메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 568-578

Intrathecal drug spread

Author keywords

Anaesthetic techniques, regional; Anaesthetic techniques, subarachnoid, intrathecal

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; GLUCOSE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE; TETRACAINE;

EID: 5444224779     PISSN: 00070912     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh204     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (237)

References (154)
  • 1
    • 0036139404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine: A comparison to racemic bupivacaine in volunteers
    • Alley EA, Kopacz DJ, McDonald SB, Liu SS. Hyperbaric spinal levobupivacaine: a comparison to racemic bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 188-93
    • (2002) Anesth. Analg. , vol.94 , pp. 188-193
    • Alley, E.A.1    Kopacz, D.J.2    McDonald, S.B.3    Liu, S.S.4
  • 2
    • 0035144160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate of injection through whitacre needles affects distribution of spinal anaesthesia
    • Anderson L, Walker J, Brydon C, Serpell MG. Rate of injection through whitacre needles affects distribution of spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 245-8
    • (2001) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.86 , pp. 245-248
    • Anderson, L.1    Walker, J.2    Brydon, C.3    Serpell, M.G.4
  • 3
    • 0024803750 scopus 로고
    • Effect of injection rate on level and duration of hypobaric spinal anesthesia
    • Atchison SR, Wedel DJ, Wilson PR. Effect of injection rate on level and duration of hypobaric spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 496-500
    • (1989) Anesth. Analg. , vol.69 , pp. 496-500
    • Atchison, S.R.1    Wedel, D.J.2    Wilson, P.R.3
  • 5
    • 0011636371 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia: With report of surgical clinics
    • Babcock WW. Spinal anaesthesia: with report of surgical clinics. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 1912; 15: 606-22
    • (1912) Surg. Gynaecol. Obstet. , vol.15 , pp. 606-622
    • Babcock, W.W.1
  • 6
    • 0025138617 scopus 로고
    • Effect of glucose concentration on the intrathecal spread of 0.5% bupivacaine
    • Bannister J, McClure JH, Wildsmith JA. Effect of glucose concentration on the intrathecal spread of 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64: 232-4
    • (1990) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.64 , pp. 232-234
    • Bannister, J.1    McClure, J.H.2    Wildsmith, J.A.3
  • 7
    • 84965227223 scopus 로고
    • Clinical experiences with spinal analgesia in 100 cases
    • Barker AE. Clinical experiences with spinal analgesia in 100 cases. Br Med J 1907; 1: 665
    • (1907) Br. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 665
    • Barker, A.E.1
  • 8
    • 0029999964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: The effect of saline dilution
    • Ben David B, Levin H, Solomon E, Admoni H, Vaida S. Spinal bupivacaine in ambulatory surgery: the effect of saline dilution. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 716-20
    • (1996) Anesth. Analg. , vol.83 , pp. 716-720
    • Ben David, B.1    Levin, H.2    Solomon, E.3    Admoni, H.4    Vaida, S.5
  • 9
    • 0021145632 scopus 로고
    • Spinal analgesia with glucose-free bupivacaine - Effects of volume and concentration
    • Bengtsson M, Malmqvist LA, Edstrom HH. Spinal analgesia with glucose-free bupivacaine - effects of volume and concentration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1984; 28: 583-6
    • (1984) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.28 , pp. 583-586
    • Bengtsson, M.1    Malmqvist, L.A.2    Edstrom, H.H.3
  • 10
    • 51249192962 scopus 로고
    • Versuche uber Kokainiserung des Ruchenmarkes
    • Bier A. Versuche uber Kokainiserung des Ruchenmarkes. Dtsche Z Chir 1899; 51: 361-9
    • (1899) Dtsche Z. Chir. , vol.51 , pp. 361-369
    • Bier, A.1
  • 12
    • 0028330309 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative sensory examination of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in man; dose-response effect of bupivacaine
    • Brennum J, Nielsen PT, Horn A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Secher NH. Quantitative sensory examination of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in man; dose-response effect of bupivacaine. Pain 1994; 56: 315-26
    • (1994) Pain , vol.56 , pp. 315-326
    • Brennum, J.1    Nielsen, P.T.2    Horn, A.3    Arendt-Nielsen, L.4    Secher, N.H.5
  • 15
    • 84946684597 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the hydrochloride and carbon dioxide salts of lidocaine and prilocaine in epidural analgesia
    • Bromage PR. A comparison of the hydrochloride and carbon dioxide salts of lidocaine and prilocaine in epidural analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl, 1965; 16: 55-69
    • (1965) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. Suppl. , vol.16 , pp. 55-69
    • Bromage, P.R.1
  • 17
    • 0024793639 scopus 로고
    • Time-courses of zones of differential sensory blockade during spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine
    • Brull SJ, Greene NM. Time-courses of zones of differential sensory blockade during spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 342-7
    • (1989) Anesth. Analg. , vol.69 , pp. 342-347
    • Brull, S.J.1    Greene, N.M.2
  • 18
    • 0025900266 scopus 로고
    • Zones of differential sensory block during extradural anaesthesia
    • Brull SJ, Greene NM. Zones of differential sensory block during extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 651-5
    • (1991) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.66 , pp. 651-655
    • Brull, S.J.1    Greene, N.M.2
  • 19
    • 0027189715 scopus 로고
    • Effect of speed of injection on the maximum sensory level for spinal anesthesia using plain bupivacaine 0.5% at room temperature
    • Bucx MJ, Kroon JW, Stienstra R. Effect of speed of injection on the maximum sensory level for spinal anesthesia using plain bupivacaine 0.5% at room temperature. Reg Anesth 1993; 18: 103-5
    • (1993) Reg. Anesth. , vol.18 , pp. 103-105
    • Bucx, M.J.1    Kroon, J.W.2    Stienstra, R.3
  • 20
    • 0025364363 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy increases median nerve susceptibility to lidocaine
    • Butterworth JF, Walker FO, Lysak SZ. Pregnancy increases median nerve susceptibility to lidocaine. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 962-5
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 962-965
    • Butterworth, J.F.1    Walker, F.O.2    Lysak, S.Z.3
  • 22
    • 0019359669 scopus 로고
    • Spinal analgesia using bupivacaine 0.5% plain. Variation in the extent of the block with patient age
    • Cameron AE, Arnold RW, Ghorisa MW,Jamieson V. Spinal analgesia using bupivacaine 0.5% plain. Variation in the extent of the block with patient age. Anaesthesia 1981; 36: 318-22
    • (1981) Anaesthesia , vol.36 , pp. 318-322
    • Cameron, A.E.1    Arnold, R.W.2    Ghorisa, M.W.3    Jamieson, V.4
  • 23
    • 0031821322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia
    • Carpenter RL, Hogan QH, Liu SS, Crane B, Moore J. Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 24-9
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , pp. 24-29
    • Carpenter, R.L.1    Hogan, Q.H.2    Liu, S.S.3    Crane, B.4    Moore, J.5
  • 24
    • 0031849420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of spinal needle type on lateral distribution of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine
    • Casati A, Fanelli G, Cappelleri G, et al. Effects of spinal needle type on lateral distribution of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1998; 87: 355-9
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.87 , pp. 355-359
    • Casati, A.1    Fanelli, G.2    Cappelleri, G.3
  • 25
    • 0031687581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does speed of intrathecal injection affect the distribution of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine?
    • Casati A, Fanelli G, Cappelleri G, et al. Does speed of intrathecal injection affect the distribution of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine? Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 355-7
    • (1998) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.81 , pp. 355-357
    • Casati, A.1    Fanelli, G.2    Cappelleri, G.3
  • 26
    • 0022474341 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the skin temperature of the trunk and their relationship to sympathetic blockade during spinal anesthesia
    • Chamberlain DP, Chamberlain BD. Changes in the skin temperature of the trunk and their relationship to sympathetic blockade during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 139-43
    • (1986) Anesthesiology , vol.65 , pp. 139-143
    • Chamberlain, D.P.1    Chamberlain, B.D.2
  • 27
    • 0028243871 scopus 로고
    • Spread of spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine: Influence of the vertebral interspace and speed of injection
    • Chin KW, Chin NM, Chin MK. Spread of spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine: influence of the vertebral interspace and speed of injection. Med J Malaysia 1994; 49: 142-8
    • (1994) Med. J. Malaysia , vol.49 , pp. 142-148
    • Chin, K.W.1    Chin, N.M.2    Chin, M.K.3
  • 29
    • 0032950920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of baricity on the haemodynamic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5%
    • Critchley LA, Morley AP, Derrick J. The influence of baricity on the haemodynamic effects of intrathecal bupivacaine 0.5%. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 469-74
    • (1999) Anaesthesia , vol.54 , pp. 469-474
    • Critchley, L.A.1    Morley, A.P.2    Derrick, J.3
  • 30
    • 0031888127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhances the depth of epidural blockade
    • Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhances the depth of epidural blockade. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 341-7
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.86 , pp. 341-347
    • Curatolo, M.1    Petersen-Felix, S.2    Arendt-Nielsen, L.3
  • 32
    • 0035405255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The minimum effective dose of 0.5% hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine for cesarean section
    • Danelli G, Zangrillo A, Nucera D, et al. The minimum effective dose of 0.5% hyperbaric spinal bupivacaine for cesarean section. Minerva Anestesiol 2001; 67: 573-7
    • (2001) Minerva Anestesiol. , vol.67 , pp. 573-577
    • Danelli, G.1    Zangrillo, A.2    Nucera, D.3
  • 33
    • 2642690506 scopus 로고
    • Densities of common spinal anesthetic solutions at body temperature
    • Davis HKW. Densities of common spinal anesthetic solutions at body temperature. Anesthesiology 1952; 13: 184-8
    • (1952) Anesthesiology , vol.13 , pp. 184-188
    • Davis, H.K.W.1
  • 34
    • 0028932287 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. A comparison of two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine
    • De Simone CA, Leighton BL, Norris MC. Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. A comparison of two doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine. Reg Anesth 1995; 20: 90-4
    • (1995) Reg. Anesth. , vol.20 , pp. 90-94
    • De Simone, C.A.1    Leighton, B.L.2    Norris, M.C.3
  • 35
    • 0018387307 scopus 로고
    • Does cough increase the spread of subarachnoid anesthesia?
    • Dubelman AM, Forbes AR. Does cough increase the spread of subarachnoid anesthesia? Anesth Analg 1979; 58: 306-8
    • (1979) Anesth. Analg. , vol.58 , pp. 306-308
    • Dubelman, A.M.1    Forbes, A.R.2
  • 36
    • 0027989466 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of sensory block in epidural anaesthesia by electric stimulation
    • Dyhre H, Renck H, Andersson C. Assessment of sensory block in epidural anaesthesia by electric stimulation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38: 594-600
    • (1994) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.38 , pp. 594-600
    • Dyhre, H.1    Renck, H.2    Andersson, C.3
  • 37
    • 0030751815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight gain during pregnancy does not influence the spread of spinal analgesia in the term parturient
    • Ekelof NP, Jensen E, Poulsen J, Reinstrup P. Weight gain during pregnancy does not influence the spread of spinal analgesia in the term parturient. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 884-7
    • (1997) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.41 , pp. 884-887
    • Ekelof, N.P.1    Jensen, E.2    Poulsen, J.3    Reinstrup, P.4
  • 38
    • 0014233479 scopus 로고
    • In-vitro changes of osmolality and density of spinal anesthetic solutions
    • Ernst EA. In-vitro changes of osmolality and density of spinal anesthetic solutions. Anesthesiology 1968; 29: 104-9
    • (1968) Anesthesiology , vol.29 , pp. 104-109
    • Ernst, E.A.1
  • 39
    • 0027893175 scopus 로고
    • The validity and reproducibility of the skin vasomotor test-studies in normal subjects, after spinal anaesthesia, and in diabetes mellitus
    • Faes TJ, Wagemans MF, Cillekens JM, Scheffer GJ, Karemaker JM, Bertelsmann FW. The validity and reproducibility of the skin vasomotor test-studies in normal subjects, after spinal anaesthesia, and in diabetes mellitus. Clin Auton Res 1993; 3: 319-24
    • (1993) Clin. Auton. Res. , vol.3 , pp. 319-324
    • Faes, T.J.1    Wagemans, M.F.2    Cillekens, J.M.3    Scheffer, G.J.4    Karemaker, J.M.5    Bertelsmann, F.W.6
  • 41
    • 0032914919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the level of sensory block after subarachnoid anesthesia using a pressure palpator
    • Fassoulaki A, Sarantopoulos C, Zotou M, Karabinis G. Assessment of the level of sensory block after subarachnoid anesthesia using a pressure palpator. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 398-401
    • (1999) Anesth. Analg. , vol.88 , pp. 398-401
    • Fassoulaki, A.1    Sarantopoulos, C.2    Zotou, M.3    Karabinis, G.4
  • 42
    • 0023116859 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pregnancy on bupivacaine-induced conduction blockade in the isolated rabbit vagus nerve
    • Flanagan HL, Datta S, Lambert DH, Gissen AJ, Covino BG. Effect of pregnancy on bupivacaine-induced conduction blockade in the isolated rabbit vagus nerve. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 123-6
    • (1987) Anesth. Analg. , vol.66 , pp. 123-126
    • Flanagan, H.L.1    Datta, S.2    Lambert, D.H.3    Gissen, A.J.4    Covino, B.G.5
  • 43
    • 0014646823 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory effects of subarachnoid and epidural block
    • Freund FG. Respiratory effects of subarachnoid and epidural block. Clin Anesth 1969; 2: 97-107
    • (1969) Clin. Anesth. , vol.2 , pp. 97-107
    • Freund, F.G.1
  • 44
    • 0029791149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The peripheral nerve stimulator: A monitor during continuous spinal anesthesia. Case report
    • Gerancher JC, Carpenter RL. The peripheral nerve stimulator: a monitor during continuous spinal anesthesia. Case report. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 480-1
    • (1996) Reg. Anesth. , vol.21 , pp. 480-481
    • Gerancher, J.C.1    Carpenter, R.L.2
  • 45
    • 0036138434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia
    • Glaser C, Marhofer P, Zimpfer G, et al. Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 194-8
    • (2002) Anesth. Analg. , vol.94 , pp. 194-198
    • Glaser, C.1    Marhofer, P.2    Zimpfer, G.3
  • 46
    • 0035020586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative assessment of motor block in labouring women receiving epidural analgesia
    • Graham AC, McClure JH. Quantitative assessment of motor block in labouring women receiving epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 470-6
    • (2001) Anaesthesia , vol.56 , pp. 470-476
    • Graham, A.C.1    McClure, J.H.2
  • 47
    • 0031457409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sympathovagal effects of spinal anesthesia assessed by the spontaneous cardiac baroreflex
    • Gratadour P, Viale JP, Parlow J, et al. Sympathovagal effects of spinal anesthesia assessed by the spontaneous cardiac baroreflex. Anesthesiology 1997; 87: 1359-67
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , pp. 1359-1367
    • Gratadour, P.1    Viale, J.P.2    Parlow, J.3
  • 48
    • 0022260729 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space
    • Greene NM. Distribution of local anesthetic solutions within the subarachnoid space. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 715-30
    • (1985) Anesth. Analg. , vol.64 , pp. 715-730
    • Greene, N.M.1
  • 49
    • 0030786469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of injection speed on sensory blockade in spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine
    • Hanazaki M, Hashimoto M, Nogami S, Kusudo K, Aono H, Takeda A. Effect of injection speed on sensory blockade in spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric tetracaine. Masui 1997; 46: 777-82
    • (1997) Masui , vol.46 , pp. 777-782
    • Hanazaki, M.1    Hashimoto, M.2    Nogami, S.3    Kusudo, K.4    Aono, H.5    Takeda, A.6
  • 50
    • 0025978337 scopus 로고
    • Vertebral column length and spread of hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine in the term parturient
    • Hartwell BL, Aglio LS, Hauch MA, Datta S. Vertebral column length and spread of hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine in the term parturient. Reg Anesth 1991; 16: 17-19
    • (1991) Reg. Anesth. , vol.16 , pp. 17-19
    • Hartwell, B.L.1    Aglio, L.S.2    Hauch, M.A.3    Datta, S.4
  • 51
    • 0029024527 scopus 로고
    • Effect of i.v. diamorphine on the regression of spinal block
    • Henderson DJ, Jones G. Effect of i.v. diamorphine on the regression of spinal block. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74: 610-1
    • (1995) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.74 , pp. 610-611
    • Henderson, D.J.1    Jones, G.2
  • 53
    • 0036071059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical effects of leg position on vertebral structures examined by magnetic resonance imaging
    • Hirabayashi Y, Igarashi T, Suzuki H, Fukuda H, Saitoh K, Seo N. Mechanical effects of leg position on vertebral structures examined by magnetic resonance imaging. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27: 429-32
    • (2002) Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. , vol.27 , pp. 429-432
    • Hirabayashi, Y.1    Igarashi, T.2    Suzuki, H.3    Fukuda, H.4    Saitoh, K.5    Seo, N.6
  • 55
    • 0029078992 scopus 로고
    • Anatomical configuration of the spinal column in the supine position. I. A study using magnetic resonance imaging
    • Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Furuse M. Anatomical configuration of the spinal column in the supine position. I. A study using magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75 3-5
    • (1995) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.75 , pp. 3-5
    • Hirabayashi, Y.1    Shimizu, R.2    Saitoh, K.3    Fukuda, H.4    Furuse, M.5
  • 56
    • 0030008573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus
    • Hogan QH, Prost R, Kulier A, Taylor ML, Lui S, Mark L. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1341-9
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.84 , pp. 1341-1349
    • Hogan, Q.H.1    Prost, R.2    Kulier, A.3    Taylor, M.L.4    Lui, S.5    Mark, L.6
  • 57
    • 0030907709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperbaric dye solution distribution characteristics after pencil-point needle injection in a spinal cord model
    • Holman SJ, Robinson RA, Beardsley D, Stewart SFC, Klein L, Stevens RA. Hyperbaric dye solution distribution characteristics after pencil-point needle injection in a spinal cord model. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 966-73
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.86 , pp. 966-973
    • Holman, S.J.1    Robinson, R.A.2    Beardsley, D.3    Stewart, S.F.C.4    Klein, L.5    Stevens, R.A.6
  • 58
    • 0027982123 scopus 로고
    • Effect of injection rate on sensory level and duration of hypobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty
    • Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Wilson PR. Effect of injection rate on sensory level and duration of hypobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 773-7
    • (1994) Anesth. Analg. , vol.79 , pp. 773-777
    • Horlocker, T.T.1    Wedel, D.J.2    Wilson, P.R.3
  • 59
    • 0031972783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new gas jet method for the assessment of sensory block after spinal anaesthesia
    • Hughes JC, Harmer M. A new gas jet method for the assessment of sensory block after spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1998; 53 197-200
    • (1998) Anaesthesia , vol.53 , pp. 197-200
    • Hughes, J.C.1    Harmer, M.2
  • 60
    • 0031936915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin vasomotor reflex as an objective indicator to assess the level of regional anesthesia
    • Ikuta Y, Shimoda O, Ushijima K, Terasaki H. Skin vasomotor reflex as an objective indicator to assess the level of regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 336-40
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.86 , pp. 336-340
    • Ikuta, Y.1    Shimoda, O.2    Ushijima, K.3    Terasaki, H.4
  • 62
    • 0024336189 scopus 로고
    • The effect of the injection speed on the blockade characteristics of hyperbaric bupivacaine and tetracaine in spinal anesthesia
    • Janik R, Dick W, Stanton-Hicks M. The effect of the injection speed on the blockade characteristics of hyperbaric bupivacaine and tetracaine in spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 1989; 12: 63-8
    • (1989) Reg. Anesth. , vol.12 , pp. 63-68
    • Janik, R.1    Dick, W.2    Stanton-Hicks, M.3
  • 63
    • 0025079209 scopus 로고
    • The effect of removal of cerebrospinal fluid on cephalad spread of spinal analgesia with 0.5% plain bupivacaine
    • Jawan B, Lee JH. The effect of removal of cerebrospinal fluid on cephalad spread of spinal analgesia with 0.5% plain bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 452-4
    • (1990) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.34 , pp. 452-454
    • Jawan, B.1    Lee, J.H.2
  • 64
    • 0027215547 scopus 로고
    • Spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in singleton and twin pregnancies
    • Jawan B, Lee JH, Chong ZK, Chang CS. Spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in singleton and twin pregnancies. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 639-41
    • (1993) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.70 , pp. 639-641
    • Jawan, B.1    Lee, J.H.2    Chong, Z.K.3    Chang, C.S.4
  • 65
    • 0034791832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and block height after spinal anaesthesia in the right and left lateral position in pregnant women undergoing Caesarean section
    • Kapur D, Grimsehl K. A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid pressure and block height after spinal anaesthesia in the right and left lateral position in pregnant women undergoing Caesarean section. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001; 18: 668-72
    • (2001) Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. , vol.18 , pp. 668-672
    • Kapur, D.1    Grimsehl, K.2
  • 67
    • 0036179496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal ropivacaine for cesarean delivery: A comparison of hyperbaric and plain solutions
    • Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Wong M, Ng F, Lee A. Spinal ropivacaine for cesarean delivery: a comparison of hyperbaric and plain solutions. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 680-5
    • (2002) Anesth. Analg. , vol.94 , pp. 680-685
    • Khaw, K.S.1    Ngan Kee, W.D.2    Wong, M.3    Ng, F.4    Lee, A.5
  • 68
    • 0028797391 scopus 로고
    • Effects of drug dose, volume, and concentration on spinal anesthesia with isobaric tetracaine
    • King HK, Wooten DJ. Effects of drug dose, volume, and concentration on spinal anesthesia with isobaric tetracaine. Reg Anesth 1995; 20: 45-9
    • (1995) Reg. Anesth. , vol.20 , pp. 45-49
    • King, H.K.1    Wooten, D.J.2
  • 69
    • 0347185019 scopus 로고
    • The spread of drugs used for spinal anesthesia
    • Kitahara T, Kuri S, Yoshida J. The spread of drugs used for spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1956; 17: 205-8
    • (1956) Anesthesiology , vol.17 , pp. 205-208
    • Kitahara, T.1    Kuri, S.2    Yoshida, J.3
  • 70
    • 0031960819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of varied doses of epinephrine on duration of lidocaine spinal anesthesia in the thoracic and lumbosacral dermatomes
    • Kito K, Kato H, Shibata M, Adachi T, Nakao S, Mori K. The effect of varied doses of epinephrine on duration of lidocaine spinal anesthesia in the thoracic and lumbosacral dermatomes. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 1018-22
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.86 , pp. 1018-1022
    • Kito, K.1    Kato, H.2    Shibata, M.3    Adachi, T.4    Nakao, S.5    Mori, K.6
  • 72
    • 1842405470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knee-chest vs horizontal side position during induction of spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery
    • Laakso E, Pitkanen M, Kytta J, Rosenberg PH. Knee-chest vs horizontal side position during induction of spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79 609-11
    • (1997) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.79 , pp. 609-611
    • Laakso, E.1    Pitkanen, M.2    Kytta, J.3    Rosenberg, P.H.4
  • 73
    • 0025093950 scopus 로고
    • No effect of injection volume on sensory and motor blockade in isobaric spinal anesthesia
    • Lanz E, Schmitz D. No effect of injection volume on sensory and motor blockade in isobaric spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 1990; 13: 153-8
    • (1990) Reg. Anesth. , vol.13 , pp. 153-158
    • Lanz, E.1    Schmitz, D.2
  • 74
    • 0019151524 scopus 로고
    • Model investigations regarding the spread of local anaesthetics in isobaric spinal anaesthesia
    • Lanz E, Theiss D, Erdmann K, Becker J. Model investigations regarding the spread of local anaesthetics in isobaric spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesist 1980; 29: 4-9
    • (1980) Anaesthesist , vol.29 , pp. 4-9
    • Lanz, E.1    Theiss, D.2    Erdmann, K.3    Becker, J.4
  • 75
    • 0028836978 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative assessment of differential sensory nerve block after lidocaine spinal anesthesia
    • Liu S, Kopacz DJ, Carpenter RL. Quantitative assessment of differential sensory nerve block after lidocaine spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 60-3
    • (1995) Anesthesiology , vol.82 , pp. 60-63
    • Liu, S.1    Kopacz, D.J.2    Carpenter, R.L.3
  • 76
    • 0031032583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential sensory block after spinal bupivacaine in volunteers
    • Liu SS, Ware PD. Differential sensory block after spinal bupivacaine in volunteers. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 115-19
    • (1997) Anesth. Analg. , vol.84 , pp. 115-119
    • Liu, S.S.1    Ware, P.D.2
  • 77
    • 0029917434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response characteristics of spinal bupivacaine in volunteers. Clinical implications for ambulatory anesthesia
    • Liu SS, Ware PD, Allen HW, Neal JM, Pollock JE. Dose-response characteristics of spinal bupivacaine in volunteers. Clinical implications for ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996; 85 729-36
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.85 , pp. 729-736
    • Liu, S.S.1    Ware, P.D.2    Allen, H.W.3    Neal, J.M.4    Pollock, J.E.5
  • 78
    • 0023893808 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia and lumbar lordosis
    • Logan MR, Drummond GB. Spinal anesthesia and lumbar lordosis. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 338-41
    • (1988) Anesth. Analg. , vol.67 , pp. 338-341
    • Logan, M.R.1    Drummond, G.B.2
  • 79
    • 0022593067 scopus 로고
    • Plain bupivacaine: An unpredictable spinal anaesthetic agent
    • Logan MR, McClure JH, Wildsmith JA. Plain bupivacaine: an unpredictable spinal anaesthetic agent. Br J Anaesth 1986; 58 292-6
    • (1986) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.58 , pp. 292-296
    • Logan, M.R.1    McClure, J.H.2    Wildsmith, J.A.3
  • 80
    • 0036008171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of 10 degrees head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for Caesarean section
    • Loke GP, Chan EH, Sia AT. The effect of 10 degrees head-up tilt in the right lateral position on the systemic blood pressure after subarachnoid block for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2002; 57 169-72
    • (2002) Anaesthesia , vol.57 , pp. 169-172
    • Loke, G.P.1    Chan, E.H.2    Sia, A.T.3
  • 81
    • 0031782750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Densities of cerebrospinal fluid and spinal anaesthetic solutions in surgical patients at body temperature
    • Lui AC, Polis TZ, Cicutti NJ. Densities of cerebrospinal fluid and spinal anaesthetic solutions in surgical patients at body temperature. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45: 297-303
    • (1998) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.45 , pp. 297-303
    • Lui, A.C.1    Polis, T.Z.2    Cicutti, N.J.3
  • 82
    • 0023620586 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intrathecal bupivacaine on somatosensory evoked potentials following dermatomal stimulation
    • Lund C, Selmar P, Hansen OB, Kehlet H. Effect of intrathecal bupivacaine on somatosensory evoked potentials following dermatomal stimulation. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 809-13
    • (1987) Anesth. Analg. , vol.66 , pp. 809-813
    • Lund, C.1    Selmar, P.2    Hansen, O.B.3    Kehlet, H.4
  • 83
    • 0032751053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal bupivacaine in humans: Influence of volume and baricity of solutions
    • Malinovsky JM, Renaud G, Le Corre P, et al. Intrathecal bupivacaine in humans: influence of volume and baricity of solutions. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 1260-6
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 1260-1266
    • Malinovsky, J.M.1    Renaud, G.2    Le Corre, P.3
  • 85
    • 0030697523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direction of injection does not affect the spread of spinal bupivacaine in parturients
    • Masse E, Drolet P, Girard M. Direction of injection does not affect the spread of spinal bupivacaine in parturients. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44: 816-19
    • (1997) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.44 , pp. 816-819
    • Masse, E.1    Drolet, P.2    Girard, M.3
  • 86
    • 0034138219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of Whitacre spinal needle orifice direction on the level of sensory blockade
    • McShane FJ, Burgos N, Kapp M, Wieczorek C. Influence of Whitacre spinal needle orifice direction on the level of sensory blockade. AANA J 2000; 68: 67-72
    • (2000) AANA J. , vol.68 , pp. 67-72
    • McShane, F.J.1    Burgos, N.2    Kapp, M.3    Wieczorek, C.4
  • 87
    • 0023484407 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the level of spinal anesthesia using a neuromuscular stimulator
    • Meyer RM, McCune WJ. Assessing the level of spinal anesthesia using a neuromuscular stimulator. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 125-7
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.67 , pp. 125-127
    • Meyer, R.M.1    McCune, W.J.2
  • 88
    • 0026980509 scopus 로고
    • The effect of the local anesthetic temperature on spinal anesthesia using 0.5% bupivacaine
    • Mignonsin D, Tavares DA, Kane M, Bondurand A. The effect of the local anesthetic temperature on spinal anesthesia using 0.5% bupivacaine. Cah Anesthesiol 1992; 40: 337-41
    • (1992) Cah. Anesthesiol. , vol.40 , pp. 337-341
    • Mignonsin, D.1    Tavares, D.A.2    Kane, M.3    Bondurand, A.4
  • 89
    • 0023676668 scopus 로고
    • Effects of posture and baricity on spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml. A double-blind study
    • Mitchell RW, Bowler GM, Scott DB, Edstrom HH. Effects of posture and baricity on spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml. A double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 1988; 61: 139-43
    • (1988) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.61 , pp. 139-143
    • Mitchell, R.W.1    Bowler, G.M.2    Scott, D.B.3    Edstrom, H.H.4
  • 90
    • 0029032560 scopus 로고
    • The effect of lithotomy position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia
    • Miyabe M, Sonoda H, Namiki A. The effect of lithotomy position on arterial blood pressure after spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 96-8
    • (1995) Anesth. Analg. , vol.81 , pp. 96-98
    • Miyabe, M.1    Sonoda, H.2    Namiki, A.3
  • 91
    • 0021189878 scopus 로고
    • Subarachnoid anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine: Effects of density
    • Moller IW, Fernandes A, Edstrom HH. Subarachnoid anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine: effects of density. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56 1191-5
    • (1984) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.56 , pp. 1191-1195
    • Moller, I.W.1    Fernandes, A.2    Edstrom, H.H.3
  • 92
    • 0026552855 scopus 로고
    • Effects of progesterone on the cardiac electrophysiologic action of bupivacaine and lidocaine
    • Moller RA, Datta S, Fox J, Johnson M, Covino BG. Effects of progesterone on the cardiac electrophysiologic action of bupivacaine and lidocaine. Anesthesiology 1992; 76: 604-8
    • (1992) Anesthesiology , vol.76 , pp. 604-608
    • Moller, R.A.1    Datta, S.2    Fox, J.3    Johnson, M.4    Covino, B.G.5
  • 93
    • 0031971858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of epinephrine on small-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia: Clinical implications for ambulatory surgery
    • Moore JM, Liu SS, Pollock JE, Neal JM, Knab JH. The effect of epinephrine on small-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia: clinical implications for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 973-7
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.86 , pp. 973-977
    • Moore, J.M.1    Liu, S.S.2    Pollock, J.E.3    Neal, J.M.4    Knab, J.H.5
  • 94
    • 0025833146 scopus 로고
    • Clinical evaluation of a spinal catheter technique in femoro-popliteal graft surgery
    • Morrison LM, McClure JH, Wildsmith JA. Clinical evaluation of a spinal catheter technique in femoro-popliteal graft surgery. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 576-8
    • (1991) Anaesthesia , vol.46 , pp. 576-578
    • Morrison, L.M.1    McClure, J.H.2    Wildsmith, J.A.3
  • 96
    • 0027431377 scopus 로고
    • Effect of late posture change on the level of spinal anaesthesia with plain bupivacaine
    • Niemi L, Tuominen M, Pitkanen M, Rosenberg PH. Effect of late posture change on the level of spinal anaesthesia with plain bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 807-9
    • (1993) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.71 , pp. 807-809
    • Niemi, L.1    Tuominen, M.2    Pitkanen, M.3    Rosenberg, P.H.4
  • 97
    • 0020700070 scopus 로고
    • Barbotage and spinal anaesthesia. The effect of barbotage on the spread of analgesia during isobaric spinal anaesthesia
    • Nightingale PJ. Barbotage and spinal anaesthesia. The effect of barbotage on the spread of analgesia during isobaric spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 7-9
    • (1983) Anaesthesia , vol.38 , pp. 7-9
    • Nightingale, P.J.1
  • 98
    • 0025215134 scopus 로고
    • Patient variables and the subarachnoid spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine in the term parturient
    • Norris MC. Patient variables and the subarachnoid spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine in the term parturient. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 478-82
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 478-482
    • Norris, M.C.1
  • 99
    • 0031942637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viscosity of diluent and sensory level of subarachnoid anaesthesia achieved with tetracaine
    • Okutomi T, Nemoto M, Mishiba E, Goto F. Viscosity of diluent and sensory level of subarachnoid anaesthesia achieved with tetracaine. Can J Anaesth 1998; 45: 84-6
    • (1998) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.45 , pp. 84-86
    • Okutomi, T.1    Nemoto, M.2    Mishiba, E.3    Goto, F.4
  • 100
    • 0033046230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of opioids alters the density and spread of intrathecal local anesthetics? An in vitro study
    • Parlow JL, Money P, Chan PS, Raymond J, Milne B. Addition of opioids alters the density and spread of intrathecal local anesthetics? An in vitro study. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46: 66-70
    • (1999) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.46 , pp. 66-70
    • Parlow, J.L.1    Money, P.2    Chan, P.S.3    Raymond, J.4    Milne, B.5
  • 101
    • 0031976280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dorsal column function after epidural and spinal blockade: Implications for the safety of walking following low-dose regional analgesia for labour
    • Parry MG, Fernando R, Bawa GP, Poulton BB. Dorsal column function after epidural and spinal blockade: implications for the safety of walking following low-dose regional analgesia for labour. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 382-7
    • (1998) Anaesthesia , vol.53 , pp. 382-387
    • Parry, M.G.1    Fernando, R.2    Bawa, G.P.3    Poulton, B.B.4
  • 102
    • 0034761876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The addition of fentanyl does not alter the extent of spread of intrathecal isobaric bupivacaine in clinical practice
    • Patterson L, Avery N, Chan P, Parlow JL. The addition of fentanyl does not alter the extent of spread of intrathecal isobaric bupivacaine in clinical practice. Can J Anaesth 2001; 48: 768-72
    • (2001) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.48 , pp. 768-772
    • Patterson, L.1    Avery, N.2    Chan, P.3    Parlow, J.L.4
  • 105
    • 0021995405 scopus 로고
    • Effect of aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid on spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine
    • Pitkanen M, Tuominen M, Asantila R, Rosenberg PH. Effect of aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid on spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985; 29: 590-3
    • (1985) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.29 , pp. 590-593
    • Pitkanen, M.1    Tuominen, M.2    Asantila, R.3    Rosenberg, P.H.4
  • 106
    • 0023108972 scopus 로고
    • Body mass and spread of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine
    • Pitkanen MT. Body mass and spread of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 127-31
    • (1987) Anesth. Analg. , vol.66 , pp. 127-131
    • Pitkanen, M.T.1
  • 107
    • 0004978897 scopus 로고
    • Spinocain: The controllable spinal anaesthetic
    • Pitkin GP. Spinocain: the controllable spinal anaesthetic. Br Med J 1929; 2: 189
    • (1929) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 189
    • Pitkin, G.P.1
  • 108
    • 0024564330 scopus 로고
    • Subarachnoid analgesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine: Effect of a 60-min period of sitting
    • Povey HM, Jacobsen J, Westergaard-Nielsen J. Subarachnoid analgesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine: effect of a 60-min period of sitting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989; 33: 295-7
    • (1989) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.33 , pp. 295-297
    • Povey, H.M.1    Jacobsen, J.2    Westergaard-Nielsen, J.3
  • 109
    • 0028914758 scopus 로고
    • High dose spinal anaesthesia with glucose free 0.5% bupivacaine 25 and 30 mg
    • Povey HM, Olsen PA, Pihl H, Jacobsen J. High dose spinal anaesthesia with glucose free 0.5% bupivacaine 25 and 30 mg. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 457-61
    • (1995) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.39 , pp. 457-461
    • Povey, H.M.1    Olsen, P.A.2    Pihl, H.3    Jacobsen, J.4
  • 110
    • 0023929648 scopus 로고
    • Spinal analgesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: Influence of age
    • Racle JP, Benkhadra A, Poy JY, Gleizal B. Spinal analgesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine: influence of age. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: 508-14
    • (1988) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.60 , pp. 508-514
    • Racle, J.P.1    Benkhadra, A.2    Poy, J.Y.3    Gleizal, B.4
  • 111
    • 0023916945 scopus 로고
    • Effect of adding sodium bicarbonate to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in elderly patients
    • Racle JP, Jourdren L, Benkhadra A, Poy JY, Fockenier F. Effect of adding sodium bicarbonate to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in elderly patients. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 570-3
    • (1988) Anesth. Analg. , vol.67 , pp. 570-573
    • Racle, J.P.1    Jourdren, L.2    Benkhadra, A.3    Poy, J.Y.4    Fockenier, F.5
  • 112
    • 0029907752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal posture influences the extent of sensory block produced by intrathecal dextrose-free bupivacaine with fentanyl for labor analgesia
    • Richardson MG, Thakur R, Abramowicz JS, Wissler RN. Maternal posture influences the extent of sensory block produced by intrathecal dextrose-free bupivacaine with fentanyl for labor analgesia. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 1229-33
    • (1996) Anesth. Analg. , vol.83 , pp. 1229-1233
    • Richardson, M.G.1    Thakur, R.2    Abramowicz, J.S.3    Wissler, R.N.4
  • 113
    • 0029810722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in pregnant and nonpregnant humans
    • Richardson MG, Wissler RN. Density of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in pregnant and nonpregnant humans. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 326-30
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.85 , pp. 326-330
    • Richardson, M.G.1    Wissler, R.N.2
  • 114
    • 0021809741 scopus 로고
    • Differential spread of blockade of touch, cold, and pinprick during spinal anesthesia
    • Rocco AG, Raymond SA, Murray E, Dhingra U, Freiberger D. Differential spread of blockade of touch, cold, and pinprick during spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 917-23
    • (1985) Anesth. Analg. , vol.64 , pp. 917-923
    • Rocco, A.G.1    Raymond, S.A.2    Murray, E.3    Dhingra, U.4    Freiberger, D.5
  • 115
    • 0031755997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric 0.75% versus hyperbaric 1% bupivacaine for cesarean section
    • Runza M, Albani A, Tagliabue M, Haiek M, LoPresti S, Birnbach DJ. Spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric 0.75% versus hyperbaric 1% bupivacaine for cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1998; 87: 1099-103
    • (1998) Anesth. Analg. , vol.87 , pp. 1099-1103
    • Runza, M.1    Albani, A.2    Tagliabue, M.3    Haiek, M.4    LoPresti, S.5    Birnbach, D.J.6
  • 116
    • 0034119114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assessment of dermatomal level of surgical anesthesia after spinal tetracaine
    • Sakura S, Sakaguchi Y, Shinzawa M, Hara K, Saito Y. The assessment of dermatomal level of surgical anesthesia after spinal tetracaine. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 1406-10
    • (2000) Anesth. Analg. , vol.90 , pp. 1406-1410
    • Sakura, S.1    Sakaguchi, Y.2    Shinzawa, M.3    Hara, K.4    Saito, Y.5
  • 117
    • 0031839768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia with tetracaine in 0.75% glucose: Influence of the vertebral interspace used for injection
    • Sakura S, Sumi M, Morimoto N, Yamamori Y, Saito Y. Spinal anesthesia with tetracaine in 0.75% glucose: influence of the vertebral interspace used for injection. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23: 170-5
    • (1998) Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. , vol.23 , pp. 170-175
    • Sakura, S.1    Sumi, M.2    Morimoto, N.3    Yamamori, Y.4    Saito, Y.5
  • 118
    • 0023280396 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord mediation of the opioid analgesia of pregnancy
    • Sander HW, Gintzler AR. Spinal cord mediation of the opioid analgesia of pregnancy. Brain Res 1987; 408: 389-93
    • (1987) Brain Res. , vol.408 , pp. 389-393
    • Sander, H.W.1    Gintzler, A.R.2
  • 119
    • 0028113536 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between baricity (glucose concentration) and other factors influencing intrathecal drug spread
    • Sanderson P, Read J, Littlewood DG, McKeown D, Wildsmith JA. Interaction between baricity (glucose concentration) and other factors influencing intrathecal drug spread. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73: 744-6
    • (1994) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.73 , pp. 744-746
    • Sanderson, P.1    Read, J.2    Littlewood, D.G.3    McKeown, D.4    Wildsmith, J.A.5
  • 120
    • 0028283731 scopus 로고
    • Systemic opioids enhance the spread of sensory analgesia produced by intrathecal lidocaine
    • Sarantopoulos C, Fassoulaki A. Systemic opioids enhance the spread of sensory analgesia produced by intrathecal lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 94-7
    • (1994) Anesth. Analg. , vol.79 , pp. 94-97
    • Sarantopoulos, C.1    Fassoulaki, A.2
  • 121
    • 0032724540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of sex on cerebrospinal fluid density in adults
    • Schiffer E, Van Gessel E, Gamulin Z. Influence of sex on cerebrospinal fluid density in adults. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83: 943-4
    • (1999) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.83 , pp. 943-944
    • Schiffer, E.1    Van Gessel, E.2    Gamulin, Z.3
  • 122
    • 0025147049 scopus 로고
    • The effect of volume and dosage of isobaric bupivacaine on the sensory spread of spinal anesthesia
    • Schmidt A, Schwagmeier R, Broja E, Nolte H. The effect of volume and dosage of isobaric bupivacaine on the sensory spread of spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth 1990; 13: 159-62
    • (1990) Reg. Anesth. , vol.13 , pp. 159-162
    • Schmidt, A.1    Schwagmeier, R.2    Broja, E.3    Nolte, H.4
  • 123
    • 0034000844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warm air sensation for assessment of block after spinal anaesthesia
    • Shah J, Ayorinde BT, Rowbotham DJ, Buggy DJ. Warm air sensation for assessment of block after spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 399-400
    • (2000) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.84 , pp. 399-400
    • Shah, J.1    Ayorinde, B.T.2    Rowbotham, D.J.3    Buggy, D.J.4
  • 124
    • 0031858265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of intrathecal fentanyl on the characteristics of subarachnoid block for caesarean section
    • Shende D, Cooper GM, Bowden MI. The influence of intrathecal fentanyl on the characteristics of subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 706-10
    • (1998) Anaesthesia , vol.53 , pp. 706-710
    • Shende, D.1    Cooper, G.M.2    Bowden, M.I.3
  • 125
    • 0020035071 scopus 로고
    • Effect of the trendelenberg position on spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine
    • Sinclair CJ, Scott DB, Edstrom HH. Effect of the trendelenberg position on spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1982; 54: 497-500
    • (1982) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.54 , pp. 497-500
    • Sinclair, C.J.1    Scott, D.B.2    Edstrom, H.H.3
  • 126
    • 0028867545 scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal fentanyl prolongs sensory bupivacaine spinal block
    • Singh H, Yang J, Thornton K, Giesecke AH. Intrathecal fentanyl prolongs sensory bupivacaine spinal block. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 987-91
    • (1995) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.42 , pp. 987-991
    • Singh, H.1    Yang, J.2    Thornton, K.3    Giesecke, A.H.4
  • 127
    • 0014237888 scopus 로고
    • The lumbar spine and subarachnoid block
    • Smith TC. The lumbar spine and subarachnoid block. Anesthesiology 1968; 29: 60-4
    • (1968) Anesthesiology , vol.29 , pp. 60-64
    • Smith, T.C.1
  • 128
    • 0025275755 scopus 로고
    • The influence of temperature and speed of injection on the distribution of a solution containing bupivacaine and methylene blue in a spinal canal model
    • Stienstra R, Gielen M, Kroon JW, Van Poorten F. The influence of temperature and speed of injection on the distribution of a solution containing bupivacaine and methylene blue in a spinal canal model. Reg Anesth 1990; 15: 6-11
    • (1990) Reg. Anesth. , vol.15 , pp. 6-11
    • Stienstra, R.1    Gielen, M.2    Kroon, J.W.3    Van Poorten, F.4
  • 129
    • 0025004411 scopus 로고
    • Speed of injection does not affect subarachnoid distribution of plain bupivacaine 0.5%
    • Stienstra R, Van Poorten F. Speed of injection does not affect subarachnoid distribution of plain bupivacaine 0.5%. Reg Anesth 1990; 15: 208-10
    • (1990) Reg. Anesth. , vol.15 , pp. 208-210
    • Stienstra, R.1    Van Poorten, F.2
  • 130
    • 0024598275 scopus 로고
    • Needle direction affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia
    • Stienstra R, Van Poorten F, Kroon JW. Needle direction affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1989; 68: 497-500
    • (1989) Anesth. Analg. , vol.68 , pp. 497-500
    • Stienstra, R.1    Van Poorten, F.2    Kroon, J.W.3
  • 131
    • 0023097209 scopus 로고
    • Plain or hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia
    • Stienstra R, van Poorten JF. Plain or hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 171-6
    • (1987) Anesth. Analg. , vol.66 , pp. 171-176
    • Stienstra, R.1    van Poorten, J.F.2
  • 132
    • 0023841681 scopus 로고
    • The temperature of bupivacaine 0.5% affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia
    • Stienstra R, van Poorten JF. The temperature of bupivacaine 0.5% affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 272-6
    • (1988) Anesth. Analg. , vol.67 , pp. 272-276
    • Stienstra, R.1    van Poorten, J.F.2
  • 133
    • 0030499785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of glucose 7.5% and 0.75% with or without phenylephrine for tetracaine spinal anaesthesia
    • Sumi M, Sakura S, Sakaguchi Y, Saito Y, Kosaka Y. Comparison of glucose 7.5% and 0.75% with or without phenylephrine for tetracaine spinal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1996; 43: 1138-43
    • (1996) Can. J. Anaesth. , vol.43 , pp. 1138-1143
    • Sumi, M.1    Sakura, S.2    Sakaguchi, Y.3    Saito, Y.4    Kosaka, Y.5
  • 134
    • 0025219955 scopus 로고
    • Influence of obesity on the spread of spinal analgesia after injection of plain 0.5% bupivacaine at the L3-4 or L4-5 interspace
    • Taivainen T, Tuominen M, Rosenberg PH. Influence of obesity on the spread of spinal analgesia after injection of plain 0.5% bupivacaine at the L3-4 or L4-5 interspace. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64: 542-6
    • (1990) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.64 , pp. 542-546
    • Taivainen, T.1    Tuominen, M.2    Rosenberg, P.H.3
  • 135
    • 0025070853 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric 0.19% or plain 0.5% bupivacaine
    • Taivainen T, Tuominen M, Rosenberg PH. Spinal anaesthesia with hypobaric 0.19% or plain 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1990; 65: 234-6
    • (1990) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.65 , pp. 234-236
    • Taivainen, T.1    Tuominen, M.2    Rosenberg, P.H.3
  • 136
    • 0025321436 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study on reproducibility of the spread of spinal anesthesia using plain 0.5% bupivacaine
    • Taivainen TR, Tuominen MK, Kuulasmaa KA, Rosenberg PH. A prospective study on reproducibility of the spread of spinal anesthesia using plain 0.5% bupivacaine. Reg Anesth 1990; 15: 12-14
    • (1990) Reg. Anesth. , vol.15 , pp. 12-14
    • Taivainen, T.R.1    Tuominen, M.K.2    Kuulasmaa, K.A.3    Rosenberg, P.H.4
  • 137
    • 0030834786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of epidural saline injection on analgesic level during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia assessed clinically and myelographically
    • Takiguchi T, Okano T, Egawa H, Okubo Y, Saito K, Kitajima T. The effect of epidural saline injection on analgesic level during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia assessed clinically and myelographically. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 1097-100
    • (1997) Anesth. Analg. , vol.85 , pp. 1097-1100
    • Takiguchi, T.1    Okano, T.2    Egawa, H.3    Okubo, Y.4    Saito, K.5    Kitajima, T.6
  • 138
    • 0028828928 scopus 로고
    • Influence of baricity on the outcome of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for lumbar spine surgery
    • Tetzlaff JE, O'Hara J, Bell G, Grimm K, Yoon HJ. Influence of baricity on the outcome of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for lumbar spine surgery. Reg Anesth 1995; 20: 533-7
    • (1995) Reg. Anesth. , vol.20 , pp. 533-537
    • Tetzlaff, J.E.1    O'Hara, J.2    Bell, G.3    Grimm, K.4    Yoon, H.J.5
  • 139
    • 0026708563 scopus 로고
    • Effect of speed of injection of 0.5% plain bupivacaine on the spread of spinal anaesthesia
    • Tuominen M, Pitkanen M, Rosenberg PH. Effect of speed of injection of 0.5% plain bupivacaine on the spread of spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 148-9
    • (1992) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.69 , pp. 148-149
    • Tuominen, M.1    Pitkanen, M.2    Rosenberg, P.H.3
  • 140
    • 0024591482 scopus 로고
    • Spread of spinal anaesthesia with plain 0.5% bupivacaine: Influence of the vertebral interspace used for injection
    • Tuominen M, Taivainen T, Rosenberg PH. Spread of spinal anaesthesia with plain 0.5% bupivacaine: influence of the vertebral interspace used for injection. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62: 358-61
    • (1989) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.62 , pp. 358-361
    • Tuominen, M.1    Taivainen, T.2    Rosenberg, P.H.3
  • 141
    • 0031053731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The direction of the Whitacre needle aperture affects the extent and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia
    • Urmey WF, Stanton J, Bassin P, Sharrock NE. The direction of the Whitacre needle aperture affects the extent and duration of isobaric spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 337-41
    • (1997) Anesth. Analg. , vol.84 , pp. 337-341
    • Urmey, W.F.1    Stanton, J.2    Bassin, P.3    Sharrock, N.E.4
  • 142
    • 0033798099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section
    • van Bogaert LJ. Lumbar lordosis and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine at cesarean section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000; 71: 65-6
    • (2000) Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. , vol.71 , pp. 65-66
    • van Bogaert, L.J.1
  • 143
    • 0027178570 scopus 로고
    • Influence of injection speed on the subarachnoid distribution of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5%
    • Van Gessel EF, Praplan J, Fuchs T, Forster A, Gamulin Z. Influence of injection speed on the subarachnoid distribution of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5%. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 483-7
    • (1993) Anesth. Analg. , vol.77 , pp. 483-487
    • Van Gessel, E.F.1    Praplan, J.2    Fuchs, T.3    Forster, A.4    Gamulin, Z.5
  • 145
    • 0023836046 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Effects of age on neural blockade and pharmacokinetics
    • Veering BT, Burm AG, Spierdijk J. Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Effects of age on neural blockade and pharmacokinetics. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: 187-94
    • (1988) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.60 , pp. 187-194
    • Veering, B.T.1    Burm, A.G.2    Spierdijk, J.3
  • 146
    • 0023518546 scopus 로고
    • Spinal anesthesia with glucose-free bupivacaine: Effects of age on neural blockade and pharmacokinetics
    • Veering BT, Burm AG, van Kleef JW, Hennis PJ, Spierdijk J. Spinal anesthesia with glucose-free bupivacaine: effects of age on neural blockade and pharmacokinetics. Anesth Analg 1987; 66: 965-70
    • (1987) Anesth. Analg. , vol.66 , pp. 965-970
    • Veering, B.T.1    Burm, A.G.2    van Kleef, J.W.3    Hennis, P.J.4    Spierdijk, J.5
  • 147
    • 0035162524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in elderly patients: Effects of duration spent in the sitting position
    • Veering BT, Immink-Speet TT, Burm AG, Stienstra R, van Kleef JW. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in elderly patients: effects of duration spent in the sitting position. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 738-42
    • (2001) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.87 , pp. 738-742
    • Veering, B.T.1    Immink-Speet, T.T.2    Burm, A.G.3    Stienstra, R.4    van Kleef, J.W.5
  • 151
    • 0019522743 scopus 로고
    • Effects of posture on the spread of isobaric and hyperbaric amethocaine
    • Wildsmith JA, McClure JH, Brown DT, Scott DB. Effects of posture on the spread of isobaric and hyperbaric amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53: 273-8
    • (1981) Br. J. Anaesth. , vol.53 , pp. 273-278
    • Wildsmith, J.A.1    McClure, J.H.2    Brown, D.T.3    Scott, D.B.4
  • 152
    • 0026576121 scopus 로고
    • Self-assessment of the cephalad analgesia level after spinal or epidural anesthesia
    • Yukioka H, Terai T, Fujimori M. Self-assessment of the cephalad analgesia level after spinal or epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth 1992; 17: 95-8
    • (1992) Reg. Anesth. , vol.17 , pp. 95-98
    • Yukioka, H.1    Terai, T.2    Fujimori, M.3
  • 153
    • 0027176024 scopus 로고
    • Blockade of the abdominal muscles measured by EMG during lumbar epidural analgesia with ropivacaine - A double-blind study
    • Zaric D, Axelsson K, Philipson L, et al. Blockade of the abdominal muscles measured by EMG during lumbar epidural analgesia with ropivacaine - a double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37: 274-80
    • (1993) Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. , vol.37 , pp. 274-280
    • Zaric, D.1    Axelsson, K.2    Philipson, L.3
  • 154
    • 0030071871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of continuous lumbar epidural infusion of ropivacaine (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and 0.25% bupivacaine on sensory and motor block in volunteers: A double-blind study
    • Zaric D, Nydahl PA, Philipson L, Samuelsson L, Heierson A, Axelsson K. The effect of continuous lumbar epidural infusion of ropivacaine (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and 0.25% bupivacaine on sensory and motor block in volunteers: a double-blind study. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 14-25
    • (1996) Reg. Anesth. , vol.21 , pp. 14-25
    • Zaric, D.1    Nydahl, P.A.2    Philipson, L.3    Samuelsson, L.4    Heierson, A.5    Axelsson, K.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.