The importance of strict blood glucose control with insulin therapy in the intensive care unit

Current Diabetes Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 227-233

  van den Heuvel, Ingeborg ^a   Vanhorebeek, Ilse ^a   Van den Berghe, Great ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Blood Glucose; Closed loop systems; Continuous blood glucose monitoring devices; Hypoglycaemia; Insulin Therapy; Normoglycaemia; Pathophysiological mechanisms

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE DEHYDROGENASE; INSULIN;

ACCURACY; ALGORITHM; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN TREATMENT; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NURSE TRAINING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SURGICAL PATIENT; SURVIVAL RATE;

ALGORITHMS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 54749089267     PISSN: 15733998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157339908785294343     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR. Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17: 107-24.
2. Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogenous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 1471-8.
3. Faustino EV, Apkon M. Persistent hyperglycemia in critically ill children. J Pediatr 2005; 146: 30-4.
4. Bochicchio GV, Sung J, Joshi M, et al. Persistent hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 2005; 58: 921-4.
5. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000; 355: 773-8.
6. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 2001; 32: 2426-32.
7. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-67.
8. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 449-61.
9. Gore DC, Chinkes D, Heggers J, et al. Association of hyperglycemia with increased mortality after severe burn injury. J Trauma 2001; 51: 540-4.
10. Nonogaki K. New insights into sympathetic regulation of glucose and fat metabolism. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 533-49.
11. Grimble RF. Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5: 551-9.
12. Wolfe RR, Herdon DN, Jahoor F, et al. Effect of severe burn injury on substrate cycling by glucose and fatty acids. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 403-8.
13. Virkamaki A, Yki-Jarvinen H. Mechanisms of insulin resistance during acute endotoxemia. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 2072-8.
14. Meszaros K, Lang CH, Bagby GJ, et al. Contribution of different organs to increased glucose consumption after endotoxin administration. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 10965-70.
15. Garg R, Chaudhuri A, Munschauer F, et al. Hyperglycemia, Insulin, and Acute Ischemic Stroke. A mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy. Stroke 2006; 37: 267-73.
16. Van den Berghe G. How does blood glucose control with insulin save lives in intensive care? J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 1187-95.
17. Schiekofer S, Andrassy M, Chen J, et al. Acute hyperglycemia causes intracellular formation of CML and activation of ras, p42/44 MAPK, and nuclear factor kB in PBMCs. Diabetes 2003; 52: 621-33.
18. Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 785-92.
19. CRASH Trial Collaborators. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 1321-8.
20. Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, et al. Impact of insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 480-9.
21. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 992-1000.
22. Krinsley JS. Glycemic control, diabetic status, and mortality in a heterogenous population of critically ill patients before and during the era of intensive glycemic management: six and one-half years experience at a university-affiliated community hospital. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 18: 317-25.
23. Grey NJ, Perdrizet GA. Reduction of nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit by strict glycemic control. Endocr Pract 2004; 10 (Suppl 2): 46-52.
24. Reed CC, Stewart RM, Sherman M, et al. Intensive insulin protocol improves glucose control and is associated with a reduction in intensive care unit mortality. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: 1048-55.
25. Marx. Intensivierte insulintherapie bei intensivpatienten-contra. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2006; 131: 2481.
26. National Institute of Health: Glucontrol study: comparing the effects of two glucose control regimens by insulin in intensive care unit patients, www.glucontrol.org
27. Ellger B, Debaveye Y, Vanhorebeek I, et al. Survival benefits of intensive insulin therapy in critical illness: impact of maintaining normoglycemia versus glycemia-independent actions of insulin. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1096-105.
28. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 359-66.
29. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, et al. Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 2003; 290: 2041-7.
30. Klip A, Tsakiridis T, Marrette A, et al. Regulation of expression of glucose transporters by glucose: a review of studies in vivo and in cell cultures. FASEB J 1994; 8: 43-53.
31. Vanhorebeek I, De Vos R, Mesotten D, et al. Protection of hepatocyte mitochondrial ultrastructure and function by strict blood glucose control with insulin in critically ill patients. Lancet 2005; 365: 53-9.
32. Hansen TK, Thiel S, Wouters PJ, et al. Intensive insulin therapy exerts anti-inflammatory effects in critically ill patients and counteracts the adverse effect of low mannose binding lectin. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2003; 88: 1082-8.
33. Dandona P, Chaudhuri A, Ghanim, et al. Proinflammatory effects of glucose and anti-inflammatory effect of insulin: relevance to cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99 (suppl): 15B-26B.
34. Weekers F, Giulietti AP, Michalaki M, et al. Metabolic, endocrine, and immune effects of stress hyperglycemia in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Endocrinology 2003: 144: 5329-38.
35. Mesotten D, Swinnen JV, Vanderhoydonc F, et al. Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocr Metab 2004; 89: 219-26.
36. Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Vlasselaers D, et al. Intensive insulin therapy protects the endothelium of critically ill patients. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 2277-86.
37. Vanhorebeek I, Peeters RP, Vander Perre S, et al. Cortisol response to critical illness: effects of intensive insulin therapy J Clin Endocr Metab 2006; 91: 3803-13.
38. Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G. Therapy Insight: the effect of tight glycemic control in acute illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 270-8.
39. Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G. Diabetes of injury: novel insights. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35: 859-72.
40. Ferris FL, Davis MD, Aiello LM. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 667-78.
41. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units. Benefit versus harm. Diabetes 2006; 55: 3151-9.
42. Langouche L, Vander Perre S, Wouters PJ, et al. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on insulin sensitivity in the critically ill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 3890-7.
43. McMahon MM, Bistrian BR. Host defences and susceptibility to infection in patients with diabetes mellitus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9: 1-9.
44. Schmeltz LR, DeSantis AJ, Thiyagarajan, et al. Reduction of surgical mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery with a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin glucose management strategy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 823-8.
45. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 352-62.
46. Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronay artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 1007-21.
47. Vriesendorp TM, de Vries JH, van Santen S, et al. Evaluation of short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 2714-8.
48. Mackenzie I, Ingle S, Zaidi S, et al. Hypoglycemia? So what! Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 620-1.
49. Vriesendorp TM, van Santen S, Devries JH, et al. Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 96-101.
50. Vogelzang M, Zijlstra F, Nijsten MW. Design and implementation of GRIP: a computerized glucose control system at a surgical intensive care unit. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2005; 5: 38.
51. Plank J, Blaha J, Cordingley J, et al. Multicentric, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate blood glucose control by the model predictive control algorithm versus routine glucose management protocols in intensive care unit patients. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 271-6.
52. Renard E. Implantable closed-loop glucose-sensing and insulin delivery: the future for insulin pump therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002; 2: 708-16.
53. Hovorka R. Continuous glucose monitoring and closed-loop systems. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 1-12.
54. Suh SW, Gum ET, Hamby AM, et al. Hypoglycemic neuronal death is triggered by glucose reperfusion and activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 910-8.
55. Meijering S, Corstjens A, Tulleken JE, et al. Towards a feasible algorithm for tight glycemic control in critically ill patients: a Systematic review of the literature. Crit Care 2006; 10: R19.
56. Goldberg PA, Sakharova OV, Barrett PW, et al. Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 461-7.
57. Goldberg PA, Sakharova OV, Barrett PW, et al. Improving glycemic control in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit: clinical experience in two hospital settings. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004; 18: 690-7.
58. Kanji S, Singh A, Tierney M, et al. Standardization of intravenous insulin therapy improves the efficiency and safety of blood glucose control in critically ill adults. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 804-10.
59. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Kesteloot K, et al. Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 612-6.
60. Krinsley JS, Jones RL. Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients. Chest 2006; 129: 644-50.
61. Dungan K, Chapman J, Braithwaite SS, et al. Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 403-9.
62. Louie RF, Tang Z, Sutton DV, et al. Point-of-Care glucose testing. Effects of critical care variables, influence of reference instruments and a modular glucose meter design. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 257-66.
63. Lacara T, Domagtoy C, Lickliter D, et al. Comparison of point-of-care and laboratory glucose analysis in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care 2007; 16: 336-47.
64. Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, et al. Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2778-85.
65. Atkin SH, Dasmahapatra A, Jaker MA, et al. Fingerstiek glucose determination in shock. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 1020-4.
66. Vlasselaers D, Schaup L, van den Heuvel I, et al. Monitoring blood glucose with microdialysis of interstitial fluid in critically ill children. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 536-7.
67. Klonoff DC. Subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring in severe burn patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1445.
68. Boyd JC, Bruns DE. Quality specifications for glucose meters: assessment by simulation modelling of errors in insulin dose. Clin Chem 2001; 47: 209-14.
69. Tang Z, Du X, Louie R, et al. Effects of drugs on glucose measurements with handheld glucoSe meters and a portable glucose analyzer. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 113: 75-86.
70. Wiener K. An assessment of the effect of haematocrit on the HemoCue blood glucose analyser. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: 90-3.
71. Patrick L, Lynch M, O'Kane MJ. Methemoglobin interferes with the HemoCue B-Glucose Analyzer. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 581-3.
72. Corstjens AM, Ligtenberg JJM, van der Horst ICC, et al. Accuracy and feasibility of point-of-care and continuous blood glucose analysis in critically ill ICU patients. Crit Care 2006; 10: R135.