Patterns of gun acquisition, carrying, and use among juvenile and adult arrestees: Evidence from a high-crime city

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 674-700

  Watkins, Adam M ^a   Huebner, Beth M ^b   Decker, Scott H ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrested offenders; Gun behaviors; Perceived sanctions

Indexed keywords

EID: 54949102052     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418820801930118     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Arria, A. M., Borges, G., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Fears and other suspected risk factors for carrying lethal weapons among urban youths of middle school age. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151, 555-560.
2. Bailey, S. L., Flewelling, R. L., & Rosenbaum, D. P. (1997). Characteristics of students who bring weapons to school. Journal of Adolescent Health, 20, 261-270.
3. Battin, S. H., Hill, K. G., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1998). The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent peers. Criminology, 36, 93-115.
4. Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2004). Possession and use of illegal guns among offenders in England and Wales. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 237-252.
5. Birkbeck, C. (1998). Controlling New Mexico juveniles' possession of firearms. Working paper. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Criminal and Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council.
6. Black, D. (1983). Crime as social control. American Sociological Review, 48, 34-45.
7. Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A. M., & Waring, E. J. (2001). Measuring the impact of Operation Ceasefire. Pp. 55-71 in Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
8. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE). (2002). Crime gun trace reports (2000): A national report. Washington, DC: US Department of Treasury.
9. Cook, P. J., & Laub, J. H. (1998). The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence In M. Tonry and M. H. Moore (Eds.), Youth violence (pp. 27-64). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
10. Cook, P. J., & Ludwig, J. (2004). Does gun prevalence affect teen gun carrying after all? Criminology, 42, 27-54.
11. Decker, S. H. (2000). Legitimating drug use: A note on the impact of gang membership and drug sales on the use of illicit drugs. Justice Quarterly, 17, 393-410.
12. Decker, S. H., & Curry, G. D. (2002). Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty: Organized crimes or disorganized criminals. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 343-352.
13. Decker, S. H., Pennell, S., & Caldwell, A. (1997). Illegal firearms: Access and use by arrestees. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
14. Decker, S. H., & Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
15. Esbensen, F. A., & Huizinga, D. (1993). Gangs, drugs, and delinquency in a survey of urban youth. Criminology, 31, 565-589.
16. Flannery, D. J., Huff, C. R., & Manos, M. (1998). Youth gangs: A developmental perspective. In T. P. Gullotta, G. R. Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Delinquent violent youth: Theory and Interventions (pp. 175-204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Forrest, K. Y. Z., Zychowski, A. K., Stuhldreher, W. L., & Ryan, W. J. (2000). Weapon-carrying in school: Prevalence and association with other violent behaviors. American Journal of Health Studies, 16, 133-140.
18. Fox, J. A., & Zawitz, M. W. (2006). Homicide trends in the United States. Retrieved September 21, 2008, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ homicide/homtrnd.htm.
19. Gordon, R. A., Lahey, B. B., Kawai, E., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Antisocial behavior and youth gang membership: Selection and socialization. Criminology, 42, 55-87.
20. Hagedorn, J. H. (1988). People and folks: Gangs, crime and the underclass in a rustbelt city. Chicago: Lakeview Press.
21. Harlow, C. W. (2001). Firearm use by offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
22. Hepburn, L. M., & Hemenway, D. (2004). Firearm availability and homicide: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 417-448.
23. Hill, G. D., Howell, F. M., & Driver, E. T. (1985). Gender, fear, and protective handgun ownership. Criminology, 23, 541-552.
24. Horney, J., Osgood, D. W., & Marshall, I. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60, 655-673.
25. Howell, J. C. (1998). Youth gangs: An overview. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
26. Hurst, Y. G., & Frank, J. (2000). How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 189-202.
27. Kleck, G. (1991). Point blank: Guns and violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
28. Kleck, G., & Gertz, M. (1998). Carrying guns for protection: Results from the National Self-Defense Survey. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 193-224.
29. Kleck, G., Sever, B., Li, S., & Gertz, M. (2005). The missing link in general deterrence research. Criminology, 43, 623-659.
30. Klein, M. W. (1995). The American street gang: Its nature, prevalence, and control. New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Levitt, S. D. (2002). Deterrence. In J. Q. Wilson & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime: Public Policies for Crime Control (pp. 435-450). Oakland, CA: ICS Press.
32. Limber, S. P., & Pagliocca, P. M. (2000). Firearm possession and use among youth: Reanalysis of findings from a survey of incarcerated juveniles in South Carolina. Columbia, SC: Statistical Analysis Center.
33. Lizotte, A. J., Bordua, D. J., & White, C. S. (1981). Firearms ownership for sport and protection: Two not so divergent models. American Sociological Review, 46, 499-503.
34. Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Howell, J. C., Tobin, K., & Howard, G. J. (2000). Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult life course. Criminology, 38, 811-834.
35. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Luster, T., & Oh, S. M. (2001). Correlates of male adolescents carrying handguns among their peers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 714-726.
37. Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (1995). The impact of enhanced prison terms for felonies committed with guns. Criminology, 33, 247-281.
38. McCord, J., & Conway, K. P. (2005). Co-offending and patterns of juvenile crime. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
39. McDowall, D. (1995). Firearms and self-defense. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 130-140.
40. McDowall, D., & Loftin, C. (1983). Collective security and the demand for legal handguns. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 1146-1161.
41. McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Wiersema, B. (1992). A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing laws for gun crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 83, 378-394.
42. McGarrell, E. F., & Chermak, S. (2003). Strategic approaches to reducing firearms violence: Final report on the Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
43. Molnar, B. E., Miller, M. J., Azrael, D., & Buka, S. L. (2004). Neighborhood predictors of concealed firearm carrying among children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 657-664.
44. Nagin, D. S. (1998). Criminal deterrence research at the outset of the twenty-first century. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research, Vol. 23 (pp. 1-42). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Patchin, J. W., Huebner, B. M., McCluskey, J. D., Varano, S. P., & Bynum, T. S. (2006). Exposure to community violence and childhood delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 52, 307-322.
46. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
47. Pogarsky, G. (2007). Deterrence and individual differences among convicted offenders. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23, 59-74.
48. Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T., Blevins, K. R., Daigle, L. E., & Madensen, T. D. (2006). The empirical status of deterrence theory: A meta-analysis. In Taking stock: The empirical status of criminological theory - advances in criminological theory (pp. 367-395). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
49. Reiss, A. J., Jr., & Roth, J. A. (Eds.). (1993). Understanding and preventing violence, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
50. Sheley, J. F., & Wright, J. D. (1995). In the line of fire: Youth, guns, and violence in urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
51. Sherman, L. (2001). Reducing gun violence: What works, what doesn't, what's promising. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1, 11-25.
52. Smith, D. W. (1996). Sources of firearm acquisition among a sample of inner-city youths: Research results and policy implications. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 361-367.
53. Smith, D. A., & Uchida, C. D. (1988). The social organization of self-help: A study of defensive weapon ownership. American Sociological Review, 53, 94-102.
54. Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
55. Stinchcombe, A., Adams, R., Heimer, C. A., Scheppele, K. L., Smith, T. W., & Taylor, D. G. (1980). Crime and punishment: Changing attitudes in America. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
56. Taylor, T. J., Turner, K. B., Esbensen, F.-A., & Winfree, L. T., Jr. (2001). Coppin' an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 295-305.
57. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., & Chard-Wierschem, D. (1993). The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 55-67.
58. Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2003). Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Vigil, J. D. (1988). Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
60. Warr, M. (1996). Organization and instigation in delinquent groups. Criminology, 34, 11-38.
61. Webster, D. W., Freed, L. H., Frattaroli, S., & Wilson, M. H. (2002). How delinquent youths acquire guns: Initial versus most recent gun acquisitions. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 60-69.
62. Wellford, C., Pepper, J. V., & Petrie, C. (Eds.). (2005). Firearms and violence: A critical review. Committee to improve research information and data on firearms. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
63. Wilcox, P. (2002). Self-help? Examining the anti-crime effectiveness of citizen weapon possession." Sociological Focus, 35, 145-167.
64. Wilcox, P., & Clayton, R. R. (2001). A multilevel analysis of school-based weapon possession." Justice Quarterly, 18, 509-541.
65. Wilcox, P., May, D. C., & Roberts, S. D. (2006). Student weapon possession and the "fear of victimization hypothesis": Unraveling the temporal order. Justice Quarterly, 23, 502-529.
66. Wilcox Rountree, P. (2000). Weapons at school: Are the predictors generalizable across context?" Sociological Spectrum, 20, 291-324.
67. Wilkinson, D. L., & Fagan, J. (2001). What we know about gun use among adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 109-132.
68. Wintemute, G. J. (2003). Gun carrying among male adolescents as a function of gun ownership in the general population. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 41, 428-429.
69. Wright, J. D., & Rossi, P. H. (1994). Armed and considered dangerous: A survey of felons and their firearms. Expanded edition. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
70. Wright, J. D., Rossi, P. H., & Daly, K. (1983). Under the gun: Weapons, crime, and violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
71. Young, R. L. (1985). Perceptions of crime, racial attitudes, and firearms ownership. Social Forces, 64, 473-486.
72. Young, R. L. (1986). Gender, region of socialization, and ownership of protective firearms. Rural Sociology, 51, 169-182.
73. Young, R. L., McDowall, D., & Loftin, C. (1987). Collective security and the ownership of firearms for protection. Criminology, 25, 47-62.
74. Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. New York: Oxford University Press.