메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 136, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1585-1598

The transmission and control of XDR TB in South Africa: An operations research and mathematical modelling approach

Author keywords

HIV; Infection control; Mathematical modeling; Quarantine; South Africa; Tuberculosis extensively drug resistant

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE INFECTION; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; COMMUNITY CARE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; POVERTY; PREVALENCE; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOUTH AFRICA; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 55349134348     PISSN: 09502688     EISSN: 14694409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268808000964     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (34)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 56349157982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harvard Medical School, Open Society Institute. The Global Impact of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Boston: Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, 1999.
    • Harvard Medical School, Open Society Institute. The Global Impact of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Boston: Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, 1999.
  • 2
    • 84929074748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Africa Department of Health, Pretoria:, Accessed 7 May 2008
    • South Africa Department of Health. The KZN 'outbreak'. Pretoria: DoH (http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/reports/2006/kzn/xdr.pdf, 2006). Accessed 7 May 2008.
    • (2006) The KZN 'outbreak
  • 3
    • 56349122552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi- and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in South Africa
    • Moodley P, et al. Multi- and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in South Africa. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2007; 11: S56.
    • (2007) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.11
    • Moodley, P.1
  • 4
    • 44949096336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, Geneva: WHO
    • WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World. Geneva: WHO, 2008.
    • (2008) Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World
  • 8
    • 0035819335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will tuberculosis become resistant to all antibiotics?
    • Dye C, Espinal MA. Will tuberculosis become resistant to all antibiotics? Proceedings of Biological Sciences 2001; 268: 45-52.
    • (2001) Proceedings of Biological Sciences , vol.268 , pp. 45-52
    • Dye, C.1    Espinal, M.A.2
  • 9
    • 0037222598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of drug resistance on the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Cohen T, Sommers B, Murray M. The effect of drug resistance on the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Diseases 2003; 3: 13-21.
    • (2003) Lancet Infect Diseases , vol.3 , pp. 13-21
    • Cohen, T.1    Sommers, B.2    Murray, M.3
  • 10
    • 33745726538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of bacterial genetics on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Gagneux S, et al. Impact of bacterial genetics on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathogens 2006; 2: E61.
    • (2006) PLoS Pathogens , vol.2
    • Gagneux, S.1
  • 11
    • 33745615117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Gagneux S, et al. The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 2006; 312: 1944-1946.
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1944-1946
    • Gagneux, S.1
  • 12
    • 0037086354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erasing the world's slow stain: Strategies to beat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
    • Dye C, et al. Erasing the world's slow stain: Strategies to beat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Science 2002; 295: 2042-2046.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2042-2046
    • Dye, C.1
  • 13
    • 0029996734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensatory ahpC gene expression in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Sherman DR, et al. Compensatory ahpC gene expression in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1996; 272: 1641-1643.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1641-1643
    • Sherman, D.R.1
  • 14
    • 7044285767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling epidemics of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis of heterogeneous fitness
    • Cohen T, Murray M. Modeling epidemics of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis of heterogeneous fitness. Nature Medicine 2004; 10: 1117-1121.
    • (2004) Nature Medicine , vol.10 , pp. 1117-1121
    • Cohen, T.1    Murray, M.2
  • 15
    • 33847414693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
    • Shah NS, et al. Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007; 13 (http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/13/380.htm).
    • (2007) Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol.13
    • Shah, N.S.1
  • 16
    • 56349165695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC. Notice to readers: Revised definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2006; 55: 11176.
    • CDC. Notice to readers: Revised definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2006; 55: 11176.
  • 17
    • 33846253488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence and mortality from extensively-drug resistant XDR. TB in TB/HIV coinfected patients in rural South Africa. THLB0210
    • Toronto
    • Gandhi N, et al. High prevalence and mortality from extensively-drug resistant XDR. TB in TB/HIV coinfected patients in rural South Africa. THLB0210. In: XVI International AIDS Conference Toronto, 2006.
    • (2006) XVI International AIDS Conference
    • Gandhi, N.1
  • 18
    • 33750629139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa
    • Gandhi NR, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet 2006; 368: 1575-1580.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 1575-1580
    • Gandhi, N.R.1
  • 22
    • 33846344590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa
    • Basu S, Galvani AP. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Lancet 2007; 369: 272-273.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , pp. 272-273
    • Basu, S.1    Galvani, A.P.2
  • 23
    • 34250785069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XDR tuberculosis requires emphasis on primary transmission
    • Basu S. XDR tuberculosis requires emphasis on primary transmission. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007; 7: 442.
    • (2007) Lancet Infectious Diseases , vol.7 , pp. 442
    • Basu, S.1
  • 24
    • 56349113811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - Tugela Ferry, South Africa
    • Andrews J, et al. Clinical predictors of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis - Tugela Ferry, South Africa. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2007; 11 S263.
    • (2007) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.11
    • Andrews, J.1
  • 25
    • 47849102120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous re-infection with multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant TB among TB/HIV co-infected patients in rural South Africa
    • Gandhi N. Exogenous re-infection with multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant TB among TB/HIV co-infected patients in rural South Africa. In: Fifteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2008.
    • (2008) Fifteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Gandhi, N.1
  • 26
    • 0344609266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Havlir DV, Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 367-373.
    • (1999) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.340 , pp. 367-373
    • Havlir, D.V.1    Barnes, P.F.2
  • 27
    • 56349165696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Systems Trust
    • Durban: HST
    • Health Systems Trust. HIV Prevalence. Durban: HST, 2007.
    • (2007) HIV Prevalence
  • 29
    • 34547624546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: The perfect storm
    • Wells CD, et al. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: The perfect storm. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007; 196 (Suppl. 1): S86-107.
    • (2007) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.196 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Wells, C.D.1
  • 30
    • 0036037693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis caused by a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing family in St. Petersburg, Russia
    • Narvskaya O, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis caused by a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing family in St. Petersburg, Russia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2002; 21 596-602.
    • (2002) European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , vol.21 , pp. 596-602
    • Narvskaya, O.1
  • 31
    • 0032766001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of outbreak- and nonoutbreak-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in a South African hospital
    • Sacks LV, et al. A comparison of outbreak- and nonoutbreak-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in a South African hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1999; 29: 96-101.
    • (1999) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.29 , pp. 96-101
    • Sacks, L.V.1
  • 32
    • 0032543649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis involving HIV-infected patients of two hospitals in Milan, Italy. Italian Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outbreak Study Group
    • Moro ML, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis involving HIV-infected patients of two hospitals in Milan, Italy. Italian Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Outbreak Study Group. Aids 1998; 12: 1095-1102.
    • (1998) Aids , vol.12 , pp. 1095-1102
    • Moro, M.L.1
  • 33
    • 0031227901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - global spread of the third epidemic
    • Nolan CM. Nosocomial multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - global spread of the third epidemic. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 176: 748-751.
    • (1997) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.176 , pp. 748-751
    • Nolan, C.M.1
  • 34
    • 0030790311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial spread of human immunodeficiency virus-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires
    • Ritacco V, et al. Nosocomial spread of human immunodeficiency virus-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 176: 637-642.
    • (1997) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.176 , pp. 637-642
    • Ritacco, V.1
  • 35
    • 0030737733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
    • Kenyon TA, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997; 127: 32-36.
    • (1997) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.127 , pp. 32-36
    • Kenyon, T.A.1
  • 36
    • 0031107963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A city-wide outbreak of a multiple-drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in New York
    • Moss AR, et al. A city-wide outbreak of a multiple-drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in New York. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1997; 1: 115-121.
    • (1997) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.1 , pp. 115-121
    • Moss, A.R.1
  • 37
    • 0030602525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak on an HIV ward - Madrid, Spain, 1991-1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1996; 45: 330-333.
    • CDC. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak on an HIV ward - Madrid, Spain, 1991-1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1996; 45: 330-333.
  • 38
    • 0026752606 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Edlin BR, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 326: 1514-1521.
    • (1992) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.326 , pp. 1514-1521
    • Edlin, B.R.1
  • 39
    • 0026664929 scopus 로고
    • Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients
    • Beck-Sague C, et al. Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992; 268: 1280-1286.
    • (1992) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.268 , pp. 1280-1286
    • Beck-Sague, C.1
  • 40
    • 84920222266 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients
    • Di Perri G, et al. Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet 1989; 2: 1502-1504.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1502-1504
    • Di Perri, G.1
  • 41
    • 0027176613 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: Epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
    • Coronado VG, et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: Epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993; 168: 1052-1055.
    • (1993) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.168 , pp. 1052-1055
    • Coronado, V.G.1
  • 42
    • 0026762667 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection
    • Fischl MA, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992; 117: 177-183.
    • (1992) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.117 , pp. 177-183
    • Fischl, M.A.1
  • 43
    • 56349154067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal communication to S. Basu, 4 March
    • Shah S. Personal communication to S. Basu, 4 March 2008.
    • (2008)
    • Shah, S.1
  • 44
    • 56349143802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XDR-TB found in all provinces. Durban: SAPA, 12 February
    • South African Press Association. XDR-TB found in all provinces. Durban: SAPA, 12 February 2007.
    • (2007) South African Press Association
  • 45
    • 38449098059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the extensively drug-resistant F15/LAM4/KZN strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
    • Pillay V, Sturm AW. Evolution of the extensively drug-resistant F15/LAM4/KZN strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 45: 1409-1414.
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.45 , pp. 1409-1414
    • Pillay, V.1    Sturm, A.W.2
  • 46
    • 56349090073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa
    • Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • Sturm AW. Multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Durban: Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.
    • (2007) Durban: Nelson R
    • Sturm, A.W.1
  • 47
    • 33846657271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • XDR-TB in South Africa: No time for denial or complacency
    • Singh JA, Upshur R, Padayatchi N. XDR-TB in South Africa: No time for denial or complacency. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4: E50.
    • (2007) PLoS Medicine , vol.4
    • Singh, J.A.1    Upshur, R.2    Padayatchi, N.3
  • 48
    • 56349112402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with drug-resistant TB escape
    • 18 December
    • Associated Press. Patients with drug-resistant TB escape, 18 December 2007.
    • (2007) Associated Press
  • 49
    • 56349086992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TB Patients chafe under lockdown in South Africa
    • Dugger CW. TB Patients chafe under lockdown in South Africa. New York Times, 2008.
    • (2008) New York Times
    • Dugger, C.W.1
  • 50
    • 17644409772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission and safety issues
    • ed, New York: Informa Healthcare
    • Nardell E. Transmission and safety issues. In: Friedman LN, ed. Tuberculosis: Current Concepts and Treatment. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2000, pp. 50-71.
    • (2000) Tuberculosis: Current Concepts and Treatment , pp. 50-71
    • Nardell, E.1
  • 52
    • 34547639580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis infection control in resource-limited settings in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment
    • Bock NN, et al. Tuberculosis infection control in resource-limited settings in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2007; 196 (Suppl. 1): S108-113.
    • (2007) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.196 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bock, N.N.1
  • 53
    • 33846677166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence population provided with enhanced diagnosis of symptomatic disease
    • Corbett EL, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence population provided with enhanced diagnosis of symptomatic disease. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4: E22.
    • (2007) PLoS Medicine , vol.4
    • Corbett, E.L.1
  • 54
    • 56349162620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medecins sans Frontieres, Treatment Action Campaign. Time for change: New approaches for managing drug-resistant TB in regions with high HIV rates
    • Open Society Institute, Cape Town
    • Open Society Institute, Medecins sans Frontieres, Treatment Action Campaign. Time for change: New approaches for managing drug-resistant TB in regions with high HIV rates. In: Union World Conference on Lung Health, Cape Town, 2007.
    • (2007) Union World Conference on Lung Health
  • 55
    • 1442325355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis due to multiple strains: A concern for the patient? A concern for tuberculosis control?
    • Behr MA. Tuberculosis due to multiple strains: A concern for the patient? A concern for tuberculosis control? American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004; 169: 554-555.
    • (2004) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.169 , pp. 554-555
    • Behr, M.A.1
  • 56
    • 0038496713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A marked difference in pathogenesis and immune response induced by different Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes
    • Lopez B, et al. A marked difference in pathogenesis and immune response induced by different Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2003; 133: 30-37.
    • (2003) Clinical and Experimental Immunology , vol.133 , pp. 30-37
    • Lopez, B.1
  • 57
    • 0141668958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause various spectrums of disease in the rabbit model of tuberculosis
    • Manabe YC, et al. Different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause various spectrums of disease in the rabbit model of tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity 2003; 71: 6004-6011.
    • (2003) Infection and Immunity , vol.71 , pp. 6004-6011
    • Manabe, Y.C.1
  • 58
    • 4544380418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential monocyte activation underlies strain-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis
    • Manca C, et al. Differential monocyte activation underlies strain-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Infection and Immunity 2004; 72: 5511-5514.
    • (2004) Infection and Immunity , vol.72 , pp. 5511-5514
    • Manca, C.1
  • 59
    • 0035826721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate in mice is determined by failure to induce Th1 type immunity and is associated with induction of IFN-alpha/ beta
    • Manca C., et al. Virulence of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate in mice is determined by failure to induce Th1 type immunity and is associated with induction of IFN-alpha/ beta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2001; 98: 5752-5757.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , vol.98 , pp. 5752-5757
    • Manca, C.1
  • 61
    • 0010678829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: Treatment outcomes in 6 countries
    • Espinal MA, et al. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: Treatment outcomes in 6 countries. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283: 2537-2545.
    • (2000) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.283 , pp. 2537-2545
    • Espinal, M.A.1
  • 62
    • 0037774749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time to abandon the standard retreatment regimen with first-line drugs for failures of standard treatment
    • Espinal M. Time to abandon the standard retreatment regimen with first-line drugs for failures of standard treatment. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2003; 7: 607-608.
    • (2003) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.7 , pp. 607-608
    • Espinal, M.1
  • 63
    • 56349091472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensively drug-resistant XDR. TB more common than MDR TB in Tugela Ferry, South Africa with evidence for resistance amplification over time
    • Moll A, et al. Extensively drug-resistant XDR. TB more common than MDR TB in Tugela Ferry, South Africa with evidence for resistance amplification over time. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2007; 11: S240-241.
    • (2007) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.11
    • Moll, A.1
  • 64
    • 0037426725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru
    • Mitnick C, et al. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348: 119-128.
    • (2003) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.348 , pp. 119-128
    • Mitnick, C.1
  • 65
    • 35448933608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural South African district hospitals: An epidemiological modelling study
    • Basu S, et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural South African district hospitals: An epidemiological modelling study. Lancet 2007; 370 1500-1507.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 1500-1507
    • Basu, S.1
  • 69
    • 34248163027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The detection of airborne transmission of tuberculosis from HIV-infected patients, using an in vivo air sampling model
    • Escombe AR, et al. The detection of airborne transmission of tuberculosis from HIV-infected patients, using an in vivo air sampling model. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44: 1349-1357.
    • (2007) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.44 , pp. 1349-1357
    • Escombe, A.R.1
  • 70
    • 0005026196 scopus 로고
    • Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward
    • Riley RL, et al. Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1962; 85: 511-525.
    • (1962) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.85 , pp. 511-525
    • Riley, R.L.1
  • 71
    • 0026403691 scopus 로고
    • Airborne infection. Theoretical limits of protection achievable by building ventilation
    • Nardell EA, et al. Airborne infection. Theoretical limits of protection achievable by building ventilation. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1991; 144: 302-306.
    • (1991) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.144 , pp. 302-306
    • Nardell, E.A.1
  • 72
    • 0024402898 scopus 로고
    • Clearing the air. The theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection
    • Riley RL, Nardell EA. Clearing the air. The theory and application of ultraviolet air disinfection. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989; 139: 1286-1294.
    • (1989) American Review of Respiratory Disease , vol.139 , pp. 1286-1294
    • Riley, R.L.1    Nardell, E.A.2
  • 73
    • 34547122020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis mortality, drug resistance, and infectiousness in patients with and without HIV infection in Peru
    • Kawai V, et al. Tuberculosis mortality, drug resistance, and infectiousness in patients with and without HIV infection in Peru. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006; 75: 1027-1033.
    • (2006) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.75 , pp. 1027-1033
    • Kawai, V.1
  • 74
    • 0031183556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of TB control measures
    • Gammaitoni L, Nucci MC. Using a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of TB control measures. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1997; 3: 335-342.
    • (1997) Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol.3 , pp. 335-342
    • Gammaitoni, L.1    Nucci, M.C.2
  • 75
    • 33748353242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces
    • Noakes CJ, et al. Modelling the transmission of airborne infections in enclosed spaces. Epidemiology and Infection 2006; 134: 1082-1091.
    • (2006) Epidemiology and Infection , vol.134 , pp. 1082-1091
    • Noakes, C.J.1
  • 77
    • 33644873206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005
    • Jensen PA, et al. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2005; 54: 1-141.
    • (2005) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , vol.54 , pp. 1-141
    • Jensen, P.A.1
  • 78
    • 33847666937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion
    • Escombe AR, et al. Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion. PLoS Medicine 2007; 4: E68.
    • (2007) PLoS Medicine , vol.4
    • Escombe, A.R.1
  • 79
    • 0842264279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Quantitative fit test outcomes for five type N95 filtering-facepiece respirators
    • Lee K, Slavcev A, Nicas M. Respiratory protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Quantitative fit test outcomes for five type N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2004; 1: 22-28.
    • (2004) Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene , vol.1 , pp. 22-28
    • Lee, K.1    Slavcev, A.2    Nicas, M.3
  • 80
    • 0034819790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use and efficacy of tuberculosis infection control practices at hospitals with previous outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
    • Tokars JI, et al. Use and efficacy of tuberculosis infection control practices at hospitals with previous outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2001; 22: 449-455.
    • (2001) Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , vol.22 , pp. 449-455
    • Tokars, J.I.1
  • 81
    • 0033984545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of infection control measures in controlling a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV patients in Italy
    • Moro ML, et al. Effectiveness of infection control measures in controlling a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV patients in Italy. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2000; 4: 61-68.
    • (2000) International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , vol.4 , pp. 61-68
    • Moro, M.L.1
  • 84
    • 85055310583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa
    • Crush J, et al. Migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 2005; 22: 293-317.
    • (2005) Development Southern Africa , vol.22 , pp. 293-317
    • Crush, J.1
  • 85
    • 33750232137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational health, occupational illness: Tuberculosis, silicosis and HIV on South African Mines
    • Banks DE, Parker JE, eds, London: Chapman and Hall
    • Williams B, et al. Occupational health, occupational illness: Tuberculosis, silicosis and HIV on South African Mines. In: Banks DE, Parker JE, eds. Occupational Lung Disease: An International Perspective. London: Chapman and Hall, 1998.
    • (1998) Occupational Lung Disease: An International Perspective
    • Williams, B.1
  • 86
    • 34249305158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Africa. Johannesburg
    • Anglogold Ashanti. Case studies: South Africa. Johannesburg, 2006.
    • (2006) Case studies
    • Ashanti, A.1
  • 87
    • 0035839092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health. Responding to market failures in tuberculosis control
    • Gupta R, et al. Public health. Responding to market failures in tuberculosis control. Science 2001; 293: 1049-1051.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1049-1051
    • Gupta, R.1
  • 88
    • 33749649080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB
    • Moore DA, et al. Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB. New England Journal of Medicine 2006; 355: 1539-1550.
    • (2006) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.355 , pp. 1539-1550
    • Moore, D.A.1
  • 89
    • 56349136422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of XDR and MDR at COSH, 2005-2006
    • Department of Health
    • Vella V, et al. Surveillance of XDR and MDR at COSH, 2005-2006. Tugela Ferry: KwaZulu Natal Department of Health, 2007.
    • (2007) Tugela Ferry: KwaZulu Natal
    • Vella, V.1
  • 91
    • 0029114828 scopus 로고
    • The intrinsic transmission dynamics of tuberculosis epidemics
    • Blower SM, et al. The intrinsic transmission dynamics of tuberculosis epidemics. Nature Medicine 1995; 1: 815-821.
    • (1995) Nature Medicine , vol.1 , pp. 815-821
    • Blower, S.M.1
  • 92
    • 0032512283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospects for worldwide tuberculosis control under the WHO DOTS strategy. Directly observed short-course therapy
    • Dye C, et al. Prospects for worldwide tuberculosis control under the WHO DOTS strategy. Directly observed short-course therapy. Lancet 1998; 352: 1886-1891.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1886-1891
    • Dye, C.1
  • 95
    • 54949155945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNFPA, Geneva: United Nations
    • UNFPA. The Day of 6 Billion. Geneva: United Nations, 1999.
    • (1999) The Day of 6 Billion
  • 96
    • 0141483750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiretroviral drugs for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV/AIDS
    • Williams BG, Dye C. Antiretroviral drugs for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV/AIDS. Science 2003; 301: 1535-1537.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 1535-1537
    • Williams, B.G.1    Dye, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.