A multilevel analysis of school- based weapon possession

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 509-541

  Wilcox, Pamela ^a   Clayton, Richard R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937387738     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418820100095001     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Anderson, C.S. 1982. “The Search for School Climate: A Review of the Research.” Review of Educational Research 52:368-420.
2. Bailey, S.L., R.L. Flewelling, and D.P. Rosenbaum. 1997. “Characteristics of Students Who Bring Weapons to School.” Journal of Adolescent Health 20:261-70.
3. Baker, K. and R.J. Rubel, eds. 1980. Violence and Crime in the Schools. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
4. Bastian, L.D. and B.M. Taylor. 1991. School Crime: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
5. Bjerregaard, B. and A.J. Lizotte. 1995. “Gun Ownership and Gang Membership.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:37-58.
6. Blumstein, A. 1995. “Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.
7. Brooks-Gunn, J., G. Duncan, P. Kato, and N. Sealand. 1993. “Do Neighborhoods Influence Child and Adolescent Behavior?” American Journal of Sociology 99:353-95.
8. Bryk, A.S. and S.W. Raudenbush. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9. Bursik, R.J., Jr. and H. Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimensions of Effective Community Control. New York: Lexington.
10. Callahan, C.M. and F.P. Rivara. 1992. “Urban High School Youth and Handguns.” Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3038-42.
11. Coleman, J.W. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94:S95-S120.
12. Coleman, J.W. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Cook, P.J. and J.H. Laub. 1998. “The Unprecedented Epidemic in Youth Violence.” Pp. 101-38 in Youth Violence: Crime and Justice, Vol. 24., edited by M. Tonry and M.H. Moore. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
14. Coulton, C., J. Korbin, M. Su, and J. Chow. 1995. “Community-Level Factors and Child Maltreatment Rates.” Child Development 66:1262-76.
15. DuRant, R.H., A.G. Getts, C. Candenhead, and E.R. Woods. 1995. “The Association Between Weapon Carrying and the Use of Violence Among Adolescents Living In and Around Public Housing.” Journal of Adolescent Health 17:376-80.
16. DuRant, R.H., J. Kahn, P.H. Beckford, and E.R. Woods. 1997. “The Association of Weapon Carrying and Fighting on School Property and Other Health Risk and Problem Behaviors Among High School Students.” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 151:360-66.
17. Felson, R.B., A.E. Liska, S.J. South, and T.L. McNulty. 1994. “The Subculture of Violence and Delinquency: Individual Versus School Context Effects.” Social Forces 73:155-73.
18. Ferraro, K.F. and R. LaGrange. 1987. “The Measurement of Fear of Crime.” Sociological Inquiry 57:70-101.
19. Fingerhut, L.A., D.D. Ingram, and J.J. Feldman. 1992a. “Firearm and Nonfirearm Homicide Among Persons 15 through 19 Years of Age.” Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3048-53.
20. Fingerhut, L.A., D.D. Ingram, and J. J. Feldman. 1992b. “Firearm Homicide Among Black Teenage Males in Metropolitan Counties.” Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3054-58.
21. Furstenburg, F.F. 1993. “How Families Manage Risk and Opportunity in Dangerous Neighborhoods.” Pp. 231-58 in Sociology and the Public Agenda, edited by W.J. Wilson. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22. Furstenburg, F.F., T. Cook, J. Eccles, G. Elder, and A. Sameroff. 1998. Managing to Make It: Urban Families in High Risk Neighborhoods. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
23. Garbarino, J. 1976. “A Preliminary Study of Some Ecological Correlates of Child Abuse: The Impact of Socioeconomic Stress on Mothers.” Child Development 47:178-85.
24. Garbarino, J. and A. Crouter. 1978. “Defining the Community Context for Parent- Child Relations: The Correlates of Child Maltreatment.” Child Development 49:604-16.
25. Garbarino, J. and D. Sherman. 1980. “High-Risk Neighborhoods and High-Risk Families: The Human Ecology of Child Maltreatment.” Child Development 51:188-98.
26. Garofalo, J., L. Siegel, and J. Laub. 1987. “School-Related Victimizations Among Adolescents: An Analysis of National Crime Survey (NCS) Narratives.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 3:321-38.
27. Goldstein, H., J. Rasbash, I. Plewis, D. Draper, W. Browne, M. Yang, G. Woodhouse, and M. Healy. 1998. A User’s Guide to MlwiN. London: Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education, University of London.
28. Gottfredson, D. 1988. “An Evaluation of an Organization Development Approach to Reducing School Disorder.” Evaluation Review 11:739-63.
29. Gottfredson, G. and D. Gottfredson. 1985. Victimization in Schools. New York: Plenum.
30. Gottfredson, M. and T. Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
31. Hirschi, T. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
32. Hunter, A. J. 1985. “Private, Parochial and Public Orders: The Problem of Crime and Incivility in Urban Communities.” Pp. 230-42 in The Challenge of Social Control: Citizenship and Institution Building in Modern Society, edited by G.D. Sut- tles and M.N. Zald. Morwood, NJ: Ablex.
33. Jencks, C. and S.E. Mayer. 1990. “The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood.” Pp. 111-86 in Inner-City Poverty in the United States, L. Lynn and M. McGeary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
34. Jenkins, P.H. 1997. “School Delinquency and the School Social Bond.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34:337-67.
35. Jessor, R. and S.L. Jessor. 1977. Problem Behavior and Psychological Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
36. Kann, L., C.W. Warren, W.A. Harris, J.A Collins, K.A. Douglas, M.E. Collins, B.I. Williams, J.G. Ross, and L.J. Kolbe. 1995. “Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: United States, 1993.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 44(ss-l):l-56. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control.
37. Kingery, P.M., B.E. Pruitt, and G. Heuberger. 1996. “A Profile of Rural Texas Adolescents Who Carry Handguns to School.” Journal of School Health 66:18-22.
38. Kornhauser, R.R. 1978. Social Sources of Delinquency: An Appraisal of Analytic Models. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
39. Kreft, I. and J. de Leeuw. 1998. Introducing Multilevel Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40. Kulig, J., J. Valentine, J. Griffith, and R. Ruthazer. 1998. “Predictive Model of Weapon Carrying Among Urban High School Students: Results and Validation.” Journal of Adolescent Health 22:312-19.
41. Lash, T., H. Sigal, and D. Dudzinski. 1980. State of the Child: New York City, II. New York: Foundation for Child Development.
42. Laub, J.H. and J.L. Lauritsen. 1998. “The Interdependence of School Violence with Neighborhood and Family Conditions.” Pp. 127-55 in Violence in American Schools, edited by D.S. Elliott, B.A. Hamburg, and K.R. Williams. New York: Cambridge University Press.
43. Lawrence, R. 1998. School Crime and Juvenile Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Lizotte, A.J., G.J. Howard, M.D. Krohn, and T.P. Thornberry. 1997. “Patterns of Carrying Firearms Among Juveniles.” Valparaiso University Law Review 31:375-93.
45. Lizotte, A.J., J.M. Tesoriero, T.P. Thornberry, and M.D. Krohn. 1994. “Patterns of Adolescent Firearms Ownership and Use.” Justice Quarterly 11:51-73.
46. Malek, M.K., B.H. Chang, and T.C. Davis. 1998. “Fighting and Weapon-Carrying Among Seventh-Grade Students in Massachusetts and Louisiana.” Journal of Adolescent Health 22:94-102.
47. Martin, S., L.S. Sadowski, N.U. Cotten, and D.R. McCarrher. 1996. “Response of African-American Adolescents in North Carolina to Gun Carrying by School Mates.” Journal of School Health 66:23-26.
48. Maume, M.O. 1998. “School Restructuring and Student Delinquency in U.S. High Schools: A Multilevel Analysis.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Washington, DC.
49. McDonough, R. 1999. “1975 Brought Merger, Busing, Protests.” The Courier-Jour- nal June 11:A10.
50. McPartland, J.M. and E.L. McDill. 1977. Violence in Schools: Perspectives, Programs, and Positions. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
51. Morgan, S.L. and A.B. Sorensen. 1999. “Parental Networks, Social Closure, and Mathematics Learning: A Test of Coleman’s Social Capital Explanations of School Effects.” American Sociological Review 64:661-81.
52. National Institute of Education. 1978. Violent Schools-Safe Schools: The Safe School Study Report to Congress. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.
53. Neter, J., W. Wasserman, and M. Kutner. 1989. Applied Linear Regression Models. Burr Ridge, EL: Irwin.
54. Pearson, F.S. and J. Toby. 1991. “Fear of School-Related Predatory Crime.” Sociology and Social Research 75:117-25.
55. Pink, W.T. 1984. “Schools, Youth, and Justice.” Crime and Delinquency 30:439-61.
56. Sampson, R.J. and W.B. Groves. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social Disorganization Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 94:774-802.
57. Sampson, R.J., J.D. Morenoff, and F. Earls. 1999. “Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children.” American Sociological Review 64:633-60.
58. Sampson, R.J., S. Raudenbush, and F. Earls. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science 277:918-24.
59. Shaw, C.R. and H.D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
60. Sheley, J.F. and V.E. Brewer. 1995. “Possession and Carrying of Firearms Among Suburban Youth.” Public Health Reports 110(1): 18-26.
61. Sheley, J.F. and J.D. Wright. 1995. In the Line of Fire: Youth, Guns, and Violence in Urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
62. Sickmund, M., H.N. Snyder, and E. Poe-Yamagata. 1997. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update on Violence. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
63. Simon, T.R., A.E. Crosby, and L.L. Dahlberg. 1999. “Students Who Carry Weapons to High School: Comparison with Other Weapon Carriers.” Journal of Adolescent Health 24:340-48.
64. Simon, T.R., C.W. Dent, and S. Sussman. 1997. ‘Vulnerability to Victimization, Concurrent Problem Behaviors, and Peer Influence as Predictors of In-School Weapon Carrying Among High School Students.” Violence and Victims 12:277-89.
65. Steinberg, L. and N. Darling. 1994. “The Broader Context of Social Influence in Adolescence.” Pp. 25-45 in Adolescence in Context, edited by R. Silbereisen and E. Todt. New York: Springer-Verlag.
66. Stinchcombe, A.L. 1964. Rebellion in High School. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books.
67. Wallace, R. 1990. “Urban Desertification, Public Health and Public Order: ‘Planned Shrinkage,’ Violent Death, Substance Abuse and AIDS in the Bronx.” Social Science and Medicine 31:801-13.
68. Wallace, R. and D. Wallace. 1990. “Origins of Public Health Collapse in New York City: The Dynamics of Planned Shrinkage, Contagious Urban Decay and Social Disintegration.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 66:391-434.
69. Warner, B.D. and P. Wilcox Rountree. 1997. “Local Social Ties in a Community and Crime Model: Questioning the Systemic Nature of Informal Social Control.” Social Problems 44:520-36.
70. Webster, D.W., P.S. Gainer, and H.R. Champion. 1993. “Weapon Carrying Among Inner-City Junior High School Students: Defensive Behavior vs. Aggressive Delinquency.” American Journal of Public Health 83:1604-08.
71. Welsh, W.N., J.R. Greene, and P.H. Jenkins. 1999. “School Disorder: The Influence of Individual, Institutional, and Community Factors.” Criminology 37:73-115.
72. Wilcox Rountree, P.W. 1998. “A Reexamination of the Crime-Fear Linkage.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:341-72.
73. Wilcox Rountree, P.W. 2000. “Weapons at School: Are the Predictors Generalizable Across Context?” Sociological Spectrum 20:291-324.
74. Wilcox Rountree, P. and K.C. Land. 1996. “Perceived Risk Versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data.” Social Forces 74:1353-76.