An update on mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 26, Issue 5 SUPPL. 51, 2008, Pages

  Ippolito, Anthony ^a   Petri, Michelle ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronary artery disease; Infection; Malignancy; Morbidity; Mortality; Renal disease; SLE; Socioeconomic factors

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; DOUBLE STRANDED DNA ANTIBODY; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; LA ANTIBODY; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN ANTIBODY; RO ANTIBODY; SM ANTIBODY;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMORBIDITY; COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNICITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LUNG CANCER; MEDLINE; MORTALITY; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX RATIO; SMOKING; SOCIAL STATUS; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOSIS; UTERINE CERVIX DYSPLASIA;

ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFECTION; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 55349136580     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. BERNATSKY S, BOIVIN JF, JOSEPH L et al.: Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2550-7.
2. KASITANON N, MAGDER LS, PETRI M: Predictors of survival in systemic lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006; 85: 147-56.
3. UROWITZ MB, BOOKMAN AA, KOEHLER BE, GORDON DA, SMYTHE HA, OGRYZLO MA: The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1976; 60: 221-5.
4. NOSSENT J, CIKES N, KISS E et al.: Current causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe, 2000-2004: relation to disease activity and damage accrual. Lupus 2007; 16: 309-17.
5. MERREL M, SHULMAN LE: Determination of prognosis in chronic disease, illustrated by systemic lupus erythematosus. J Chronic Dis 1955; 1: 12-32.
6. DORIA A, IACCARINO L, GHIRARDELLO A et al.: Long-term prognosis and causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 2006; 119: 700-6.
7. CERVERA R, KHAMASHTA MA, FONT J et al.: Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestation in a cohort of 1000 patients. Medicine 2003; 82: 299-308.
8. BELLOMIO V, SPINDLER A, LUCERO E et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus: mortality and survival in Argentina. A multicenter study. Lupus 2000; 9: 377-81.
9. ALAMANOS Y, VOULGARI PV, PARASSAVA M et al.: Survival and mortality rates of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in northwest Greece. Study of a 21 years incidence cohort. Rheumatology 2003; 42: 1122-3.
10. ABU-SHAKRA M, UROWITZ MB, GLADMAN DD, GOUGH J: Mortality studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results from a single centre. I. Causes of death. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1259-64.
11. BLANCO FJ, GOMEZ-REINO JJ, DE LA MATA J et al.: Survival analysis of 306 European Spanish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998; 7: 159-63.
12. JACOBSEN S, PETERSEN J, ULLMAN S et al.: Mortality and causes of death in 513 Danish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand J Rheumatol 1999; 28: 75-80.
13. MOK CC, MAK A, CHU WP et al.: Long term survival of southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A prospective study of all age-groups. Medicine 2005; 84: 218-24.
14. RAHMAN A, ISENBERG DA: Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 929-39.
15. HELLER T, AHMED M, SIDDIQQI A, WALLRAUCH C, BAHLAS S: Systemic lupus erythematosus in Saudi Arabia: morbidity and mortality in a multiethnic population. Lupus 2007; 16: 908-14.
16. SUN HO, HU WX, XIE HL et al.: Long-term outcome of Chinese patients with membranous lupus nephropathy. Lupus 2008; 17: 56-61.
17. ABU-SHAKRA M, GLADMAN DD, UROWITZ MB: Mortality studies in SLE: how far can we improve survival of patients with SLE. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3: 418-20.
18. UROWITZ MB, GLADMAN DD: How to improve morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 238-44.
19. CONTRERAS G, LENZ O, PARDO V et al.: Outcomes in African Americans and Hispanics with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1846-51.
20. AL-SALEH J, JASSIM V, EL-SAYED M, SALEH N, HARB D: Clinical and immunological manifestations in 151 SLE patients living in Dubai. Lupus 2008; 17: 62-6.
21. TSAI PC, KO YC, HUANG W, LIU HS, GUO YL: Increased liver and lupus mortalities in 24-year follow-up of the Taiwanese people highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Sci Total Environ 2007; 374: 216-22.
22. KORBET SM, SCHWARTZ MM, EVANS J, LEWIS EJ: Collaborative Study Group. Severe lupus nephritis: racial differences in presentation and outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 244-54. [Epub 2006 Dec 13]
23. PATEL M, CLARKE AM, BRUCE IN, SYMMONS DP: The prevalence and incidence of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis in the UK: Evidence of an ethnic gradient. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2963-9.
24. IBAÑEZ D, GLADMAN D, UROWITZ M: Summarizing disease features over time: II. Variability measures of SLEDAI-2K. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 336-40. [Epub 2006 Dec 15]
25. BORCHERS AT, KEEN CL, SHOENFELD Y, GERSHWIN ME: Surviving the butterfly and the wolf: mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3: 423-53.
26. CHUN BC, BAE SC: Mortality and cancer incidence in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the Hanyang lupus cohort in Seoul, Korea. Lupus 2005; 14: 635-8.
27. ALARCÓN GS, McGWIN G JR, SANCHEZ ML et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. XIV Poverty, wealth, and their influence on disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 73-7.
28. ADLER M, CHAMBERS S, EDWARDS C, NEILD G, ISENBERG D: An assessment of renal failure in an SLE cohort with special reference to ethnicity, over a 25-year period. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 1144-7.
29. ALARĆON GS, BASTIAN HM, BEASLEY TM et al.; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multi-ethnic cohort (LUMINA) XXXII: [corrected] contributions of admixture and socioeconomic status to renal involvement. Lupus 2006; 15: 26-31.
30. ALARĆON GS, CALVO-ALÉN J, MCGWIN G JR et al.; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic cohort: LUMINA XXXV. Predictive factors of high disease activity over time. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1168-74.
31. PRASAD R, IBAÑEZ D, GLADMAN D, UROWITZ M: Anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies do not predict damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 285-91.
32. BERTOLI AM, ALARCÓN GS, CALVO-ALÉN J, FERNÁNDEZ M, VILÁ LM, REVEILLE JD; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort. XXXIII. Clinical [corrected] features, course, and outcome in patients with late-onset disease. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1580-7.
33. ANDRADE RM, ALARCÓN GS, FERNÁNDEZ M, APTE M, VILA LM, REVEILLE JD, LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Accelerated damage accrual among men with systemic lupus erythematosus: XLIV. Results from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 622-30.
34. VILÁ LM, MOLINA MJ, MAYOR AM, PEREDO RA, SANTAELLA ML, VILÁ S: Clinical and prognostic value of autoantibodies in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 892-8.
35. FLOWER C, HENNIS A, HAMBLETON IR, NICHOLSON G: Lupus nephritis in an Afro-Caribbean population: renal indices and clinical outcomes. Lupus 2006; 15: 689-94.
36. COOPER GS, TREADWELL EL, ST CLAIR EW, GILKESON GS, DOOLEY MA: Sociodemographic associations with early disease damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 993-9.
37. WARD MM: Education level and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): evidence of underascertainment of deaths due to SLE in ethnic minorities with low education levels. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 51: 616-24.
38. MAYOR AM, VILÁ LM: Gender differences in a cohort of Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Biol (Noisyle-grand) 2003; 49: 1339-44.
39. BUJÁN S, ORDI-ROS J, PAREDES J et al.: Contribution of the initial features of systemic lupus erythematosus to the clinical evolution and survival of a cohort of Mediterranean patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 859-65.
40. MOK CC, MAK A, CHU WP, TO CH, WONG SN: Long-term survival of southern Chinese patients with systemic lupos erythematosus: a prospective study of all age-groups. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005; 84: 218-24.
41. RAMOS-CASALS M, CAMPOAMOR MT, CHAMORRO A et al.: Hypocomplementemia in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance in 667 patients. Lupus 2004; 13: 777-83.
42. ALZEER AH, AL-ARFAJ A, BASHA SJ et al.: Outcome of patients with systemic lapus erythematosus in intensive care unit. Lupus 2004; 13: 537-42.
43. WHITELAW DA, GOPAL R, FREEMAN V: Survival of patients with SLE admitted to an intensive care unit-a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24: 223-7.
44. HSU CL, CHEN KY, YEH PS et al.: Outcome and prognostic factors in critically ill patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study. Crit Care 2005; 9: R177-83.
45. KRISHNAN E: Hospitalization and mortality of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1770-4.
46. ZONANA-NACACH A, YAÑEZ P, JIMÉNEZ-BALDERAS FJ, CAMARGO-CORONEL A: Disease activity, damage and survival in Mexican patients with acute severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007; 16: 997-1000.
47. FERNÁNDEZ M, ALARCÓN GS, CALVOALÉN J et al.; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. A multiethnic, multicenter cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as a model for the study of ethnic disparities in SLE. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 576-84.
48. KRISHNAN E, HUBERT HB: Ethnicity and mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the US. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1500-5.
49. ANDERSON E, NIETERT PJ, KAMEN DL, GILKESON GS: Ethnic disparities among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in South Carolina. J Rheumatol 2008; 35: 819-25.
50. SULE S, PETRI M: Socioeconomic status in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 720-3.
51. WALSH SJ, GILCHRIST A: Geographical clustering of mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States: contributions of poverty, Hispanic ethnicity and solar radiation. Lupus 2006; 15: 662-70.
52. JOHNSON SR, UROWITZ MB, IBAÑEZ D, GLADMAN DD: Ethnic variation in disease patterns and health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1990-5.
53. BERTOLI AM, VILÁ LM, REVEILLE JD, ALARCÓN GS; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA) LIII: disease expression and outcome in acute onset lupus. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 500-4.
54. BECKER-MEROK A, NOSSENT HC: Damage accumulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and its relation to disease activity and mortality. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1570-7.
55. GOLD LS, WARD MH, DOSEMECI M, DE ROOS AJ: Systemic autoimmune disease mortality and occupational exposures. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 3189-201.
56. VILÁ LM, ALARCÓN GS, MCGWIN G JR, BASTIAN HM, FESSLER BL REVEILLE JD; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort, XXXVII: association of lymphopenia with clinical manifestations, serologic abnormalities, disease activity, and damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 799-806.
57. HITCHON CA, PESCHKEN CA: Sm antibodies increase risk of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2007; 16: 186-94.
58. FERNÁNDEZ M, ALARCÓN GS, APTE M, ANDRADE RM, VILÁ LM, REVEILLE JD; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort: XLIII. The significance of thrombocytopenia as a prognostic factor. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 614-21.
59. UROWITZ MB, GLADMAN DD: Atherosclerosis and lupus: the SLICC Study. Lupus 2007; 16: 925-8.
60. ASANUMA Y, OESER A, SHINTANI AK et al.: Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2407-15.
61. ROMAN MJ, SHANKER BA, DAVIS A et al.: Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2399-406.
62. BJÖRNÅDAL L, YIN L, GRANATH F, KLARESKOG L, EKBOM A: Cardiovascular disease a hazard despite improved prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a Swedish population based study 1964-95. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 713-9.
63. SHOENFELD Y, GERLI R, DORIA A et al.: Accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmume rheumatic diseases. Circulation 2005; 112: 3337-47.
64. MANZI S, MEILAHN EN, RAIRIE JE et al.: Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 408-15.
65. MOK CC, TANG SS, TO CH, PETRI M: Incidence and risk factors of thromboembolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of three ethnic groups. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2774-82.
66. BRUCE IN: Cardiovascular disease in lupus patients: should all patients be treated with statins and aspirin? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005; 19: 823-38.
67. PETRI M, KIANI AN, POST W et al.: Lupus atherosclerosis prevention study (LAPS): a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of atorvastatin versus placebo. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 54: S520.
68. ERKAN D, HARRISON MJ, LEVY R et al.: Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2382-91.
69. WADEE S, TIKLY M, HOPLEY M: Causes and predictors of death in South Africans with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 1487-91.
70. WARD MM, PAJEVIC S, DREYFUSS J, MALLEY JD: Short-term prediction of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: classification of outcomes using random forests. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 74-80.
71. BERNATSKY S, JOSEPH L, BOIVIN JF et al.: The relationship between cancer and medication exposures in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 74-9.
72. BERNATSKY S, BOIVIN JF, JOSEPH L et al.: An international cohort study of cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1481-90.
73. BIN J, BERNATSKY S, GORDON C et al.: Lung cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lung Cancer 2007; 56: 303-6.
74. LANDGREN O, ENGELS EA, PFEIFFER RM et al.: Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 1321-30.
75. MELLEMKJAER L, PFEIFFER RM, ENGELS EA et al.: Autoimmune disease in individuals and close family members and susceptibility to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 657-66.
76. BERNATSKY S, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R, ISENBERG D et al.: Hodgkin's lymphoma in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 830-2.
77. RUIZ-IRASTORZA G, EGURBIDE MV, PIJOAN JI et al.: Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 577-83.
78. ALARCÓN GS, MCGWIN G, BERTOLI AM et al.; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L). Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1168-72.
79. WARD MM, PAJEVIC S, DREYFUSS J, MALLEY JD: Short-term prediction of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: classification of outcomes using random forests. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 74-80.
80. CHAMBERS SA, CHARMAN SC, RAHMAN A, ISENBERG DA: Development of additional autoimmune diseases in a multiethnic cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with reference to damage and mortality. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 1173-7.
81. FUNAUCHI M, SHIMADZU H, TAMAKI C et al.: Survival study by organ disorders in 306 Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a single center. Rheumatol Int 2007; 27: 243-9.
82. HAHN B, MCMAHON M: Atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of altered lipids and of autoantibodies. Lupus 2008; 17: 368-70.
83. MCMAHON M, HAHN B: Atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus - mechanistic basis of the association. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19: 633-9.
84. APRAHAMIAN T, BONEGIO R, RIZZO J et al.: Simvastatin treatment ameliorates autoimmune disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in a murine lupus model. J Immunol 2006; 177: 3028-34.
85. MCCAREY DW, MCINNES IB, MADHOK R et al.: Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 2015-21.
86. BORBA EF, BONFA E: Dyslipoproteinemias in systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of disease, activity, and anticardiolipin antibodies. Lupus 1997; 6: 533-9.
87. BORBA EF, SANTOS RD, BONFA E et al.: Lipoprotein(a) levels in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 220-3.
88. PETRI M: Detection of coronary artery disease and the role of traditional risk factors in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Lupus 2000; 9: 170-75.
89. BRUCE IN, UROWITZ MB, GLADMAN DD, IBANEZ D, STEINER G: Risk factors for coronary heart disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: the Toronto Risk Factor Study. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3159-67.
90. TAM LS, GLADMAN DD, HALLETT DC, RAHMAN P, UROWITZ MB: Effect of antimalarial agents on the fasting lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2142-5.
91. BORBA EF, BONFA E: Long term beneficial effect of chloroquine diphosphate on lipoprotein profile in 1upus patients with and without steroid therapy. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 780-5.
92. ESPINOLA RG, PIERANGELI SS, GHARAVI AE, HARRIS EN, GHARA AE: Hydroxychloroquine reverses platelet activation induced by human IgG antiphospholipid. antibodies. Thromb Haemostasis 2002; 87: 518-22.
93. AL-HERZ A, ENSWORTH S, SHOJANIA K, ESDAILE JM: Cardiovascular risk factor screening in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 493-6.
94. DE LEEUW K, FREIRE B, SMIT AJ, BOOTSMA H, KALLENBERG CG, BIJL M: Traditional and non-traditional risk factors contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2006; 15: 675-82.
95. BRUCE IN: 'Not only...but also': factors that contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis and Premature coronary heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 1492-502.
96. WAJED J, AHMAD Y, DURRINGTON PN, BRUCE IN: Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus-proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 7-12.
97. DHAR JP, KMAK D, BHAN R, PISHORODI L, AGER J, SOKOL RJ: Abnormal cervicovaginal cytology in women with lupus: a retrospective cohort study. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 4-6.
98. BERNATSKY S, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R, GORDON C et al.: Factors associated with abnormal Pap results in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 1386-9.
99. TAM LS, CHAN AY, CHAN PK, CHANG AR, LI EK: Increased prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with human papillomavirus infection. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 3619-25.
100. NATH R, MANT C, LUXTON J et al.: High risk of human papillomavirus type 16 infections and of development of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 619-25.
101. BERNATSKY SR, COOPER GS, MILL C, RAMSEY-GOLDMAN R, CLARKE AE, PINEAU CA: Cancer screening in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 45-9.
102. GARLAND SM, HERNANDEZ-AVILA M, WHEELER CM et al.: Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease (FUTURE) I Investigators. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1928-43.
103. FUTURE II STUDY GROUP: Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1915-27.
104. BARR E, GAUSE CK, BAUTISTA OM et al.: Impact of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in a sexually ac- tive population of North American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 261.e1-11.
105. HO KT, AHN CW, ALARCÓN GS et al.: Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic cohort (LUMINA): XXVIII. Factors predictive of thrombotic events. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 1303-7.
106. RUIZ-IRASTORZA G, UGARTE A, EGURBIDE MV et al.: Antimalarials may influence the risk of malignancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 815-7.
107. FESSLER BJ, ALARCÓN GS, MCGWIN G JR et al.; LUMINA STUDY GROUP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XVI. Association of hydroxychloroquine use with reduced risk of damage accrual. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1473-80.