Horses experimentally infected with Sarcocystis neurona develop altered immune responses in vitro

Journal of Parasitology

Volumn 94, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1047-1054

  Witonsky, Sharon G ^a   Ellison, Siobhan ^a,b   Yang, Jibing ^a,c   Gogal, Robert M ^a   Lawler, Heather ^a   Suzuki, Yasuhiro ^a   Sriranganathan, Namalwar ^a   Andrews, Frank ^a,d   Ward, Daniel ^a,e   Lindsay, David S ^a  

^a VIRGINIA MARYLAND REGIONAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Pathogenes Inc   (United States)

^c NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^e Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IONOMYCIN; PHORBOL 13 ACETATE 12 MYRISTATE; PROTOZOON ANTIBODY; THYMIDINE;

ACETATE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DRUG; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HORSE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER; PROTOZOAN; SERUM;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; FEMALE; HORSE; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IN VITRO STUDY; MALE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NONHUMAN; SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA; SERUM;

ANIMALS; CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; FEMALE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; INTERFERON-GAMMA; LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MALE; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SARCOCYSTIS; SARCOCYSTOSIS;

EQUIDAE; SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA;

EID: 54349101460     PISSN: 00223395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1645/GE-1441.1     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. ARRIZABALAGA, G., AND J. BOOTHROYD. 2004. Role of calcium during Toxoplasma gondii invasion and egress. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 361-368.
2. BELZ, G., W. XIE, AND P. DOHERTY. 2001. Diversity of epitope and cytokine profiles for primary and secondary influenza A virus specific CD8+ T cells responses. Journal of Immunology 166: 4627-4633.
3. DUBEY, J. P., S. W. DAVIS, C. A. SPEER, D. D. BOWMAN, A. DE LAHUNTA, D. E. GRANSTROM, M. J. TOPPER, A. N. HAMIR, J. F. CUMMINGS, AND M. M. SUTER. 1991. Sarcocystis neurona n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa), the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 77: 212-218.
4. _, AND D. S. LINDSAY. 1998. Isolation in immunodeficient mice of Sarcocystis neurona from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) faeces, and its differentiation from Sarcocystis falcatula. International Journal for Parasitology 28: 1823-1828.
5. ELLISON, S., E. GREINER, AND J. DAME. 2001. In vitro culture and synchronous release of Sarcocystis neurona merozoites from host cells. Veterinary Parasitology 95: 251-261.
6. _, K. BROWN, AND T. KENNEDY. 2004. Experimental infection of horses with culture-derived Sarcocystis neurona merozoites as a model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 2: 79-89.
7. _, T. KENNEDY, AND K. BROWN. 2003a. Development of an ELISA to detect antibodies to r-SAG-1 in the horse. Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 1: 318-327.
8. _, AND _. 2003b. Early signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 1: 272-278.
9. _, A. OMARA-OPYENE, C. YOWELL, A. MARSH, AND J. DAME. 2002. Molecular characterization of a major 29 kDa surface antigen of Sarcocystis neurona. International Journal for Parasitology 32: 217-225.
10. GAZZINELLI, R., I. ELTOUM, T. WYNN, AND A. SHER. 1993. Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha and correlates with the down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. Journal of Immunology 151: 3672-3681.
11. _, Y. XU, S. HIENY, A. CHEEVER, AND A. SHER. 1992. Simultaneous depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes is required to reactivate chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Immunology 149: 175-180.
12. GOGAL, R. M., JR., B. SMITH, AND J. KALNITSKY. 2000. Analysis of apoptosis of lymphoid cells in fish exposed to immunotoxic compounds. Cytometry 39: 310-318.
13. GRANSTROM, D. E., J. P. DUBEY, S. W. DAVIS, R. FAYER, J. C. FOX, K. B. POONACHA, R. C. GILES, AND P. F. COMER. 1993. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: Antigen analysis of cultured Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5: 88-90.
14. HINES, S., D. STONE, M. HINES, D. C. ALPERIN, D. P. KNOWLES, L. K. NORTON, M. J. HAMILTON, W. C. DAVIS, AND T. C. MCGUIRE. 2003. Clearance of virulent but not avirulent Rhodococcus equi from the lungs of adult horses is associated with intracytoplasmic γ-interferon production by CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10: 208-215.
15. HOWE, D. K., R. Y. GAJI, A. E. MARSH, B. A. PATIL, W. J. SAVILLE, D. S. LINDSAY, J. P. DUBEY, AND D. E. GRANSTROM. 2007. Strains of Sarcocystis neurona exhibit differences in their surface antigens, including the absences of the major surface antigen SnSAG1. International Journal for Parasitology. (In press.)
16. LINDSAY, D. S., N. J. THOMAS, AND J. P. DUBEY. 2000. Biological characterisation of Sarcocystis neurona isolated from a Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal for Parasitology 30: 617-624.
17. LIU, C. M., AND T. E. HERMANN. 1978. Characterization of ionomycin as a calcium ionophore. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253: 5892-5894.
18. LODISH, H., A. BERK, S. L. ZIPURSKY, P. MATSUDAIRA, D. BALTIMORE, AND J. E. DARNELL. 2003. Molecular cell biology, 5th ed. W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, New York, 970 p.
19. MACKAY, R. J. 1997a. Serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona - Half the horses in the United States have them! Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210: 482-483.
20. _. 1997b. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 13: 79-96.
21. MASEK, K. S., P. ZHU, B. D. FREEMAN, AND C. A. HUNTER. 2007. Toxoplasma gondii induces changes in intracellular calcium in macrophages. Parasitology 134: 1973-1979.
22. NATIONAL ANIMAL HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM (NAHMS). 2001. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the United States. USDA: AOHIS: VS, CEAH, Fort Collins, CO, No. N312.0501.
23. REED, S. 1998. Neurologic examination. In Equine internal medicine, S. Reed and W. Bayly (eds.). W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 427-434.
24. SAVILLE, W. J., S. M. REED, AND P. MORELY. 2000. Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217: 1174-1180.
25. SELLON, D. C., D. P. KNOWLES, E. C. GREINER, M. T. LONG, M. T. HINES, T. HOCHSTATTER, K. M. HASEL, M. UETI, K. GILLIS, AND J. B. DAME. 2004. Depletion of natural killer cells does not result in neurologic disease due to Sarcocystis neurona in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Journal of Parasitology 90: 782-788.
26. SHAPIRA, S., O. HARB, J. CAAMAN, AND C. HUNTER. 2004. The NF-kB signaling pathway: Immune evasion and immunoregulation during toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 393-400.
27. SPENCER, J. A., P. DEINNOCENTES, E. M. MOYANA, A. J. GUARINO, S. E. ELLISON, R. C. BIRD, AND B. L. BLAGBURN. 2005. Cytokine gene expression in response to SnSAG1 in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12: 644-646.
28. _, S. E. ELLISON, A. J. GUARINO, AND B. L. BLAGBURN. 2004. Cell-mediated immune responses in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 90: 428-430.
29. SPLITTER, G., S. OLIVEIRA, S., M. CAREY, C. MILLER, J. KO, AND J. COVERT. 1996. T lymphocyte mediated protection against facultative intracellular bacteria. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 54: 309-319.
30. SUZUKI, Y. 2002a. Host resistance in the brain against Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Infectious Disease 185(Suppl. 1): S58-S65.
31. _. 2002b. Immunopathogenesis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Disease 186(Suppl. 2): S234-S240.
32. THANOS, D., AND T. MANIATIS. 1995. NF-kappa B: A lesson in family values. Cell 80: 529-532.
33. TORNQUIST, S. J., L. J. BOEDER, D. E. MATTSON, C. K. CEBRA, R. J. BILDFELL, AND A. N. HAMIR. 2001. Lymphocyte responses and immunophenotypes in horses with Sarcocystis neurona infection. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 726-729.
34. WITONSKY, S. G., R. M. GOGAL, R. B. DUNCAN, AND D. S. LINDSAY. 2003a. Protective immune response to Sarcocystis neurona infection in C57BL/6 mice. Journal of Parasitology 89: 924-931.
35. _, AND _. 2003b. Immunopathologic effects associated with Sarcocystis neurona infected interferon-γ knock-out mice. Journal of Parasitology 89: 932-940.
36. _, H. NORTON, D. WARD, AND D. S. LINDSAY. 2005. Prevention of meningo/encephalomyelitis due to Sarcocystis neurona infection in mice is mediated by CD8 cells. International Journal for Parasitology 35: 113-123.
37. _, V. B. MAXWELL, AND S. A. AHMED. 2003. Immunologic analysis of blood samples obtained from horses and stored for twenty-four hours. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 1003-1009.
38. YANG, J., S. ELLISON, R. M. GOGAL, H. NORTON, D. WARD, D. S. LINDSAY, AND S. G. WITONSKY. 2006. Investigation of immune response to Sarcocystis neurona infection in naturally infected horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Veterinary Parasitology 138: 200-210.