Cognitive differences for ages 16 to 89 years (Canadian WAIS-III): Curvilinear with Flynn and processing speed corrections

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 382-394

  Lee, Hoyee Flora ^a   Gorsuch, Richard L ^a   Saklofske, Donald H ^b   Patterson, Colleen A ^c  

^a FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c Dufferin Peel Catholic District School Board

Author keywords

Aging; Flynn effect; Intelligence; Processing Speed; WAIS III

Indexed keywords

EID: 55049124089     PISSN: 07342829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0734282908323628     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Birren, J. E., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (1996). Handbook of the psychology of aging (2 nd ed.). New York: Reinhold.
2. Bouchard, T.J., Lykken, D.T., McGue, M., Segal, N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223-228.
3. Busse, E.W., & Maddox, G.L. (1985). The Duke longitudinal studies of normal aging 1955-1980: Overview of history, design, and findings. New York: Springer.
4. Carroll, J.B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Cattell, R.B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.
6. Cattell, R.B. (1968). Are IQ tests intelligence ? Psychology Today, 2, 56-62.
7. Cattell, R.B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston: Houghton-Miffin.
8. Deary, I.J., Whalley, L.J., Lemmon, H., Crawford, J.R., & Starr, J.M. (2000). The stability of individual differences in mental ability from childhood to old age: Followings of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Intelligence, 28, 49-55.
9. Dixon, R.A. (2003). Themes in the aging of intelligence: Robust decline with intriguing possibilities. In R. J. Sternberg, J. Lautrey, & T. I. Lubart (Eds.), Models of intelligence (pp. 151-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Flynn, J.R. (1984). The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 29-51.
11. Flynn, J.R. (1987). Massive gains in 14 nations: What IQ testing really measures. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 171-191.
12. Flynn, J.R. (2007). What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Flynn, J.R. (2008). Score gains from the WAIS-R to WAIS-III by subtest. Unpublished paper. Available from author, jim.flynn@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
14. Gorsuch, R.L. (2001). Results of the WAIS-III Canadian Study: Norms development. In D. Wechsler (Ed.), WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3 rd ed.) Canadian technical manual (pp. 17-34). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Psychological Corporation.
15. Gorsuch, R.L. (2005). Continuous parameter estimation model: Expanding the standard statistical paradigm. Journal of the Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University, 32 (1). 11-21.
16. Hartley, A. (2006). Changing roles of the speed of processing construct in the cognitive psychology of human aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), R. P. Abeles, M. Gatz, & T. A. Salthouse (Assoc. Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (6 th ed., pp. 183-208). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
17. Horn, J.L. (1967, November). Intelligence-Why it grows, why it declines. Trans-action, 5, 23-31.
18. Horn, J.L. (1968). Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence. Psychological Review, 75, 242-259.
19. Horn, J.L., & Cattell, R.B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253-270.
20. Horn, J.L., & Cattell, R.B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107-129.
21. Horn, J.L., & Masunaga, H. (2000). New directions for research into aging and intelligence: The development of expertise. In T. J. Perfect & E. A. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 125-159). New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Kaufman, A.S. (2001). WAIS-III IQs, Horn's theory, and generational changes from young adulthood to old age. Intelligence, 29, 131-167.
23. Loehlin, J., Horn, J., & Willerman, L. (1997). Heredity, environment, and IQ in the Texas Adoption Project. In R. Sternberg & E. Grigorenko (Eds.), Intelligence, heredity, and environment (pp. 105-124). New York: Cambridge University Press
24. Matarazzo, J.D. (1972). Wechsler's measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Neisser, U. (Ed.). (1998). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
26. Noll, J.G., & Horn, J.L. (1997). Age differences in processes of fluid and crystallized intelligence. In J. J. McArdle & R. W. Woodcock (Eds.), Human cognitive abilities in theory and practice (pp. 263-281). Chicago: Riverside Press.
27. Park, D., & Gutchess, A. (2006). The cognitive neuroscience of aging and culture. Current directions in psychological science, 15, 105-108.
28. Salthouse, T.A. (1985). Speed of behavior and its implications for cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2 nd ed., pp. 400-426). New York: Reinhold.
29. Salthouse, T.A. (1991). Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing. Psychological Science, 2, 179-183.
30. Salthouse, T.A. (1992). Influence of processing speed on adult age differences in working memory. Acta Psychologica, 79, 155-170.
31. Salthouse, T.A. (1993). Speed mediation of adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology, 29, 722-738.
32. Salthouse, T.A. (1994). The nature of the influence of speed on adult age differences in cognition. Developmental Psychology, 30, 240-259.
33. Salthouse, T.A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
34. Salthouse, T.A. (2000 a). Pressing issues in cognitive aging. In D. C. Park & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 43-54). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
35. Salthouse, T.A. (2000 b). Steps toward the explanation of adult age differences in cognition. In T. J. Perfect & E. A. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 19-49). New York: Oxford University Press.
36. Salthouse, T.A. (2004). Localizing age-related individual differences in a hierarchical structure. Intelligence, 32, 541-561.
37. Salthouse, T.A. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: Evaluating the validity of the "use it or lose it" hypothesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 68-87.
38. Salthouse, T.A. (2007). Reply to Schooler: Consistent is not conclusive. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 30-32.
39. Salthouse, T.A., & Ferrer-Caja, E. (2003). What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables ? Psychology and Aging, 18, 91-110.
40. Salthouse, T.A., & Somberg, B.L. (1982). Isolating the age deficit in speeded performance. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 59-63.
41. Schaie, K.W. (1982). What can we learn from the longitudinal study of adult psychological development? In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 1-19). New York: Guilford.
42. Schaie, K.W. (1996 a). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4 th ed., pp. 266-286). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. Schaie, K.W. (1996 b). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle longitudinal study. New York: Cambridge University Press.
44. Schooler, C. (2007). Use it-and keep it, longer, probably: A reply to Salthouse (2006). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 24-29.
45. Sliwinski, M., & Buschke, H. (1999). Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among age, cognition, and processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 14 (1). 18-33.
46. Tulsky, D.S., & Zhu, J. (2000). Could test length or order affect scores on Letter Number Sequencing of the WAIS-III and WMS-III? Ruling out effects of fatigue. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 474-478.
47. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
48. Wechsler, D. (2001). WAIS-III Canadian technical manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Psychological Corporation, A Harcourt Canada Assessment Company.