115: 1109-1117.
82. Lozano AM, Eltahawy H. How does DBS work? Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 57: 733-736.
83. Perlmutter JS, Mink JW. Deep brain stimulation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2006; 29: 229-257.
84. Beurrier C, Bioulac B, Audin J, Hammond C. High-frequency stimulation produces a transient blockade of voltage-gated currents in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85: 1351-1356.
85. Dostrovsky JO, Levy R, Wu JP, et al. Microstimulation-induced inhibition of neuronal firing in human globus pallidus. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84: 570-574.
86. Urbano FJ, Leznik E, Llinas RR. Cortical activation patterns evoked by afferent axon stimuli at different frequencies: an in vitro voltage-sensitive dye imaging study. Thalamus Rel Syst 2002; 1: 371-378.
87. Montgomery EB Jr, Baker KB. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation and future technical developments. Neurol Res 2000; 22: 259-266.
88. McIntyre CC, Savasta M, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Vitek JL. Uncovering the mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation: activation, inhibition, or both. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 1239-1248.
89. Garcia L, D'Alessandro G, Bioulac B, Hammond C. High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson's disease: more or less? Trends Neurosci 2005; 28: 209-216.
90. Benazzouz A, Piallat B, Pollak P, Benabid AL. Responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus complex to high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats: electrophysiological data. Neurosci Lett 1995; 189: 77-80.
91. Boraud T, Bezard E, Bioulac B, Gross C. High frequency stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) simultaneously improves Parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey. Neurosci Lett 1996; 215: 17-20.
92. Maurice N, Thierry AM, Glowinski J, Deniau JM. Spontaneous and evoked activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 9929-9936.
93. Hashimoto T, Elder CM, Okun MS, et al. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus changes the firing pattern of pallidal neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 1916-1923.
94. Anderson ME, Postupna N, Ruffo M. Effects of high-frequency stimulation in the internal globus pallidus on the activity of thalamic neurons in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89: 1150-1160.
95. Van Laere K, Nuttin B, Gabriels L, et al. Metabolic imaging of anterior capsular stimulation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a key role for the subgenual anterior cingulate and ventral striatum. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 740-747.
96. Rauch SL, Dougherty DD, Malone D, et al. A functional neuroimaging investigation of deep brain stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neurosurg 2006; 104: 558-565.
97. Ressler KJ, Mayberg HS. Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10: 1116-1124.
98. Fountas KN, Smith JR. A novel closed-loop stimulation system in the control of focal, medically refractory epilepsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007; 97: 357-362.
99. Zhang F, Wang LP, Brauner M, et al. Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry. Nature 2007; 446: 633-639.
100. FDA guidelines. Available at: http://www.fda.gov. Accessed February 2008.