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The equation of motion for an unstable spherical pendulum is d2θ/dt2, Qsinθ, where θ is the angular displacement from vertical and Q, A(Δρ/ρ)g/a [where a is the radius (1.15 mm) and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2, For the polyamorphic rotor model, Δρ/ρ is the density contrast between HDL and LDL components of the sphere and A is a constant that governs the moment of inertia and is approximately equal to the fraction of the sphere converted to LDL (∼1/3, The time for the sphere to flip through 180° is τ ≈ 6Q-1/2. From the video frames, τ, 600 ± 70 ms, giving Δρ/ρ, 0.031 ± 0.004. If the enthalpy associated with the HDL/LDL transition is emitted radiatively, dT/dt, εαST4-T04/C P, where ε is the
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LL of the polyamorphic transition of 34 ± 8 kJ/mol.
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-1 measured in these in situ experiments. Also, Δρ/ρ > 0, which would not destabilize the rotor action (Fig. 2B and movies S1 and S2).
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-1 measured in these in situ experiments. Also, Δρ/ρ > 0, which would not destabilize the rotor action (Fig. 2B and movies S1 and S2).
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The measured temperature rise at the top of the rotor, which we attribute to the LDL/HDL transition initiated in the nozzle, indicates substantial superheating. This is in excess of the upper spinodal limit shown in Fig. 2B and defined by the two-state model (9), in which case internal superheating might trigger the reverse endothermic LDL/HDL transition rather than external laser heating.
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The measured temperature rise at the top of the rotor, which we attribute to the LDL/HDL transition initiated in the nozzle, indicates substantial superheating. This is in excess of the upper spinodal limit shown in Fig. 2B and defined by the two-state model (9), in which case internal superheating might trigger the reverse endothermic LDL/HDL transition rather than external laser heating.
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We thank W. Bras, P. McMillan, and P. Poole for very useful discussions; the Science Technology Facilities Council and staff at the Synchrotron Radiation Source for access to the SAXS/WAXS facilities on station 6.2; and the Advanced Photon Source for access to high-energy x-ray scattering facilities on 11-ID-C. We also acknowledge the support of the Higher Education Funding Council in Wales through the Centre for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
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We thank W. Bras, P. McMillan, and P. Poole for very useful discussions; the Science Technology Facilities Council and staff at the Synchrotron Radiation Source for access to the SAXS/WAXS facilities on station 6.2; and the Advanced Photon Source for access to high-energy x-ray scattering facilities on 11-ID-C. We also acknowledge the support of the Higher Education Funding Council in Wales through the Centre for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices.
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