Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review

Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-328

  Wellford, Charles F ^a   Pepper, John V ^a   Petrie, Carol V ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014171298     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/10881     Document Type: Book

References (413)

1. Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller 2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
2. Campbell, D.T., and J.C. Stanley 1966 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design for Research. Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2001 Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars. [Accessed 10/10/02].
4. Cook, P.J. 1991 The technology of personal violence. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 14:1-71.
5. Cook, T.D., and D.T. Campbell 1979 Quasi-Experimentation: Design & Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.
6. Duggan, M. 2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(5):1086-1114. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2001 Crime in the United States, 2000. U.S. Department of Justice. Available: http:// www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm. [Accessed 1/10/03].
7. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2001 Crime in the United States, 2000. U.S. Department of Justice. Available: http:// www.fbi.gov/ucr/00cius.htm. [Accessed 1/10/03]
8. Gardner, B.A., editor 1999 Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition. Eagan, MN: West Group.
9. Hardy, M.S. 1997a The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun uses: A case study of survey overestimates of rare events. Chance 10(3):6-10.
10. Hardy, M.S. 1997b Survey research and self-defense gun use: An explanation of extreme overestimates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87(4):1430-1445.
11. Hardy, M.S. 2002 Behavior oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. The Future of Children 12(2):101-115.
12. Kaplan, M.S., and O. Geling 1998 Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: Regional variations and patterns of gun ownership. Social Science and Medicine 45:1227-1233.
13. Kleck, G., and M. Gertz 1995 Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(1):150-187.
14. Kleck, G., and E.B. Patterson 1993 The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9:249-287.
15. Miller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael 2002 Household firearm ownership levels and homicide rates across U.S. regions and states, 1988-1997. American Journal of Public Health 92:1988-1993.
16. Monkkonen, E.J. 2001 Murder In New York City. Berkeley: University of California Press.
17. National Research Council 2001 Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
18. National Research Council 2002 Scientific Research in Education. Committee on Scientific Principles for Education Research. R.J. Shavelson and L. Towne, eds. Center for Education. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
19. National Rifle Association 2002 Competitive Shooting Programs. Available: http://www.nrahq.org/compete/ [Accessed 10/12/02].
20. Robinson, W.S. 1950 Ecological correlations and behaviors of individuals. American Sociological Review 15:351-357.
21. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau 2002 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
22. Zimring, F., and G. Hawkins 1998 The Citizen's Guide to Gun Control. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
23. Annest, J.L., and J.A. Mercy 1998 Use of national data systems for firearm-related injury surveillance. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 15(3S):17-30.
24. Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller 2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
25. Biderman, A.D., and J.P. Lynch 1991 Understanding Crime Incidence Statistics: Why the UVR Diverges from the NCS. New York: Springer-Verlag.
26. Blackman, P.H. 1999 The limitations of BATF firearms tracing data for policymaking and homicide research. Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group Meetings, 1997 and 1998. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
27. Blackman, P.H. 2003 Armed Citizens and Crime Control (4 page leaflet). Fairfax, VA: National Rifle Association.
28. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 1997 Crime Gun Trace Analysis Reports: The Illegal Firearms Market in 17 Communities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury
29. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms2000a Crime Gun Trace Reports (1999): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
30. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2002b Crime Gun Trace Reports (2000): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
31. Bureau of Justice Statistics 1994 Criminal Victimization. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
32. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2001 UCR and NIBRS Participation: Level of Participation by States as of August 2001. Retrieved from the World Wide Web at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bis/nibrsstatus. htm. [Accessed 11/30/02].
33. Caspar, R. 1992 Followup of nonrespondents in 1990. In C.F. Turner, J.T. Lessler, and J.C. Gfroerer, eds., Survey Measurement of Drug Use: Methodological Studies. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 92-1929. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
34. Congressional Research Service 1992 Assault Weapons: Military-Style Semi-Automatic Firearms Facts and Issues. Report 92-434. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
35. Cook, P.J. 1991 The technology of personal violence: A review of the evidence concerning the importance of gun availability and use in violent crime, self defense, and suicide. Crime and Justice 14:1-71.
36. Cook, P.J., and A.A. Braga 2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43:277-309.
37. Decker, S.H., S. Pennell, and A. Caldwell 1997 Illegal firearms: Access and use by arrestees. NIJ Research in Brief (January). National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
38. Fagan, J., D. Wilkinson, and G. Davies 2002 Social Contagion of Violence. Unpublished paper presented at the May 2002 meeting of the Committee to Improve Research and Data on Firearms, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
39. Gfroerer, J.T., J.C. Lessler, and T. Parsley 1997 Studies of nonresponse and measurement error in the national household survey on drug abuse. In L. Harrison and Hughes, eds., The Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use: Improving the Accuracy of Survey Estimates. NIDA Research Monograph 167: 273-295. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
40. Hall, M.J., and M.F. Owings 2000 Hospitalizations for Injury: United States, 1996. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics; no. 318 (August 9). National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD.
41. Harrison, L., and A. Hughes 1997 The Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use: Improving the Accuracy of Survey Estimates. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 167. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
42. Institute of Medicine 1999 Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
43. Jarvis, J. 1992 The National Incident-Based Reporting System and its application to homicide research. Pp. 81-85 in C. Block and R. Block, eds., Questions and Answers on Lethal and Non-Lethal Violence. Proceedings of the first annual Workshop of the Homicide Research Working Group. HV 6529. H668a 1992. Washington, DC: National Crime Prevention Council.
44. Kleck, G. 1991 Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
45. Kleck, G. 1999 BATF gun trace data and the role of organized gun trafficking in supplying guns to criminals. Saint Louis University Public Law Review 18:23-45.
46. Loftin, C., and J.A. Mercy 1995 Estimating the incidence, causes, and consequences of interpersonal violence for children and families. Pp. 192-213 in Integrating Federal Statistics on Children: Report of a Workshop. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
47. MacKenzie, D., P. Baunach, and R. Roberg, eds. 1990 Measuring Crime: Large Scale, Long Range Efforts. Albany: State University of New York Press.
48. Maltz, M.D. 1999 Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data. Discussion paper from the BJS Fellows Program. Bureau of Justice Statistics. BJS Clearinghouse (1 800 732-3277). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
49. Maltz, M.D., and J. Targonski 2002 A note on the use of county-level UCR data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(2):297-318.
50. Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway 2001 Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Epidemiology 13:517-524.
51. National Research Council 2001 Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
52. National Research Council 2002 Scientific Research in Education. Committee on Scientific Principles for Education Research, R.J. Shavelson and L. Towne, eds. Center for Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
53. National Research Council 2003 Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee on Law and Justice, J.V. Pepper and C.V. Petrie, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
54. Pierce, G.L., A.A. Braga, R.R. Hyatt, and S.C.S. Koper 2002 The Characteristics and Dynamics of Illegal Firearms Markets: Implications for a Supply-Side Enforcement Strategy. Working Paper. Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research, Northeastern University.
55. Poggio, E.C., S.D. Kennedy, J.M. Chaiken, and K.E. Carlson 1985 Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program: Final Report of the UCR Study. Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJ-98348. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
56. Riedel, M. 1999. Sources of homicide data: A review and comparison. Pp. 75-95 in M.D. Smith and M. Zahn, eds., Homicide: A Sourcebook of Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. Robinson, W.S. 1950 Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review 15:351-357.
58. Smith, T.W. 1995 Trends in non-response rates. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 7:157-171.
59. Tourangeau, R., and M.E. McNeeley 2003 Measuring crime and crime victimization: Methodological issues. In J.V. Pepper and C.V. Petrie, eds., Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee on Law and Justice, National Research Council. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
60. Wiersema, B., C. Loftin, and D. McDowell 2000 A comparison of supplementary homicide reports and national vital statistics system homicide estimates for U.S. counties. Homicide Studies 4:317-340.
61. Zawitz, M.W., and K.J. Strom 2000 Firearm Injury and Death from Crime, 1993-97. Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJ 182992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
62. Zimring, F. 1975 Firearms and federal law: The Gun Control Act of 1968. Journal of Legal Studies 4:133-198.
63. Alpers, P. 2000 Costa Rica: Diagnostico Armas de Fuego. Max Loria for the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress (translated by Greg Puley).
64. Alpers, P 2001 Harvard Injury Control Research Center and HELP networks. Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, San José, Costa Rica.
65. Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller 2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
66. Barclay, G., C. Tavares, and A. Siddique 2001 International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999. Research Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office U.K.
67. Baumer, E.P., S.F. Messner, and R. Rosenfeld 2002 Homicide Rates and Support for Capital Punishment: A Multi-Level Analysis. Annual Meeting of the Homicide Research Working Group, St. Louis, MO, May 30- June 2.
68. Bennett, W.J., J.J. DiIulio, and J.P. Walters 1996 Body Count: Moral Poverty and How to Win America's War Against Crime and Drugs. New York: Simon & Schuster.
69. Blumstein, A. 1995 Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.
70. Blumstein, A. 2000 Disaggregating the violence trends. In A. Blumstein and J. Wallman, eds., The Crime Drop in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
71. Blumstein, A., and D. Cork 1996 Linking gun availability to youth gun violence. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:5-24.
72. Braga, A. 2003 Serious youth gun offenders and the epidemic of youth violence in Boston. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19(1):33-54.
73. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2002 Firearms Commerce in the United States 2001-2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
74. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002a Homicide Trends in the U.S. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/htm. [Accessed 1/10/03].
75. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2002b Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2000: Statistical Tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
76. Cohen, J., and G. Tita 1999 Diffusion in homicide: Exploring a general method for detecting spatial diffusion processes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:379-406.
77. Cook, P.J. 1998 The epidemic of youth gun violence. In Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1997- 1998 Lecture Series. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
78. Cook, P.J. 1998 The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Pp. 27-64 in M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds., Youth Violence, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
79. Cook, P.J. 2002 After the epidemic: Recent trends in youth violence in the United States. In M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
80. Cork, D. 1999 Examining space-time interaction in city-level homicide data: Crack markets and the diffusion of guns among youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:379- 406.
81. Corzine, J., L. Huff-Corzine, and G.S. Weaver 2000 Using federal firearms licenses (FFL) data as an indirect measurement of gun availability. In Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group: 1999. Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
82. Donohue, J.J., III, and S.D. Levitt 2001 The impact of legalized abortion on crime. Quarterly Journal of Economics 116:379-420.
83. Duggan, M. 2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(4):1086-1114.
84. Fox, J.A. 1996 Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
85. Fox, J.A. 2001 Uniform Crime Reports Supplementary Homicide Reports 1976-1999. Produced by Northeastern University, College of Criminal Justice. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter- University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
86. Frattaroli, S., D.W. Webster, and S.P. Teret 2002 Unintentional gun injuries, firearm design, and prevention: What we know, what we need to know, and what can be done. Journal of Urban Health 79:49-59.
87. Gotsch, K.E., J.L. Annest, J.A. Mercy, and G.W. Ryan 2001 Surveillance for fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries-United States, 1993- 1998. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50(SS-2).
88. Grogger, J., and M. Willis 2000 The emergence of crack cocaine and the rise in urban crime. Review of Economics and Statistics 82:519-529.
89. Harris Interactive 2002 Harris Poll 2002.http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=234. [Accessed 3/16/04].
90. Hemenway, D., and M. Miller 2000 Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high-income countries. Journal of Trauma 49(6):3.
91. Ikeda, R.M., R. Gorwitz, S.P. James, K.E. Powell, and J.A. Mercy 1997 Fatal Firearm Injuries in the United States, 1962-1994. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control.
92. Kennedy, D.M., A.M. Piehl, and A. Braga 1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:147-196.
93. Killias, M. 1993a International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide. Canadian Medical Association Journal 148(10):1721-1725.
94. Killias, M. 1993b Gun ownership, suicide, and homicide: An international perspective. In A. Alvazi del Frate, U. Zvekic, and J.J.M. van Dijk, eds., Understanding Crime: Experiences of Crime and Crime Control. Rome: UNICRI.
95. Kleck, G. 1997 Carrying Guns for Protection: Results from the National Self-Defense Survey. Unpublished paper, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University.
96. Krug, E.G, K.E. Powell, and L.L. Dahlberg 1998 Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle income countries. International Journal of Epidemiology 7:214-221.
97. Land, K., and P. McCall 2001 The indeterminacy of forecasts of crime rates and juvenile offenses. In Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control, Committee on Law and Justice and Board on Children, Youth, and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
98. Lester, D. 1990 The availability of firearms and the use of firearms for suicide: A study of 20 countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 81:146-147.
99. Maguire, K., and A.L. Pastore 2002 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Available: http://www.albany.edu/ sourcebook/. [Accessed 1/10/03].
100. Miller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael 2002 Household firearm ownership levels and homicide rates across U.S. regions and states, 1988-1997. American Journal of Public Health 92:1988-1993.
101. National Center for Health Statistics 2002 Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Available: http:// www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/default.htm. [Accessed 3/16/04].
102. National Research Council 1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence. Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, A.J. Reiss, Jr. and J. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
103. Rand, M.R., and C.M. Rennison 2002 True crime stories? Accounting for differences in our national crime indicators. Chance 15(2):47-51.
104. Rennison, C.M. 2001 Criminal Victimization 2000: Changes 1999-2000 with Trends 1993-2000. BJS National Crime Victimization Survey NCJ 187007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
105. Rosenfeld, R., T. Bray, and A. Egley 1999 Facilitating homicide: A comparison of gang-motivated, gang-affiliated, and nongang youth homicides. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:495-516.
106. Rosenfeld, R., S.F. Messner, and E.P. Baumer 2001 Social capital and homicide. Social Forces 80:283-309.
107. United Nations 2000 United Nations International Study on Firearms Regulations. Available: http:// www.ifs.unvie.ac.at/~uncjin/firearms/Default.htm. [Accessed 12/12/02].
108. U.S. Census Bureau 2001a Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2001, Table 2. Available: www.census.gov/ statab/www/. [Accessed 7/2/02].
109. U.S. Census Bureau 2001b Time Series of National Population Estimates: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2001. Table US-2001EST-01.Population Division. Available: http://eire.census.gov/popest/data/ national/populartables/table01.php. [Accessed 11/01/02].
110. U.S. Census Bureau 2002 Time Series of Intercensal State Population Estimates: April 1, 1990 to April 1, 2000. Table CO-EST2001-12-00.Population Division. Available: http://eire.census. gov/popest/data/counties/tables/CO-EST2001-12/CO-EST2001-12-00.php. [Accessed 11/01/02].
111. Wilson, J.Q. 2002 Crime: Public policies for crime control. In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., Crime, 2nd edition. Oakland, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
112. Wintemute, G. 2000 Guns and gun violence. Pp. 45-96 in A. Blumstein and J. Wallman, eds., The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
113. Zawitz, M. 2001 Estimated Firearm Crime. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/ guncrimetab.htm. [Accessed 10/01/02].
114. Blackman, P.A. 1997- The limitations of BATF tracing for policy making and homicide. In Proceedings 1998 of the Homicide Working Group. Washington, DC: National Crime Prevention Council.
115. Braga, A.A., and D.M. Kennedy 2000 Gun shows and the illegal diversion of firearms. Georgetown Public Policy Review 6(1):7-24.
116. Braga, A.A., P.J. Cook, D.M. Kennedy, and M.H. Moore 2002 The illegal supply of firearms. In M. Tonry, ed., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
117. Britt, C., III, G. Kleck, and D.J. Bordua 1996 A reassessment of the DC gun law: Some cautionary notes on the use of interrupted time series designs for policy impact assessment. Law & Society Review 30:361-80.
118. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2000a Commerce in Firearms in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
119. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2000b Crime Gun Trace Reports (1999): National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
120. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2000c Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Against Firearms Traffickers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
121. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms 2000d ATF Regulatory Actions: Report to the Secretary on Firearms Initiative. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
122. Bureau of Justice Statistics 1993 Survey of State Prison Inmates, 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
123. National Research Council1999 Presale Handgun Checks, the Brady Interim Period, 1994-1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
124. National Research Council2002 Background Checks for Firearms Transfers, 2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
125. Callahan, C.M., F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell 1994 Money for guns: Evaluation of the Seattle gun buy-back program. Public Health Reports 109:472-477.
126. Caulkins, J. 1998 The cost-effectiveness of civil remedies: The case of drug control interventions. Crime Prevention Studies 9:219-237.
127. Cook, P.J., and A.A. Braga 2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43:277-309.
128. Cook, P.J., and J. Leitzel 1996 Perversity, futility, jeopardy: An economic analysis of the attack on gun control. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:91-118.
129. Cook, P.J., and J. Ludwig 1997 Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive Survey on Private Firearms Ownership and Use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
130. Cook, P.J., S. Molliconi, and T. Cole 1995 Regulating gun markets. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:59-92.
131. Decker, S.H., S. Pennell, and A. Caldwell 1997 Illegal Firearms: Access and Use by Arrestees. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
132. Fjestad, S.P. 2001 22nd Edition of the Blue Book of Gun Values. Minneapolis, MN: Blue Book Publications.
133. Hahn, R.A., O. Bilukha, A. Crosby, M.T. Fullilove, and A. Liberman 2005 Firearms laws and the reduction of violence: A systematic review. Task Force on Community Preventive Services, E.K. Moscicki, S. Snyder, F. Tuma, and P.A. Briss. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. January.
134. Jones, E.D., III 1981 The District of Columbia's Firearm Control Regulations Act of 1975: The toughest handgun control law in the United States-or is it? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 455:138-149.
135. Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, and A.M. Piehl 1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:147-196.
136. Kleck, G. 1999 BATF gun trace data and the role of organized gun trafficking in supplying guns to criminals. Saint Louis University Public Law Review 18:23-45.
137. Kleck, G. 2001 Impossible policy evaluations and impossible conclusions: A comment on Koper and Roth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 17(1):75-80.
138. Koper, C.S. 2002 Federal legislation and gun markets: How much have recent reforms of the federal firearms licensing system reduced criminal gun suppliers? Criminology and Public Policy 1(2):151-178.
139. Koper, C.S., and P. Reuter 1996 Suppressing illegal gun markets: Lessons learned from drug enforcement. Law and Contemporary Problems 59:119-146.
140. Koper, C.S., and J. Roth 2001a The impact of the 1994 federal assault weapon ban on gun violence outcomes: An assessment of multiple outcomes measures and some lessons for policy evaluation. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1):33-74.
141. Koper, C.S., and J. Roth 2001b The impact of the 1994 federal assault weapon ban on gun markets: An assessment of short-term primary and secondary market effects. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(3):239-266.
142. Loftin, C., D. McDowall, B. Wiersema, and T. Cottey 1991 Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine 325(23):1615-1620.
143. Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook 2000 Homicide and suicide rates associated with the implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 284:585- 591.
144. Moore, M.H. 1973 Achieving discrimination on the effective price of heroin. American Economic Review 63:270-277.
145. Moore, M.H. 1981 Keeping handguns from criminal offenders. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 455:92-109.
146. National Institute of Justice 1997 Crack, Powder Cocaine and Heroin: Drug Purchase and Use Patterns in Six Cities Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
147. National Research Council 1986 Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals." Panel on Research on Criminal Careers, A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, J.A. Roth, and C.A. Visher, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
148. National Research Council 2001 Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
149. Peters, R. 2000 Gun Control in the United States: A Comparative Survey of State Gun Laws. New York: Open Society Institute.
150. Pierce, G.L., L. Briggs, and D. Carlson 1995 The Identification of Patterns in Firearms Trafficking: Implications for a Focused Enforcement Strategy. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
151. Pierce, G.L., A.A. Braga, C. Koper, J. McDevitt, D. Carlson, J. Roth, and A. Saiz 2001 The Characteristics and Dynamics of Gun Markets: Implications for a Supply-Side Enforcement Strategy. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice. Boston: Center for Criminal Justice Policy Research, Northeastern University.
152. Police Executive Research Forum 1996 Gun buy-backs: Where do we stand and where do we go? In M.R. Plotkin, ed., Under Fire: Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges, and Amnesty Programs. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
153. Police Foundation 1996 Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
154. Reuter, P., and J. Mouzos 2003 Australia's gun control: Massive buy-back of low risk guns. In J. Ludwig and P.J. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Control. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
155. Rosenfeld, R. 1996 Gun buy-backs: Crime control or community mobilization? In M.R. Plotkin, ed., Under Fire: Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges, and Amnesty Programs. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
156. Roth, J., and C. Koper 1997 Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994-1996. Research in Brief. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
157. Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright 1993 Motivations for gun possession and carrying among serious juvenile offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 11:375-388.
158. Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright 1995 In the Line of Fire: Youth, Guns and Violence in Urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
159. Taylor, B., N. Fitzgerald, D. Hunt, J. Reardon, and H. Brownstein 2001 ADAM Preliminary Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets: Adult Arrestees. National Institute of Justice. Available: http://www.adam-nij.net/files/2000_ Preliminary_Findings.pdf.
160. Veen, J., S. Dunbar, and M. Stedman Ruland 1997 The BJA Firearms Trafficking Program: Demonstrating Effective Strategies to Control Violent Crime. Bureau of Justice Assistance. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
161. Wachtel, J. 1998 Sources of crime guns in Los Angeles, California. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 21:220-239.
162. Weil, D.S., and R. Knox 1996 Effects of limiting handgun purchases on interstate transfer of firearms. Journal of the American Medical Association 275:1759-1761.
163. Wintemute, G.J. 2000 Relationship between illegal use of handguns and handgun sales volume. Journal of the American Medical Association 284:566-567.
164. Wintemute, G.J., C.M. Drake, J.J. Beaumont, M.A. Wright, and C. Parham 1998 Prior misdemeanor convictions as a risk factor for later violent and firearm-related criminal activity among authorized purchasers of handguns. Journal of the American Medical Association 280:2083-2087.
165. Wright, J.D., and P. Rossi 1994 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms. Expanded edition. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
166. Wright, M.A., G.J. Wintemute, and F. Rivara 1999 Effectiveness of denial of handgun purchase to persons believed to be at high risk for firearm violence. American Journal of Public Health 89:88-90.
167. Zimring, F.E. 1976 Street crime and new guns: Some implications for firearms control. Journal of Criminal Justice 4:95-107.
168. Cook, P.J., and J. Ludwig 1998 Defensive gun uses: New evidence from a national survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 14(2):111-131.
169. Cook, P.J., J. Ludwig, and D. Hemenway 1997 The gun debate's new mythical number: How many defensive gun uses per year? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16(2):463-469.
170. Cummings, P., T.D. Koepsell, D.C. Grossman, J. Savarino, and R.S. Thompson 1997 The association between purchase of a handgun and homicide or suicide. American Journal of Public Health 87(6):974-978.
171. Duncan. O.D. 2000a Gun use surveys: In numbers we trust? Criminologist 25(1):1-6.
172. Harrison, L.D. 1995 The validity of self-reported data on drug use. Journal of Drug Issues 25(1):91- 111.
173. Hemenway, D. 1997a The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun uses: A case study of survey overestimates of rare events. Chance 10(3):6-10.
174. Hemenway, D. 1997b Survey research and self-defense gun use: An explanation of extreme overestimates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87(4):1430-1445.
175. Hemenway, D., and D. Azrael 2000 The relative frequency of offensive and defensive gun uses: Results from a national survey. Violence and Victims 15(5):257-271.
176. Hemenway, D., D. Azrael, and M. Miller 2000 Gun use in the United States: Results from two national surveys. Injury Prevention 6:263-267.
177. Kellermann, A.L., and D.T. Reay 1986 Protection or peril? An analysis of firearm-related deaths in the home. New England Journal of Medicine 314(24):1557-1560.
178. Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, N.B. Rushforth, J.G. Branton, D.T. Reay, J.T. Francisco, A.B. Locci, J. Prodzinski, B.B. Hackman, and G. Somes 1993 Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. New England Journal of Medicine 329(15):1084-1091.
179. Kleck, G. 1997 Targeting Guns. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 2000 Research Agenda on Guns, Violence and Gun Control. Working Paper.
180. Kleck, G.2000 Research Agenda on Guns, Violence and Gun Control. Working Paper.
181. Kleck, G. 2001a The frequency of defensive gun use: Evidence and disinformation. Chapter 6 in G. Kleck and D.B. Kates, eds., Armed: New Perspectives on Gun Control. New York: Prometheus Books.
182. Kleck, G. 2001b The nature and effectiveness of owning, carrying and using guns for self-protection. Chapter 7 in G. Kleck and D.B. Kates, eds., Armed: New Perspectives on Gun Control. New York: Prometheus Books.
183. Kleck, G., and M.A. DeLone 1993 Victim resistance and offender weapon effects in robbery. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9(1):55-81.
184. Kleck, G., and M. Gertz 1995 Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(1):150-187.
185. Kleck, G., and M. Gertz 1998 Carrying guns for protection: Results from the national self-defense survey. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:193-224.
186. Kleck, G., and S. Sayles 1990 Rape and resistance. Social Problems 37:149-162.
187. Lizotte, A.J. 1986 Determinants of completing rape and assault. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2:203-217.
188. Ludwig, J. 1998 Concealed-gun-carrying law and violent crime: Evidence from state panel data. International Review of Law and Economics 18(2):239-254.
189. McDowall D., and B. Wiersema 1994 The incidence of defensive firearm use by US crime victims, 1987 through 1990. American Journal of Public Health 84(12):1982-1984.
190. McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and B. Wiersema 1998 Estimates of the Frequency of Firearm Self-Defense from the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey. Violence Research Group Discussion Paper 20.
191. McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and S. Presser 2000 Measuring civilian defensive firearm use: A methodological experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16(2):1-19.
192. National Research Council 1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence. Committee on Law and Justice, A.J. Reiss and J. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
193. National Research Council 2001 Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
194. National Research Council 2003 Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research. Committee on Law and Justice, J.V. Pepper and C.V. Petrie, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
195. Rosenbaum, P.R. 2001 Replicating effects and biases. American Statistician 55(3):223-227.
196. Rushforth, N.B., C.S. Hirsch, A.B. Ford, and L. Adelson 1974 Accidental firearm fatalities in a metropolitan county (1958-1974). American Journal of Epidemiology 100(6):499-505.
197. Smith, T.W. 1997 A call for truce in the DGU War. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87(4):1462-1469.
198. Ziegenhagen, E.A., and D. Brosnan 1985 Victim response to robbery and crime control policy. Criminology 23:675-695.
199. Ayres, I., and J.J. Donohue III 2003a Shooting down the "more guns, less crime" hypothesis. Stanford Law Review 55:1193.
200. Ayres, I., and J.J. Donohue III 2003b The latest misfires in support of the "more guns, less crime" hypothesis. Stanford Law Review 55:1371-1398.
201. Bartley, W.A., and M.A. Cohen 1998 The effect of concealed weapons laws: An extreme bound analysis. Economic Inquiry 36(2):258-265.
202. Black, D.A., and D.S. Nagin 1998 Do right-to-carry laws deter violent crime? Journal of Legal Studies 27:209-219.
203. Bronars, S., and J.R. Lott, Jr. 1998 Criminal deterrence, geographic spillovers, and the right to carry concealed handguns. American Economic Review 88:475-479.
204. Donohue, J.J., III 2002 Divining the Impact of State Laws Permitting Citizens to Carry Concealed Handguns. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford Law School.
205. Duggan, M. 2001 More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy 109(4):1086-1114.
206. Helland, E., and A. Tabarrok 2004 Using placebo laws to test "more guns, less crime." Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy 4(1):Article 1. http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/advances/vol4/iss1/art.
207. Lott, J.R., Jr. 1999 More Guns, Less Crime: A response to Ayres and Donohue. Working paper no. 247, Program for Studies in Law, Economics and Public Policy, Yale Law School.
208. Lott, J.R., Jr. 2000 More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
209. Lott, J.R., Jr., and D.B. Mustard 1997 Crime, deterrence, and right-to-carry concealed handguns. Journal of Legal Studies 26(1):1-68.
210. Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley 2002 A Note on the Use of County-Level UCR Data: A Response. Working paper.
211. Ludwig, J. 1998 Concealed-gun-carrying law and violent crime: Evidence from state panel data. International Review of Law and Economics 18(2):239-254.
212. Maltz, M.D., and J. Targonski 2002 A note on the use of county-level UCR data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(2):297-318.
213. Moody, C.E. 2001 Testing for the effects of concealed weapons laws: Specification errors and robustness. Journal of Law and Economics 44(3):799-813.
214. Moulton, B.R. 1990 An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effects of aggregate variables on micro units. Review of Economics and Statistics 72:334-338.
215. Olson, D.E., and M.D. Maltz 2001 Right-to-carry weapon laws and homicide in large U.S. counties: The effect on weapon types, victim characteristics and victim offender relationships. Journal of Law and Economics 44(3):747-770.
216. Plassmann, F., and T.N Tideman 2001 Does the right to carry concealed handguns deter countable crimes? Only a count analysis can say. Journal of Law and Economics 44(2:2):771-798.
217. Plassmann, F., and J.E. Whitley 2003 Comments: Confirming more guns, less crime. Stanford Law Review 55:1313- 1369.
218. Ramsey, J.B. 1969 Tests for specification errors in classical linear least squares regression analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 31(2):350-371.
219. Vernick, J., and L.M. Hepburn 2002 State and federal gun laws: Trends for 1970-1999. In J. Ludwig and P.J. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
220. Wooldrige, J.M. 2003 Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Second ed. Mason, OH: Thomson Southwestern.
221. Zimring, F., and G. Hawkins 1997 Concealed handguns: The counterfeit deterrent. The Responsive Community 7:46- 60.
222. Azrael, D., P.J. Cook, and M. Miller 2004 State and local prevalence of firearms ownership: Measurement, structure and trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20(1):43-62.
223. Bailey, J.E., A.L. Kellermann, G.W. Somes, J.G. Banton, F.P. Rivara, and N.P. Rushforth 1997 Risk factors for violent death of women in the home. Archives of Internal Medicine 157:777-782.
224. Beautrais, A.L, P.R. Joyce, and R.T. Mulder 1996 Access to firearms and the risk of suicide: A case control study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30:741-748.
225. Birckmayer, J., and D. Hemenway 2001 Suicide and firearm prevalence: Are youth disproportionately affected? Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 31(3):303-310.
226. Boor, M., and J.H. Bair 1990 Suicide rates, handgun control laws, and sociodemographic variables. Psychological Reports 66:923-930.
227. Borowsky, I.W., M. Ireland, and M.D. Resnick 2001 Adolescent suicide attempts: risks and protectors. Pediatrics 107(3):485-493.
228. Brent, D.A., M. Baugher, J. Bridge, J. Chen, and L. Beery 1999 Age and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38:1497-1505.
229. Brent, D.A., J.A. Perper, and C.J. Allman 1987 Alcohol, firearms, and suicide among youth: Temporal trends in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 1960 to 1983. Journal of the American Medical Association 257:3369-3372.
230. Brent, D.A, J.A. Perper, C.J. Allman, G.M. Moritz, M. Wartella, and J.P. Zelenak 1991 The presence and accessibility of firearms in the homes of adolescent suicides: A case-control study. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2989-2995.
231. Brent, D.A., J. A. Perper, C.E. Goldstein, D.J. Kolko, M.J. Allan, C.J. Allman, and J.P. Zelenak 1988 Risk factors for adolescent suicide: A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:581-588.
232. Brent, D.A, J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, and C. Roth 1993a Firearms and adolescent suicide: A community case-control study. American Journal of Diseases of Children 147:1066-1071.
233. Brent, D.A, J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, and C. Roth 1994 Suicide in affectively ill adolescents: A case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders 31(3):193-202.
234. Brent, D.A., J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, and C. Allman 1993b Suicide in adolescents with no apparent psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32:494-500.
235. Bukstein, O.G., D.A. Brent, J.A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, C. Roth, and L. Balach 1993 Risk factors for completed suicide among adolescents with a lifetime history of substance abuse: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 88:403-408.
236. Cantor, C.H., and P.J. Slater 1995 The impact of firearm control legislation on suicide in Queensland: Preliminary findings. Medical Journal of Australia 162:583-585.
237. Carrington, P.J. 1999 Gender, gun control, suicide and homicide in Canada. Archives of Suicide Research 5:71-75.
238. Carrington, P.J., and S. Moyer 1994 Gun control and suicide in Ontario. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:606-608.
239. Clarke, R.V., and P.R. Jones 1989 Suicide and increased availability of handguns in the United States. Social Science and Medicine 28:805-809.
240. Conwell, Y., P.R. Duberstein, K. Connor, S. Eberly, C. Cox, and E.D. Caine 2002 Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10:407-416.
241. Cummings P., D.C. Grossman, F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell 1997a State guns safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. Journal of the American Medical Association (October) 278(13):1084-1086.
242. Cummings, P., T.D. Koepsell, D.C. Grossman, J. Savarino, and R.S. Thompson 1997b The association between the purchase of a handgun and homicide or suicide. American Journal of Public Health 87:974-978.
243. DeZee, M.R. 1983 Gun control legislation: Impact and ideology. Law and Policy Quarterly 5:367- 379.
244. Duggan, M. 2003 Guns and suicide. Pp 41-67 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds. Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
245. Geisel, M.S., R. Roll, and R.S. Wettick 1969 The effectiveness of state and local regulations of handguns. Duke University Law Journal 4:647-476.
246. Hemenway, D., and M. Miller 2000 Firearm availability and homicide rates across 26 high income countries. Journal of Trauma 49:985-988.
247. Hemenway, D., and M. Miller 2002 The association of rates of household handgun ownership, lifetime major depression and serious suicidal thoughts with rates of suicide across U.S. census regions. Injury Prevention 8:313-316.
248. Hemenway, D., B.P. Kennedy, I. Kawachi, and R.D. Putnam 2001 Firearm prevalence and social capital. Annals of Epidemiology 11:484-490.
249. Hennekens C.H., and J.E. Buring 1987 Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
250. Hsieh, D., C.F. Manski, and D. McFadden 1985 Estimation of response probabilities from augmented retrospective observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association 80:651-662.
251. Johnson, G.R., E.G. Krug, and L.B. Potter 2000 Suicide among adolescents and young adults: A cross-national comparison of 34 countries. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 30:74-82.
252. Kaplan, M.S., and O. Geling 1998 Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: Regional variations and patterns of gun ownership. Social Science Medicine 46:1227-1233.
253. Kellermann, A.L, F.P, Rivara, G. Somes, D.T. Reay, J. Francisco, J.G. Banton, J. Prodzinski, 1992 Special article: Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership. New England Journal of Medicine 327:467-472.
254. Kellermann, A.L., et al. 1993 Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(15):1084-1091.
255. Kellermann, A.L., F.P. Rivara, R.K. Lee, J.G. Banton, P. Cummings, B.B. Hackman, and G. Somes 1996 Injuries due to firearms in three cities. New England Journal of Medicine 335:1438- 1444.
256. Kellermann, A.L., et al. 1998 Injuries and deaths due to firearms in the home. Journal of Trauma 45 (2):263- 267.
257. Killias, M. 1993 International correlations between gun ownership and rates of homicide and suicide. Canadian Medical Association Journal 148:1721-1725.
258. Killias, M. 2001 Guns, violent crime, and suicide in 21 countries. Canadian Journal of Criminology 43:429-439.
259. Kleck, G. 1997 Targeting Guns. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
260. Kleck, G., and E.B. Patterson 1993 The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9:249-287.
261. Krasker, W.S., and J.W. Pratt 1986 Bounding the effects of proxy variables on regression coefficients. Econometrica 54(3):641-656.
262. Leenaars, A.A., and D. Lester 1999 Suicide notes in alcoholism. Psychological Reports 85:363-364.
263. Lester, D. 1987a Availability of guns and the likelihood of suicide. Sociology and Social Research 71:287-288.
264. Lester, D. 1987b An availability-acceptability theory of suicide. Activitas Nervosa Superior 29:164- 166.
265. Lester, D. 1988a State laws on suicide and suicide rates. Psychological Reports 62(1):134-139.
266. Lester, D. 1988b Restricting the availability of guns as a strategy for preventing suicide. Biology and Society 5:127-129.
267. Lester, D. 1988c Gun control, gun ownership, and suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 18:176-180.
268. Lester, D. 1989 Gun ownership and suicide in the United States. Psychological Medicine 19:519- 521.
269. Lester, D. 2000 Gun availability and the use of guns for suicide and homicide in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 91(3):186-187.
270. Lester, D., and A. Leenaars 1993 Suicide rates in Canada before and after the tightening of firearm control laws. Psychological Reports 72:787-790.
271. Lester, D., and M.E. Murrell 1980 The influences of gun control laws on suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychology 137:121-122.
272. Lester, D., and M.E. Murrell 1982 The preventive effect of strict gun control laws on suicide and homicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 12:131-140.
273. Lester, D., and M.E. Murrell 1986 The influence of gun control laws on personal violence. Journal of Community Psychology 14:315-318.
274. Loftin, C., D. McDowall, B. Wiersema, and T.J. Cottey 1991 Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the District of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine 325:1615-1620.
275. Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley 2000 Safe Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime. Working paper #237, Yale Law School, Program for Studies in Law, Economics, and Public Policy.
276. Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook 2000 Homicide and suicide rates associated with implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 284(5):585- 591.
277. Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook2001 The benefit of reducing gun violence: Evidence from contingent valuation survey data. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 22(3):207-226.
278. Ludwig, J., P.J. Cook, and T. Smith 1998 The gender gap in reporting household gun ownership. American Journal of Public Health 88:1715-1718.
279. Maddala, G.S. 1992 Introduction to Econometrics. New York: Macmillan.
280. Manski, C.F., and S.R. Lerman 1977 The estimation of choice probabilities from choice based samples. Econometrica 45(8):1977-1988.
281. Markush, R.E., and A.A. Bartolucci 1984 Firearms and suicide in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 74:123-127.
282. Mathur, V.K., and D.G. Freeman 2002 A theoretical model of adolescent suicide and some evidence from U.S. data. Health Economics 11(8):695-708.
283. McKeown, R.E., C.Z. Garrison, S.P. Cuffe, J.L. Waller, K.L. Jackson, and C.L. Addy 1998 Incidence and predictors of suicidal behaviors in a longitudinal sample of young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 37(6):612-619.
284. Medoff, M.H., and J.P. Maggadino 1983 Suicides and firearm control laws. Evaluation Review 7:357-372.
285. Mietinnen, O.S. 1976 Estimability and estimation in case referent studies. American Journal of Epidemiology 103:226-235.
286. Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway 2001 Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33:477-484.
287. Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway 2002a Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide and homicide among 5-14 year olds. Journal of Trauma 52(2):267-274.
288. Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway 2002b Household firearm ownership and suicide rates in the United States. Epidemiology 13:517-524.
289. Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway 2002c Firearm availability and suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths among women. Journal of Urban Health 79(1):26-38.
290. Murray, D.R. 1975 Handguns, gun control laws and firearm violence. Social Problems 23:81-92.
291. National Center for Health Statistics 2003 National Vital Statistics Reports 52(3).
292. Nicholson, R., and A. Garner 1980 The Analysis of the Firearms Control Act of 1975. Washington DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors.
293. Resnick, M.D., P.S. Bearman, R.W. Blum, K.E. Bauman, K.M. Harris, J. Jones, J. Tabor, T. Beuhring, R. Sieving, M. Shew, M. Ireland, L.H. Bearinger, and J.R. Udry 1997 Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association 278(10):823-832.
294. Reuter, P., and J. Mouzos 2003 Australia's gun control: Massive buy-back of low risk guns. In J. Ludwig and P.J. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Control. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
295. Rich, C.L., J.G. Young, R.C. Fowler, J. Wagner, and A. Black 1986 San Diego suicide study: Young vs. old subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 43:577-582.
296. Rich, C.L., J.G. Young, R.C. Fowler, J. Wagner, and A. Black 1990 Guns and suicide: Possible effects of some specific legislation. American Journal of Psychiatry 147:342-346.
297. Shah, S., R.E. Hoffman, L. Wake, and W.M. Marine 2000 Adolescent suicide and household access to firearms in Colorado: Results of a casecontrol study. Journal of Adolescent Health 26:157-163.
298. Sloan, J.H., F.P. Rivara, D.T. Reay, J.A.J. Ferris, and A.L. Kellermann 1990 Firearm regulations and community suicide rates. A comparison of two metropolitan areas. New England Journal of Medicine 322:369-373.
299. Snowdon, J., and L. Harris 1992 Firearm suicides in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 156:79-83.
300. Sommers, P.M. 1984 Letter to the editor. New England Journal of Medicine 310:47-48.
301. Thomsen, J.L., and S.B. Albrektsen 1991 An investigation of a pattern of firearm fatalities before and after introduction of new legislation in Denmark. Medical Science and Law 31:162-166.
302. Wintemute, G.J., C.A. Parham, J.J. Beaumont, M. Wright, and C. Drake 1999 Mortality among recent purchasers of handguns. New England Journal of Medicine 341:1583-1589.
303. Wooldridge, J.M. 2000 Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
304. Yang, B., and D. Lester 1991 The effect of gun availability on suicide rates. Atlantic Economics Journal 19:74.
305. Arcus, M. 1995 Family Life Education: What Works? Paper presented at the meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, November 18, Portland, OR.
306. Arredono, S., T. Aultman-Bettride, T.P. Johnson, et al. 1999 Preventing Youth Handgun Violence: A National Study for Trends and Patterns for the State of Colorado. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.
307. Benowitz, N.L., S.M. Hall, R.I. Herning, P. Jacob, R.T. Jones, and A.L. Osman 1983 Smokers of low-yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. New England Journal of Medicine 309(July 21):139-142.
308. Boruch, B., H. May, H. Turner, J. Lavenberg, A. Petrosino, D. de Moya, J. Grimshaw, and E. Foley 2004 Estimating the effects of interventions that are deployed in many places: Placerandomized trials. American Behavioral Scientist 47(5):608-633.
309. Brady Campaign to Reduce Gun Violence 2002 Child Access Protection (CAP) Laws. Available at: http://www.bradycampaign.org/ facts/gunlaws/cap.asp. [Accessed 7/25/02].
310. Cook, P.J., and A. Braga 2001 Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43(2):277-309.
311. Cook, P.J., and J.A. Leitzel 2002 "Smart" guns: A technological fix for regulating the secondary market. Contemporary Economic Policy 20(1):38-49.
312. Cummings, P., D.C. Grossman, F.P. Rivara, and T.D. Koepsell 1997 State gun safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. Journal of the American Medical Association 278:1084-1086.
313. Flay, B.R. 1986 Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development of health promotion programs. Preventive Medicine 15:451-474.
314. Flay, B.R. 2002 School-Based Randomized Trials for Evaluation Problem Behavior Prevention Programs. Prepared for Conference on Progress and Prospects for Place-based Randomized Trials, Rockefeller Foundation Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, November 11-15.
315. Flay, B.R., and J.A. Best 1982 Overcoming design problems in evaluating health behavior problems. Evaluation and the Health Professions 5:43-69.
316. Glasgow, R.E., K.D. McCaul, V.B. Freeborn, and H.K. O'Neill 1981 Immediate and long term health consequences information in the prevention of adolescent smoking. Behavior Therapist 4:15-16.
317. Goodstadt, M. 1978 Alcohol and drug education: models and outcomes. Health Education Monographs 6:263-279.
318. Hardy, M.S. 2002a Behavior-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. Future of Children 12(2):101-115.
319. Hardy, M.S. 2002b Teaching firearm safety to children: Failure of a program. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 23(2):71-76.
320. Hardy, M.S., F.D. Armstrong, B.L. Martin, and K.N. Strawn 1996 A firearm safety program for children: They just can't say no. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 17:216-221.
321. Health Partners Research Foundation 1999 Calling the Shots: A Hospital Based Violence Prevention Program. Presented at the Centers for Disease Control Injury Prevention Forum, June 1999.
322. Howard, P.K. 2000 An overview of a few well-known national children's gun safety programs and ENA's newly developed program. Injury Prevention 27(5):485-488.
323. Howard, P.K. 2001 An overview of a few well-known national children's gun safety programs and ENA's newly developed program. Journal of Emergency Nursing 27(5):485-488.
324. Institute of Medicine 2001 Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. K. Stratton, P. Shetty, R. Wallace, and S. Bondurant, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
325. Institute of Medicine 2002 Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health. S.K. Goldsmith, T.C. Pellmar, A.M. Kleinman, and W.E. Bunney, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
326. LeBrun, E., G. Naue, S. Naureckas, and M. Witwer 1999 School-Based Curricula to Prevent Gun Violence: A Review and Call for Evaluation of Programs. Chicago: Handgun Epidemic Lowering Plan (HELP) Network.
327. Leonardatos, C., P.H. Blackman, and D.B. Kopel 2001 Smart guns/foolish legislators: Find the right public safety laws, and avoiding the wrong ones. Connecticut Law Review 34(1):157-219.
328. Lott, J.R., Jr., and D.B.M. Mustard 1997 Crime, deterrence and right-to-carry concealed handguns. Journal of Legal Studies 26(1):1-68.
329. Lott, J.R., Jr., and J.E. Whitley 2002 Safe storage gun laws: Accidental deaths, suicide, and crime. Journal of Law and Economics 44(1):659-689.
330. Morgan, L. 1989 Lawmakers pass gun bill: Governor promises to sign. St. Petersburg Times June 21, p. 1A.
331. Moskowitz, J.M. 1989 Preliminary guidelines for reporting outcome evaluation studies of health promotion and disease prevention programs. In M.T. Braverman, ed., Evaluating Health Promotion Programs: New Directions for Program Evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
332. National Academy of Engineering 2003 Owner-Authorized Handguns: A Workshop Summary. Steering Committee for NAE Workshop on User-Authorized Handguns. Lance A. Davis and Greg Pearson, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
333. National Council on Crime and Delinquency 2001 Teens on Target Evaluation. I. Arifuku, author. Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.
334. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine 2002 Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence. Case Studies of School Violence Committee. Committee on Law and Justice and Board on Children, Youth, and Families. M.H. Moore, C.V. Petrie, A.A. Braga, and B.L. McLaughlin, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
335. New Jersey Institute of Technology 2001 Personalized Weapons Technology Project Progress Report with Findings and Recommendations, Vol. I and II. April 15. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute of Technology.
336. Oatis, P.J., N.M. Fenn Buderer, P. Cummings, and R. Fleitz 1999 Pediatrics practice based evaluation of the Steps to Prevent Firearm Injury program. Injury Prevention 5(1):48-52.
337. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1999 Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
338. Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy 1997 Problematic arguments for banning handguns. Pp. 31-49 in D.B. Kates and G. Kleck, eds., The Great American Gun Debate: Essays on Firearms and Violence. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
339. Peltzman, S. 1975 The effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Political Economy 83(2):677- 725.
340. Shapiro, J.P., R.L. Dorman, W.M. Burkey, C.J. Welker, and J.B. Clough 1997 Development and factor analysis of a measure of youth attitudes toward guns and violence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 26:311-320.
341. Shapiro, J.P., R.D. Dorman, C.J. Welker, and J.B. Clough 1998 Youth attitudes toward guns and violence: Relations with sex, age, ethnic group, and exposure. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27:98-108.
342. Teret, S.P., and P.L. Culross 2002 Product-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. Future of Children 12(2):119-132.
343. Thompson, E.L. 1978 Smoking education programs, 1960-1976. American Journal of Public Health 68:257.
344. Violence Policy Center 1998 False Hope of Smart Guns. Available at: http://www.vpc.org/fact_sht/smartgun. htm. [Accessed 7/24/02].
345. Viscusi, W.K. 1984 The lulling effect: The impact of child resistant packaging on aspirin and analgesic ingestions. American Economic Review 74(2):324-327.
346. Viscusi, W.K. 1992 Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk. New York: Oxford University Press.
347. Webster, D.W., and M. Starnes 2000 Reexamining the association between child access prevention gun laws and unintentional shooting deaths of children. Pediatrics 106(4):1466-1469.
348. Weisburd, D., and A. Petrosino forth- Randomized experiments. In Richard Wright, ed., Encyclopedia of Criminology. coming Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
349. Weiss, D.R. 1996 Smart Gun Technology Project Final Report. SAND96-1131. May. Prepared by the Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy. Available: www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/1996/961131.pdf [Accessed 3/17/04].
350. Wilson-Brewer, R., S. Cohen, L. O'Donnell, and I. Goodman 1991 Violence Prevention for Young Adolescents: A Survey of the State of the Art. Available from the ERIC Clearinghouse, ED356442; 800-443-3742.
351. Wirsbinski, J.W. 2001 Smart Gun Technology Update. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
352. Wright, J.D., and P.H. Rossi 1986 Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
353. Alschuler, A.W. 1978 Sentencing reform and prosecutorial power: A critique of recent proposals for "fixed" and "presumptive sentencing." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 126(3):550-577.
354. Beha, J.A. 1977 "And nobody can get you out:" The impact of a mandatory prison sentence for the illegal carrying of a firearm on the use of firearms and on the administration of criminal justice in Boston. Boston University Law Review 57:96-146, 289-333.
355. Berk, R., D. Hoffman, J.D. Roma, and H. Wong 1979 Estimation procedures for pooled cross-sectional and time-series data. Evaluation Quarterly 3(2):385-411.
356. Blumstein, A. 1995 Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminality 86:10-36.
357. Boston Police Department 2002 Crime Reduction Strategies: Firearms Crime. Boston: Boston Police Department.
358. Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, E.J. Waring, and A.M. Piehl 2001a Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of Boston's Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38(3):195-225.
359. Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, A.M. Piehl, and E.J. Waring 2001b Measuring the impact of Operation Ceasefire. In Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
360. Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, and G. Tita 2002 New approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence. In C.R. Huff, ed., Gangs in America, 3rd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
361. Braga, A.A., D.L. Weisburd, E.J. Waring, L.G. Mazerolle, W. Spelman, and F. Gajewski 1999 Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment. Criminology 37(3):541-580.
362. Carlson, K. 1982 Mandatory Sentencing: The Experiences of Two States. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
363. Chaiken, J., and M. Chaiken 1982 Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
364. Cohen, J., and J. Ludwig 2003 Policing crime guns. Pp. 217-239 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
365. Cook, P.J., and J.H. Laub 1998 The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Pp. 27-64 in M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds., Youth Violence. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Volume 24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
366. Cook, P.J., and D. Nagin 1979 Does the Weapon Matter? An Evaluation of a Weapons-Emphasis Policy in the Prosecution of Violent Offenders. Washington, DC: INSLAW.
367. Deutsch, S.J. 1979 Lies, damn lies, and statistics: A rejoinder to the comment by Hay and McCleary. Evaluation Review Quarterly 3:315-328.
368. Deutsch, S.J. 1981 Intervention modeling: Analysis of changes in crime rates. In J.A. Fox, ed., Methods in Quantitative Criminology. New York: Academic Press.
369. Deutsch, S.J., and F.B. Alt 1977 The effect of Massachusetts' gun control law on gun-related crimes in the city of Boston. Evaluation Quarterly 1:543-568.
370. Eck, J.E., and W. Spelman 1987 Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
371. Eck, J.E., and D. Weisburd 1995 Crime places in crime theory. In J. Eck and D. Weisburd, eds., Crime and Place. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
372. Goldstein, H. 1990 Problem-Oriented Policing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
373. Greene, J.A. 1999 Zero tolerance: A case study of police practices and policies in New York City. Crime and Delinquency 45(2):171-181.
374. Greenwood, P. 2003 Commentary on Raphael and Ludwig. Pp. 280-286 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
375. Hay, R.A., and R. McCleary 1979 Box-Tiao time series models for impact assessment: A comment on the recent work of Deutsch and Alt. Evaluation Quarterly 3:277-314.
376. Kennedy, D.M. 1997 Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime setting and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review 31(2):449-484.
377. Kennedy, D.M., A.M. Piehl, and A.A. Braga 1996 Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1):147-197.
378. Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, and A.M. Piehl 1997 The (un)known universe: Mapping gangs and gang violence in Boston. In D. Weisburd and J.T. McEwen, eds., Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
379. Kennedy, D.M., A.A. Braga, and A.M. Piehl 2001 Developing and implementing Operation Ceasefire. In Reducing Gun Violence: The Boston Gun Project's Operation Ceasefire. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
380. Kessler, D., and S. Levitt 1999 Using sentence enhancements to distinguish between deterrence and incapacitation. Journal of Law and Economics 42:343-363.
381. Kleck, G. 1991 Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 1997 Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
382. Levitt, S. 2003 Commentary on Raphael and Ludwig. Pp. 277-279 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
383. Lizotte, A., and M. Zatz 1986 The use and abuse of sentence enhancement for firearms offenses in California. Law and Contemporary Problems 49(1):199-221.
384. Loftin, C., and D. McDowall 1981 "One with a gun gets you two:" Mandatory sentencing and firearms violence in Detroit. Annals of the American Academy of Political and and Social Science 455:150-167.
385. Loftin, C., and D. McDowall 1984 The deterrent effects of the Florida felony firearm law. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75(1):250-259.
386. Loftin, C., M. Heumann, and D. McDowall 1983 Mandatory sentencing and firearms violence. Law and Society Review 17(2):287- 318.
387. Marvell, T., and C. Moody 1995 The impact of enhanced prison terms for felonies committed with guns. Criminology 33(1):247-281.
388. McDevitt, J., A.A. Braga, D. Nurge, and M. Buerger 2003 Boston's Youth Violence Prevention Program: A comprehensive community-wide approach. In Scott H. Decker, ed., Policing Gangs and Youth Violence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
389. McDowall, D., C. Loftin, and B. Wiersema 1992 A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing laws for gun crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83:378-394.
390. McGarrell, E., and S. Chermak 2003 Strategic Approaches to Reducing Firearms Violence: Final Report on the Indianapolis Violence Reduction Partnership. Final report submitted to the National Institute of Justice. School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University.
391. McGarrell, E.F., S. Chermak, A. Weiss, and J. Wilson 2001 Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology and Public Policy 1:119-148.
392. McPheters, L., R. Mann, and D. Schlagenhauf 1984 Economic response to a crime deterrence program: Mandatory sentencing for robbery with a firearm. Economic Inquiry 22(2):550-570.
393. Meyer, B.D. 1995 Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 13(2):151-162.
394. National Research Council 1978 Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Panel on Deterrence and Incapacitation, Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel Nagin, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
395. National Research Council 1993 Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 1. Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
396. National Research Council 2001 Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us. Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs, C.F. Manski, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie, eds. Committee on Law and Justice and Committee on National Statistics. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
397. National Research Council 2004 Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices, W. Skogan and K. Frydl, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
398. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1999 Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
399. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2002 Juvenile Gun Courts: Promoting Accountability and Providing Treatment. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
400. Piehl, A.M., S.J. Cooper, A.A. Braga, and D.M. Kennedy 1999 Testing for Structural Breaks in the Evaluation of Programs. Working paper #7226. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
401. Pierce, G.L., and W.J. Bowers 1981 The Bartley-Fox gun law's short-term impact on crime in Boston. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 455:120-137.
402. Pierce, G., S. Spaar, and L. Briggs 1988 The Character of Police Work: Strategic and Tactical Implications. Boston: Center for Applied Social Research, Northeastern University.
403. Raphael, S., and J. Ludwig 2003 Prison sentence enhancements: The case of Project Exile. Pp. 251-276 in J. Ludwig and P. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
404. Rolph, J., J. Chaiken, and R. Houchens 1981 Methods for Estimating the Crime Rates of Individuals. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
405. Rosenfeld, R., and S. Decker 1996 Consent to search and seize: Evaluating an innovative youth firearms suppression program. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(2):197-220.
406. Rossman, D., P. Froyd, G.L. Pierce, J. McDevitt, and W.J. Bowers 1980 Massachusetts' mandatory minimum sentence gun law. Criminal Law Bulletin 16(2):150-163.
407. Sherman, L.W. 1995 The police. In J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds., Crime. San Francisco: ICS Press. 2001 Reducing gun violence: What works, what doesn't, what's promising. Criminal Justice 1(1):11-25.
408. Sherman, L.W., and D. Rogan 1995 Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: "Hot spots" patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly 12(4):673-694.
409. Sherman, L.W., P. Gartin, and M. Buerger 1989 Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology 27(1):27-56.
410. Tita, G., K.J. Riley, G. Ridgeway, C. Grammich, A.F. Abrahamse, and P.W. Greenwood 2003 Reducing Gun Violence: Results from an Intervention in East Los Angeles. Prepared for the National Institute of Justice. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
411. Weisburd, D. 1997 Reorienting Criminal Justice Research and Policy: From the Causes of Criminality to the Context of Crime. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
412. Weisburd, D., L. Maher, and L. Sherman 1992 Contrasting crime general and crime specific theory: The case of hot spots of crime. Advances in Criminological Theory 4(1):45-69.
413. Wolfgang, M., R. Figlio, and T. Sellin 1972 Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.