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For recent reviews on aminocatalysis, see: a
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For recent reviews on aminocatalysis, see: a) C. F. Barbas III, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 44;
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55249124128
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N2 addition to alkyl halides and generally utilizes stoichiometric amounts of metal enolates.
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N2 addition to alkyl halides and generally utilizes stoichiometric amounts of metal enolates.
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8
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0003913629
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Ed, J. Otera, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
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a) Modern Carbonyl Chemistry (Ed.: J. Otera), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000;
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36949016625
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For phase-transfer catalytic asymmetric α-alkylation of glycine derivatives, see: a
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For phase-transfer catalytic asymmetric α-alkylation of glycine derivatives, see: a) T. Ooi, K. Maruoka, Angew. Chem. 2007, 119, 4300;
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and references therein
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 4222 and references therein.
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0001266486
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For catalytic asymmetric alkylations of preformed lithium enolates with oligoamine catalysts, see: b
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For catalytic asymmetric alkylations of preformed lithium enolates with oligoamine catalysts, see: b) M. Imai, A. Hagihara, H. Kawasaki, K. Manabe, K. Koga, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 8829.
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11844283363
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For metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylations of preformed tin enolates, see: c
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For metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylations of preformed tin enolates, see: c) A. G. Doyle, E. N. Jacobsen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 62.
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31144440036
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A. Fu, B. List, W. Thiel, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 320. This reaction was the first nucleophilic substitution proceeding under enamine catalysis and opened up unexplored routes for asymmetric aminocatalysis.
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b) A. Fu, B. List, W. Thiel, J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 320. This reaction was the first nucleophilic substitution proceeding under enamine catalysis and opened up unexplored routes for asymmetric aminocatalysis.
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17
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0000096952
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a) H. O. House, W. C. Liang, P. D. Weeks, J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 3102;
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b) G. Stork, A. Brizzolara, H. Landesman, J. Szmuszkovicz, R. Terrell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 8829.
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19
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34848814187
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For organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions consisting of Michael addition followed by intramolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes, leading to cyclic compounds, see: a H. Xie, L. Zu, H. Li, J. Wang, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10886;
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For organocatalytic asymmetric domino reactions consisting of Michael addition followed by intramolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes, leading to cyclic compounds, see: a) H. Xie, L. Zu, H. Li, J. Wang, W. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10886;
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20
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c) R. Rios, J. Vesely, H. Sundén, I. Ibrahem, G.-L. Zhao, A. Córdova, Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5835;
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a) T. D. Beeson, A. Mastracchio, J.-B. Hong, K. Ashton, D. W. C. MacMillan, Science 2007, 316, 582;
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b) H.-Y. Jang, J.-B. Hong, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7004;
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Jang, H.-Y.1
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N1-type reaction involving the carbocation, leading to a formal α-alkylation, may also be possible (see Ref. [17]). Considering the unconventional nature of the electrophilic system, the presented process surely escapes classical definitions.
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N1-type reaction involving the carbocation, leading to a "formal" α-alkylation, may also be possible (see Ref. [17]). Considering the unconventional nature of the electrophilic system, the presented process surely escapes classical definitions.
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0037043180
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For reviews, see: a
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For reviews, see: a) B. List, Tetrahedron 2002, 58, 5573;
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List, B.1
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a) R. Ballini, A. Palmieri, M. Petrini, R. R. Shaikh, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 129;
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Adv. Synth. Catal
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55249092785
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Also the use of 5-chloro-(2H)-sulfonyl indole derivative afforded poor results in terms of stereoselectivity (88% yield, d.r. 3:1, 17% ee). This result is likely due to a steric rather than an electronic effect.
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Also the use of 5-chloro-(2H)-sulfonyl indole derivative afforded poor results in terms of stereoselectivity (88% yield, d.r. 3:1, 17% ee). This result is likely due to a steric rather than an electronic effect.
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55249118244
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CCDC 700758 (3) contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
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CCDC 700758 (3) contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.
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55249104183
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O-Methylation of the carboxylic group of proline had a deleterious effect on both the reactivity and selectivity of the process 25 mol% of hydrochloric salt of proline methyl ester, less than 30% conversion, d.r. 1.1:1 and <10% ee under the optimal reaction conditions
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O-Methylation of the carboxylic group of proline had a deleterious effect on both the reactivity and selectivity of the process (25 mol% of hydrochloric salt of proline methyl ester, less than 30% conversion, d.r. 1.1:1 and <10% ee under the optimal reaction conditions).
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55249098731
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Adding silica gel (100 mg per 0.1 mmol) to the reaction mixture had a beneficial effect on the reactivity, which supports the mechanistic requirement for the protonation of 4. Even catalysts that proved to be inactive under the reported conditions led to product formation: for example, catalyst B (25 mol%) in the reaction of propanal with 1a afforded 2a in 45%yield with high enantioselectivity (85% ee) but poor diastereoselectivity (d.r.1.1:1).
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Adding silica gel (100 mg per 0.1 mmol) to the reaction mixture had a beneficial effect on the reactivity, which supports the mechanistic requirement for the protonation of 4. Even catalysts that proved to be inactive under the reported conditions led to product formation: for example, catalyst B (25 mol%) in the reaction of propanal with 1a afforded 2a in 45%yield with high enantioselectivity (85% ee) but poor diastereoselectivity (d.r.1.1:1).
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39
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55049118534
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The formation of such a carbocation has been recently proposed by Enders; see: a
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The formation of such a carbocation has been recently proposed by Enders; see: a) D. Enders, A. A. Narine, F. Toulgoat, T. Bisschops, Angew. Chem. 2008, 120, 5744;
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(2008)
Angew. Chem
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Enders, D.1
Narine, A.A.2
Toulgoat, F.3
Bisschops, T.4
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41
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53849119193
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For related papers, see: b
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For related papers, see: b) F. Colombo, G. Cravotto, G. Palmisano, A. Penoni, M. Sisti, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 2801;
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(2008)
Eur. J. Org. Chem
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Colombo, F.1
Cravotto, G.2
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13744259489
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c) B. Ke, Y. Qin, Q. He, Z. Huang, F. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 1751.
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Ke, B.1
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Wang, F.5
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43
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14944346768
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The proposed mechanism closely resembles the direct electrostatic activation (DEA) concept advanced by MacMillan to rationalize the mechanism of the aminocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of enals; see: a) R. K. Kunz, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3240.
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The proposed mechanism closely resembles the direct electrostatic activation (DEA) concept advanced by MacMillan to rationalize the mechanism of the aminocatalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of enals; see: a) R. K. Kunz, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 3240.
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44
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0000761777
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It should be also noted that proline is typically a poor catalyst for enamine-activated aldehyde additions to Michael acceptors: b B. List, P. Pojarliev, J. Martin, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2423
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It should be also noted that proline is typically a poor catalyst for enamine-activated aldehyde additions to Michael acceptors: b) B. List, P. Pojarliev, J. Martin, Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 2423..
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The sense of asymmetric induction is opposite to that observed in other proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of aldehydes believed to proceed by a hydrogen-bond-directing approach of the electrophiles. The observed stereochemical outcome is consistent with the proposed electrostatic activation mode when assuming the syn-E-enamine of proline as the reactive intermediate, because of the closer proximity with the vinylogous iminium ion intermediate; see Ref, 18a] for similar considerations. Theoretical studies are underway to shed more light on the mechanistic path
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The sense of asymmetric induction is opposite to that observed in other proline-catalyzed asymmetric α-functionalization of aldehydes believed to proceed by a hydrogen-bond-directing approach of the electrophiles. The observed stereochemical outcome is consistent with the proposed electrostatic activation mode when assuming the syn-E-enamine of proline as the reactive intermediate, because of the closer proximity with the vinylogous iminium ion intermediate; see Ref. [18a] for similar considerations. Theoretical studies are underway to shed more light on the mechanistic path.
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46
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43949131082
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A stereoselective Friedel-Crafts approach to 2 should be based upon an asymmetric addition to α,β-disubstituted unsaturated aldehydes, a challenging yet elusive transformation. For a different organocatalytic entry to 2, see: Y. Chi, S. T. Scroggins, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6322.
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A stereoselective Friedel-Crafts approach to 2 should be based upon an asymmetric addition to α,β-disubstituted unsaturated aldehydes, a challenging yet elusive transformation. For a different organocatalytic entry to 2, see: Y. Chi, S. T. Scroggins, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6322.
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47
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Note added in proof: After acceptance of this manuscript, the asymmetric intermolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes with activated alkyl halides has been accomplished, exploiting the combination of photoredox catalysis with emamine catalysis: D. A. Nicewicz, D.W. C. MacMillan, Science 2008, DOI:10.1126/science.1161976.
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Note added in proof: After acceptance of this manuscript, the asymmetric intermolecular α-alkylation of aldehydes with activated alkyl halides has been accomplished, exploiting the combination of photoredox catalysis with emamine catalysis: D. A. Nicewicz, D.W. C. MacMillan, Science 2008, DOI:10.1126/science.1161976.
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