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Volumn 47, Issue 45, 2008, Pages 8707-8710

Proline-catalyzed asymmetric formal α-alkylation of aldehydes via vinylogous iminium ion intermediates generated from arylsulfonyl indoles

Author keywords

Aldehydes; Alkylation; Indoles; Organocatalysis; Proline

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; ALKYLATION; CATALYSIS; HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; REACTION KINETICS;

EID: 55249108726     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803947     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (182)

References (47)
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    • For catalytic asymmetric alkylations of preformed lithium enolates with oligoamine catalysts, see: b) M. Imai, A. Hagihara, H. Kawasaki, K. Manabe, K. Koga, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8829.
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    • For metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylations of preformed tin enolates, see: c
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    • A. Fu, B. List, W. Thiel, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 320. This reaction was the first nucleophilic substitution proceeding under enamine catalysis and opened up unexplored routes for asymmetric aminocatalysis.
    • b) A. Fu, B. List, W. Thiel, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 320. This reaction was the first nucleophilic substitution proceeding under enamine catalysis and opened up unexplored routes for asymmetric aminocatalysis.
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    • For organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions consisting of Michael addition followed by intramolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes, leading to cyclic compounds, see: a H. Xie, L. Zu, H. Li, J. Wang, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10886;
    • For organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions consisting of Michael addition followed by intramolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes, leading to cyclic compounds, see: a) H. Xie, L. Zu, H. Li, J. Wang, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10886;
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    • N1-type reaction involving the carbocation, leading to a formal α-alkylation, may also be possible (see Ref. [17]). Considering the unconventional nature of the electrophilic system, the presented process surely escapes classical definitions.
    • N1-type reaction involving the carbocation, leading to a "formal" α-alkylation, may also be possible (see Ref. [17]). Considering the unconventional nature of the electrophilic system, the presented process surely escapes classical definitions.
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    • Also the use of 5-chloro-(2H)-sulfonyl indole derivative afforded poor results in terms of stereoselectivity (88% yield, d.r. 3:1, 17% ee). This result is likely due to a steric rather than an electronic effect.
    • Also the use of 5-chloro-(2H)-sulfonyl indole derivative afforded poor results in terms of stereoselectivity (88% yield, d.r. 3:1, 17% ee). This result is likely due to a steric rather than an electronic effect.
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    • CCDC 700758 (3) contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
    • CCDC 700758 (3) contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
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    • O-Methylation of the carboxylic group of proline had a deleterious effect on both the reactivity and selectivity of the process 25 mol% of hydrochloric salt of proline methyl ester, less than 30% conversion, d.r. 1.1:1 and <10% ee under the optimal reaction conditions
    • O-Methylation of the carboxylic group of proline had a deleterious effect on both the reactivity and selectivity of the process (25 mol% of hydrochloric salt of proline methyl ester, less than 30% conversion, d.r. 1.1:1 and <10% ee under the optimal reaction conditions).
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    • Adding silica gel (100 mg per 0.1 mmol) to the reaction mixture had a beneficial effect on the reactivity, which supports the mechanistic requirement for the protonation of 4. Even catalysts that proved to be inactive under the reported conditions led to product formation: for example, catalyst B (25 mol%) in the reaction of propanal with 1a afforded 2a in 45%yield with high enantioselectivity (85% ee) but poor diastereoselectivity (d.r.1.1:1).
    • Adding silica gel (100 mg per 0.1 mmol) to the reaction mixture had a beneficial effect on the reactivity, which supports the mechanistic requirement for the protonation of 4. Even catalysts that proved to be inactive under the reported conditions led to product formation: for example, catalyst B (25 mol%) in the reaction of propanal with 1a afforded 2a in 45%yield with high enantioselectivity (85% ee) but poor diastereoselectivity (d.r.1.1:1).
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    • The formation of such a carbocation has been recently proposed by Enders; see: a
    • The formation of such a carbocation has been recently proposed by Enders; see: a) D. Enders, A. A. Narine, F. Toulgoat, T. Bisschops, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 5744;
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    • The proposed mechanism closely resembles the direct electrostatic activation (DEA) concept advanced by MacMillan to rationalize the mechanism of the aminocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of enals; see: a) R. K. Kunz, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3240.
    • The proposed mechanism closely resembles the direct electrostatic activation (DEA) concept advanced by MacMillan to rationalize the mechanism of the aminocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of enals; see: a) R. K. Kunz, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3240.
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    • It should be also noted that proline is typically a poor catalyst for enamine-activated aldehyde additions to Michael acceptors: b B. List, P. Pojarliev, J. Martin, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2423
    • It should be also noted that proline is typically a poor catalyst for enamine-activated aldehyde additions to Michael acceptors: b) B. List, P. Pojarliev, J. Martin, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2423..
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    • The sense of asymmetric induction is opposite to that observed in other proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of aldehydes believed to proceed by a hydrogen-bond-directing approach of the electrophiles. The observed stereochemical outcome is consistent with the proposed electrostatic activation mode when assuming the syn-E-enamine of proline as the reactive intermediate, because of the closer proximity with the vinylogous iminium ion intermediate; see Ref, 18a] for similar considerations. Theoretical studies are underway to shed more light on the mechanistic path
    • The sense of asymmetric induction is opposite to that observed in other proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of aldehydes believed to proceed by a hydrogen-bond-directing approach of the electrophiles. The observed stereochemical outcome is consistent with the proposed electrostatic activation mode when assuming the syn-E-enamine of proline as the reactive intermediate, because of the closer proximity with the vinylogous iminium ion intermediate; see Ref. [18a] for similar considerations. Theoretical studies are underway to shed more light on the mechanistic path.
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    • A stereoselective Friedel-Crafts approach to 2 should be based upon an asymmetric addition to α,β-disubstituted unsaturated aldehydes, a challenging yet elusive transformation. For a different organocatalytic entry to 2, see: Y. Chi, S. T. Scroggins, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6322.
    • A stereoselective Friedel-Crafts approach to 2 should be based upon an asymmetric addition to α,β-disubstituted unsaturated aldehydes, a challenging yet elusive transformation. For a different organocatalytic entry to 2, see: Y. Chi, S. T. Scroggins, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6322.
  • 47
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    • Note added in proof: After acceptance of this manuscript, the asymmetric intermolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes with activated alkyl halides has been accomplished, exploiting the combination of photoredox catalysis with emamine catalysis: D. A. Nicewicz, D.W. C. MacMillan, Science 2008, DOI:10.1126/science.1161976.
    • Note added in proof: After acceptance of this manuscript, the asymmetric intermolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes with activated alkyl halides has been accomplished, exploiting the combination of photoredox catalysis with emamine catalysis: D. A. Nicewicz, D.W. C. MacMillan, Science 2008, DOI:10.1126/science.1161976.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.