Sex offender residence restrictions in Chicago: An environmental injustice?

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 647-673

  Hughes, Lorine A ^a   Burchfield, Keri B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA   (United States)

^b NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chicago; Child sex offenders; Environmental justice; Sex offender residence restrictions; Spatial analysis

Indexed keywords

EID: 54949151516     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418820802119976     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Anselin, L. (2005). Exploring spatial data with GeoDa: A workbook. Urbana, IL: Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science.
2. Aull, E. (2006). Protest tense at sex offender's home. Portland Press Herald/Maine Sunday Telegram. Retrieved September 24, 2006, from http://pressherald.mainetoday. com/news/york/060911tellier1.shtml
3. Babey, S. H., Hastert, T. A., & Brown, E. R. (2007). Teens living in disadvantaged neighborhoods lack access to parks and get less physical activity. A Publication of the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. Retrieved December 18, 2007, from http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:ag9tVsCCQfgJ:www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/ pubs/files/Parks_Access_PB_032207.pdf+disadvantage+access+to+parks&hl= en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us
4. Bains, C. (2007). Next-generation sex offender statutes: Constitutional challenges to residency, work, and loitering restrictions. Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review, 42, 483-499.
5. Baller, R. D., Anselin, L., Messner, S. F., Deane, G., & Hawkins, D. F. (2001). Structural covariates of US county homicide rates: Incorporating spatial effects. Criminology, 39, 561-590.
6. Barnoski, R. (2005). Sex offender sentencing in Washington State: Has community notification influenced recidivism? Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
7. Beauregard, E., Proulx, J., & Rossmo, D. K. (2005). Spatial patterns of sex offenders: Theoretical, empirical, and practical issues. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 579-603.
8. Bullard, R. (Ed.). (1990). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
9. Bullard, R. D. (Ed.). (2007). Achieving livable communities, environmental justice, and regional equity. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
10. Burchfield, K. B., & Mingus, W. (2008). Not in my neighborhood: Assessing registered sex offenders' experiences with local social capital and social control. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 356-374.
11. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2000). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement. (NCJ 182990). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
12. Carswell v. State, 721 N.E.2d 1255, 1259-60 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
13. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-605.
14. Collins, L. S. (2007). My life before and after HB 1059. Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review, 42, 501-511.
15. Colorado Department of Public Safety. (2004). Report on safety issues raised by living arrangements for and location of sex offenders in the community. Denver, CO: Sex Offender Management Board.
16. Council of State Governments. (2007). Residency restriction zones. Lexington, KY: The Council of State Governments, Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://www.csg.org/policy/pubsafety/documents/ResidencyRestrictionLaws.pdf
17. Davey, M. (2006, March 15). Iowa's residency rules drive sex offenders underground. New York Times, A1.
18. Davidson, P., & Anderton, D. L. (2000). Demographics of dumping II: A national environmental equity survey and the distribution of hazardous materials handlers. Demography, 37, 461-466.
19. Doe v. Albany County (Sup. Ct. for Albany County, NY, filed September 27 2007).
20. Does I-IV v. City of Indianapolis, No. 1:06-CV-865-RLY-WTL (US Dist. Ct., S.D. Ind. October 5, 2006).
21. Doe v. Miller, 405 F.3d 700 (8th Cir. 2005).
22. Doe v. Miller and White, 405 F.3d 700 (8th Cir. 2005) (US Dist. Ct., S.D. Iowa 2004).
23. Downey, L. (2005). Assessing environmental inequality: How the conclusions we draw vary according to the definitions we employ. Sociological Spectrum, 25, 349-369.
24. Eck, J. E., & Weisburd, D. (Eds.). (1995). Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 4. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
25. Elbogen, E. B., Patry, M., & M. Scalora. (2003). The impact of community notification laws on sex offender treatment attitudes. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26, 207-219.
26. Freemal, B. (2005). Would you pay a sex offender to move? WCPO.com. Retrieved September 10, 2006, from http://cincynow.com/news/ 2005/local/03/25/buyout.html
27. Furby, L., Weinrott, M. R., & Blackshaw, L. (1989). Sex offender recidivism: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 3-30.
28. Garcia, R., & White, A. (2006). Healthy parks, schools, and communities: Mapping green access and equity for the Los Angeles region. Policy Report. Los Angeles: The City Project. Retrieved December 18, 2007, from http://www.cityprojectca.org/ourwork/mappinggreenaccess/documents/ Healthy_Parks_Schools_Communities_textonly.pdf
29. Geraghty, S. (2007). Challenging the banishment of registered sex offenders from the state of Georgia: A practitioner's perspective. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 42, 513-529.
30. G.H. v. Township of Galloway, Docket No. ATL-L-6395-06 (Sup. Ct. N.J., Atlantic County-Law Div. February 5, 2007).
31. Greenfield, L. A. (1997). Sex offenses and offenders: An analysis of data on rape and sexual assault. (NCJ 163392). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.
32. Grubesic, T. H., Mack, E., & Murray, A. T. (2007). Geographic exclusion: Spatial analysis for evaluating the implications of Megan's Law. Social Science Computer Review, 25, 143-162.
33. Frumkin, H. (2005). Guest Editorial: Health, equity, and the built environment. Environmental Health Perspective, 113, A290-A291.
34. Hanson, R. K., & Bussiere, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 348-362.
35. Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (1998). Dynamic predictors of sexual recidivism. Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.
36. Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2001). A structured approach to evaluating change among sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 13, 105-122.
37. Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2004). Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis. Ottawa, Canada: Public Works and Government Services.
38. Harris, A. (2007). Newton considering sex-offender ban. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/07/nyregion/ nyregionspecial2/07sexnj.html?_r=3&ref=nyregionspecial2&oref= slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
39. Holifield, R. (2001). Defining environmental justice and environmental racism. Urban Geography, 22, 78-90.
40. Hughes, L. A., & Kadleck, C. (2008). Sex offender community notification and community stratification. Justice Quarterly.
41. In re E.J. on Habeas Corpus, S156933 (2007).
42. Jarrett, R. L. (1998). Indicators of family strengths and resilience that influence positive child-youth outcomes in urban neighborhoods: A review of qualitative and ethnographic studies. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
43. Kipke, M., Iverson, E., Moore, D., Booker, C., Ruelas, V., Peters, A., & Kaufman, F. (2007). Food and park environments: Neighborhood-level risks for childhood obesity in East Los Angeles. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 325-333.
44. Koch, W. (2007). Sex-offender residency laws get second look. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-02-25-sex- offender-lawscover_ x.htm
45. Koenig, W. P. (1998). Does Congress abuse its spending clause power by attaching conditions on the receipt of federal law enforcement funds to a state's compliance with Megan's Law? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 721-765.
46. Kruttschnitt, C., Uggen, C., & Shelton, K. (2000). Predictors of desistance among sex offenders: The interaction of formal and informal social controls. Justice Quarterly, 17, 61-88.
47. Land, K. C., & Deane, G. (1992). On the large-sample estimation of regression models with spatial- or network-effects terms: A two-stage least squares approach. Sociological Methodology, 22, 221-248.
48. Levenson, J. S. (2005). Sex offender residence restrictions: A report to the Florida legislature. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http://www.nacdl.org/sl_docs.nsf/issues/sexoffender_attachments/dollar;FILE/ Levinson_FL.pdf
49. Levenson, J. (2006). Sex offender residence restrictions. Sex Offender Law Report, 7, 33, 6-47.
50. Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005a). The effect of Megan's law on sex offender reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 49-66.
51. Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005b). The impact of sex offender residence restrictions: 1,000 feet from danger or one step from absurd? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49, 168-178.
52. Levenson, J. S., D'Amora, D. A., & Hern, A. L. (2007). Megan's Law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 25, 587-602.
53. Levenson, J., & Hern, A. (2007). Sex offender residence restrictions: Unintended consequences and community reentry. Justice Research and Policy, 9, 59-73.
54. Loudon-Brown, M. (2007). "'They set him on a path where he's bound to get ill: Why sex offender residency restrictions should be abandoned." NYU Annual Survey of American Law, 62, 795-846.
55. Love, B. J. (2007). Regulating for safety or punishing depravity? A pathfinder for sex offender residency restriction statutes. Criminal Justice Bulletin, 43, 834-857.
56. Mann v. Georgia Department of Corrections, No. S07A1043 (Ga. November 21, 2007).
57. Meloy, M. L. (2005). The sex offender next door: An analysis of recidivism, risk factors and deterrence of sex offenders on probation. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 16, 211-236.
58. Meloy, M. L. (2006). Sex offenses and the men who commit them: An assessment of sex offenders on probation. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
59. Meloy, M. L., Saleh, Y., & Wolff, N. (2007). Sex offender laws in America: Can panic-drive legislation ever create safer societies? Criminal Justice Studies, 20, 423-443.
60. Merton, R. K. (1936). The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. American Sociological Review, 1, 894-904.
61. Mikaloff v. Walsh, 5:06-cv-00096-JG (US Dist. Ct., Northern Distrist of Ohio 2007).
62. Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2003). Level three residential placement issues: 2003 report to the legislature. Retrieved July 23, 2006 from, http://www.corr.state.mn.us/publications/legislativereports/pdf/2004/ Lvl%203%20SEX%20OFFENDERS%20report%202003%20(revised%202-04).pdf
63. Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2007). Residential proximity & sex offense recidivism in Minnesota. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www.corr.state.mn.us/publications/documents/04-07SexOffenderReport- Proximity.pdf
64. Mitchell, J. T., Thomas, D. S. K., & Cutter, S. L. (1999). Dumping in Dixie revisited: The evolution of environmental injustices in South Carolina. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 229-243.
65. Mladenka, K. R. (1980). The Urban bureaucracy and the Chicago political machine: Who gets what and the limits to political control. The American Political Science Review, 74, 991-998.
66. Mustaine, E. E., Tewksbury, R., & Stengel, K. M. (2006a). Residential location and mobility of registered sex offenders. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 177-192.
67. Mustaine, E. E., Tewksbury, R., & Stengel, K. M. (2006b). Social disorganization and residential locations of registered sex offenders: Is this a collateral consequence? Deviant Behavior, 27, 329-350.
68. Newman, O. (1973). Defensible space. New York: Macmillan.
69. Nieto, M., & Jung, D. (2006). The impact of residency restrictions on sex offenders and correctional management practices: A literature review. Sacramento, CA: California Research Bureau.
70. Pellow, D.N. (2002). Garbage wars: The struggle for environmental justice in Chicago. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
71. People v. Leroy, 828 N.E.2d 769 (Ill. App. Ct. 2005).
72. Petrosino, A. J., & Petrosino, C. (1999). The public safety potential of Megan's Law in Massachusetts: An assessment from a sample of criminal sexual psychopaths. Crime and Delinquency, 45, 140-158.
73. Phillips, R. (2007). Trailer park becomes "paradise" for sex offenders. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/17/ trailer.sexoffender/index.html
74. Portes, A. (2000). The hidden abode: Sociology as analysis of the unexpected. American Sociological Review, 65, 1-18.
75. Rosenfeld, R., Bray, T. M., & Egley, A. (1999). Facilitating violence: A comparison of gang-motivated, gang-affiliated, and non-gang youth homicides. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15, 495-516.
76. Sample, L. L., & Bray, T. M. (2003). Are sex offenders dangerous? Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 59-82.
77. Sample, L. L., & Streveler, A. J. (2002). "Latent consequences of community notification laws." In S. H. Decker, L. F. Alarid, & C. Katz (Eds.), Controversies in criminal justice and criminology (pp. 353-261). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
78. Sampson, R. J. (2002). Transcending tradition: New directions in community research, Chicago style - 2002 Edwin Sutherland Address. Criminology, 40, 213-230.
79. Sapat, A., Vos, J., & Thai, K. (2002). Environmental injustice: An emerging issue in public policy. International Journal of Public Administration, 25, 143-168.
80. Schram, D. D., & Milloy, C. D. (1995). Community notification: A study of offender characteristics and recidivism. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
81. Schweitzer, L., & Stephenson, M., Jr. (2007). Right answers, wrong questions: Environmental justice as urban research. Urban Studies, 44, 319-337.
82. Smith et al. v. Doe et al., 538 US 84 (2003).
83. Solomon, A. L., Visher, C., La Vigne, N. G., & Osborne, J. (2006). Understanding the challenges of prisoner reentry: Research findings from the Urban Institute's Prisoner Reentry Portfolio. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center.
84. State v. Seering. 34 Ia. 03-0776 (2005).
85. Sutherland, E. H. (1950). The diffusion of sexual psychopath laws. American Journal of Sociology, 56, 142-148.
86. Talen, E. (2001). School, community, and spatial equity: An empirical investigation of access to elementary schools in West Virginia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91, 465-486.
87. Talen, E., & Anselin, L. (1998). Assessing spatial equity: An evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and Planning, 30, 595-613.
88. Terry, K. J. (2006). Sex offenses and offenders: Theory, practice, and policy. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
89. Tewksbury, R. (2002). Validity and utility of the Kentucky sex offender registry. Federal Probation, 66, 21-26.
90. Tewksbury, R. (2004). Experiences and attitudes of registered female sex offenders. Federal Probation, 68, 30-33.
91. Tewksbury, R. (2005). Collateral consequences of sex offender registration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 67-81.
92. Tewksbury, R. (2006). Sex offender registries as a tool for public safety: Views from registered offenders. Western Criminology Review, 7, 1-8.
93. Tewksbury, R. (2007). Exile at home: The unintended collateral consequences of sex offender residency restrictions. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 42, 531-540.
94. Tewksbury, R., & Lees, M. (2006). Perceptions of sex offender registration: Collateral consequences and community experiences. Sociological Spectrum, 26, 309-334.
95. Tewksbury, R., & Mustaine, E. E. (2006). Where to find sex offenders: An examination of residential locations and neighborhood conditions. Criminal Justice Studies, 19, 61-75.
96. Tewksbury, R., Mustaine, E. E., & Stengel, K. M. (2008). Examining rates of sexual offenses from a routine activities perspective. Victims and Offenders, 3, 75-85.
97. Thompson, I. (2007). Sex offenders set up camp. The Julia Tuttle becomes a colony. Politicians pass the buck. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-12-13/news/sex-offenders-set-up-camp/
98. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Environmental justice. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved December 18, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/index.html
99. Walker, J. T. (2007). Eliminate residency restrictions for sex offenders. Criminology & Public Policy, 6, 863-870.
100. Walker, J. T., Golden, J. W., & VanHouten, A. C. (2001). The geographic link between sex offenders and potential targets: A routine activities approach. Justice Research and Policy, 3, 15-33.
101. Walker, J. T., Maddan, S., Vasquez, B. E., VanHouten, A. C., & Ervin-McLarty, G. (2005). The influence of sex offender registration and notification laws in the United States. Retrieved August 10, 2007, from http://www.acic.org/statistics/Research/SO_Report_Final.pdf
102. Weems v. Little Rock Police Department, 453 F.2d 1010, 1016-17 (8th Cir. 2006).
103. Welchans, S. (2005). Megan's Law: Evaluations of sex offender registries. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 16, 123-140.
104. Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29-38.
105. Wolch, J., Wilson, J. P., & Fehrenbach, J. (2002). Parks and park funding in Los Angeles: An equity mapping analysis. Urban Geography, 26, 4-35.
106. Yung, C. R. (2007). Banishment by a thousand laws: Residency restrictions on sex offenders. Washington University Law Review, 85, 101-160.
107. Zandbergen, P. A., & Hart, T. C. (2006). Reducing housing options for convicted sex offenders: Investigating the impact of residency restriction laws using GIS. Justice Research and Policy, 8, 1-24.
108. Zarrella, J., & Oppman, P. (2007). Florida housing sex offenders under bridge. Retrieved February 14, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2007/LAW/04/ 05/bridge.sex.offenders/index.html
109. Zevitz, R. G. (2003). Sex offender community notification and its impact on neighborhood life. Crime Prevention and Community Life: An International Journal, 5, 41-62.
110. Zevitz, R. G. (2004). Sex offender placement and neighborhood social integration: The making of a scarlet letter community. Criminal Justice Studies, 17, 203-222.
111. Zevitz, R. G. (2006). Sex offender community notification: Its role in recidivism and offender reintegration. Criminal Justice Studies, 19, 193-208.
112. Zevitz, R. G., & Farkas, M. A. (2000). Sex offender community notification: Managing high risk criminals or exacting further vengeance? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 375-391.
113. Zilney, L. A., McGurrin, D., & Zahran, S. (2006). Environmental justice and the role of criminology: An analytical review of 33 years of environmental justice research. Criminal Justice Review, 31, 47-62.