A review of the menopausal symptoms management with herbal remedies

European Journal of Scientific Research

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 46-63

  Parhizkar, Saadat ^a   Latiff, Latiffah Abdul ^a   Dollah, Mohammad Aziz ^a   Syed, Hassan ^a   Syed, Tajuddin ^a   Ibrahim, Rashid ^a   Hanachi, Parichehr ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^b ALZAHRA UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Herbal remed; Management; Menopause; Symptoms

Indexed keywords

EID: 54149111134     PISSN: 1450216X     EISSN: 1450202X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. ACOG (2001). Clinical Management. Guidelines for obstetrician- Gynecologists. Use of botanicals for management of menopause symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 97(6): 1-11.
2. Albertazzi, P., Pansini, F., Bonaccorsi, G., Zanotti, L., Forini, E., De Aloysio, D. (1998). The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol. 91: 6-11.
3. Albertazzi, P., Pansini F., Bottazzi M., Bonaccorsi G., De Aloysio D., Morton MS. (1999). Dietary soy supplementation and phytoestrogen levels. Obstet Gynecol. 94:229-231.
4. Albertazzi, P., Steel, S.A., Clifford, E., Bottazzi, M. (2002). Attitudes towards and use of dietary supplementation in a sample of postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 5: 374-82.
5. Atkinson, C., Warren, RM., Sala, E., Dowsett, M., Dunning, AM., Healy, CS., Runswick, S., Day, NE., Bingham, SA. (2004). Red clover- derived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res. 6:140-142.
6. Baber, R.J., Templeman, C., Morton, T., Kelly, G.E., West, L. (1999). Randomized placebo controlled trial of an isoflavone supplement and menopausal symptoms in women. Climacteric. 2:85-92.
7. Baired, DD., Umbach, DM., Lansdell, L., Hughes, CL., Stechell, KD., Weinberg, CR., Haney, AF., Wilcox, AJ., Mclachlan, JA. (1995). Dietary intervention syudy to assess estrogenicity of dietary soy among postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80(5):1685-90.
8. Balk, J.L., Whiteside, D.A., Naus, G., DeFerrari, E., Roberts, J.M. (2002). A Pilot Study of the Effects of Phytoestrogen Supplementation on Postmenopausal Endometrium. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 9(4): 238-242.
9. Bicca, ML de O., Horta, BL., Lethaby, AE.(2004). Double-blind randomized clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of soy isoflavones in the relief of climacteric symptoms. Unpublished data reported by: Lethaby, AE., Brown, J., Marjoribanks, J., Kronenberg, F., Roberts, H., Eden, J. Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4.
10. Brzezinski, A., Aldercreutz, H., Shaol, R., Rosler, A., Shmueli, A., Tanus, V., Schenker, JG. (1997). Short term effects of phytoestrogen-rich diet on postmenopausal women. Menopause. 4:89-94.
11. Burke, GL., Legault, C., Anthony, M., Bland, DR., Morgan, TM., Naughton, MJ., Leggett, K., Washburn, SA., Vitolins, MZ. (2003). Soy protein and isoflavone effects on vasomotor symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: the Soy Estrogen Alternative Study. Menopause. 10:47-153.
12. Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Renzi, A., Zanni, AL., Malmusi, S., Volpe, A. (2003). Kava-kava administration reduces anxiety in perimenopausal women. Maturitas. 44:103-109.
13. Campagnoli, C., Abba, C., Amberoggio, S., Peris, C., Perona, M. (2005) Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might reduce hot flushes: an indication from two controlled trials on soy isoflavones alone and with a PUFA supplement. Maturitas. 51(2):127-34.
14. Carranza, Lira, S., Barahona, OF., Ramos, D., Herrera, J., Olivares Segura, A., Cardoso, G., Posadas Romero, C. (2001). Changes in symptoms, lipid and hormone levels after the administration of a cream with phytoestrogens in the Climacteric--preliminary report. Int-J-Fertil- Womens-Med. 46(6): 296-9.
15. Cassidy, A., Bingham, S., Setchell, K.D. (1994). Biologic effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 60:333-340.
16. Chen, JK. (2002). Menopause: Western and traditional Chinese medicine perspectives, part II. Acupuncture Today. 3:22-23. http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/archives2002/may/05chen.html. Accessed May 20, 2006.
17. Chenoy, R., Hussain, S., Tayob, Y., O'Brien, PMS., Moss, MY., Morse, PF.(1994) Effect of oral gamolenic acid from evening primrose oil on menopausal flushing. BMJ 308:501-503.
18. Cheri, L., Van P., Ivo, A., Olivotto, G., Chambers Karen, A., Gelmon, T., Coleman,KA., Norris, SK., Weston, AR., Prodfoot, EM. (2004). Hormone replacement therapy for women at or after menopause, A Comprehensive Literature Review. Commonwealth of Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
19. Crisafulli A, Marini H, Bitto A, et al. (2004). Effects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebocontrolled study. Menopause; 11:400-404.
20. Daiber, W. (1983). Climacteric complaints: success without using hormones! German Arztl Prax 35; 65: 1946-1947
21. Dalais, FS., Rice, GE., Wahlqvist, ML., Grehan, M., Murkies, AL., Medley, G., Ayton, R., Strasuss, BJ. (1998). Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 1:124-129.
22. Davis, SR., Briganti, EM., Chen, RQ., Dalais, FS., Bailey, M., Burger, HG. (2001). The effects of Chinese medicinal herbs on postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms of Australian women: a randomized controlled trial. Med J Aust. 174:68-71.
23. Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H,Legare, F., Forest, JC., Masse, B. (2005). The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90(3):1390-1397.
24. Dog, TL., Powell, KL.,Weisman,SM.. (2003). Critical evaluation of the safety of Cimicifuga racemosa in menopause symptom relief. Menopause. 10:299-313.
25. Duffy, R., Wiseman, H., File, SE. (2003).Improved cognitive function in postmenopausal women after 12 weeks of consumption of a soy extract containing isoflavones. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75:721-729.
26. Duker, E.N., Kpanski, L., Jarry, H. and Wuttke, W. (1991). Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Med 57 (5) pp. 420-424.
27. Elkind-Hirsch, K. (2001). Effect of dietary phytoestrogens on hot flushes: can soy based proteins substitute for traditional estrogen replacement therapy? Menopause. 8 (3):154-156.
28. Faure, ED., Chantre, P., Mares, P. (2002). Effects of a standardized soy extract on hot flushes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Menopause. 9:329-334.
29. Goldstein, MS., Glik, D. (1998). Use of and satisfaction with homeopathy in a patient population. Altern Ther Health Med. 4:60-5.
30. Grube, B., Walper, A., Wheatley, D. (1999). St. John's Wort extract: efficacy for menopausal symptoms of psychological origin. Adv Ther. 16:177-186.
31. Haghighian Roudsari, A., Tahbaz, F., Hossein-Nezhad, A., Arjmandi, BH., Larijani, B., Kimiagar, SM. (2005). Assessment of soy phytoestrogens' effects on bone turnover indicators in menopausal women with osteopenia in Iran: a before and after clinical trial. Nutr J. 29(4):30.
32. Haines, C.J., Lam, P.M., Chung, T.K.H., Leung, P.C.(2007). A randomized, double-blind, multiple dose escalation study of the effect of the chinese herbal medicine preparation dang gui buxue tang on menopausal symptoms in Hong Kong Chinese women. Fertility and Sterility. 88,1:245.
33. Hale, GE., Hughes, CL., Robboy, SJ., Agarwal, SK., Bievre, M. (2001). A double-blind randomized study on the effects of red clover isoflavones on the endometrium. Menopause. 8(5):338-346.
34. Han, KK., Soares, JM., Jr Haidar, MA., de Lima, GR., Baracat, EC. (2002) Benefits of soy isoflavone therapeutic regimen on menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 99: 389-394.
35. Hardy, M., (2000). Herbs of special interest to women. J Am Pharm Assoc. 40 (2): 234-242.
36. Hartley, DE., Heinze, L., Elsabagh, S., File, SE. (2003). Effects on cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75:711-720.
37. Hernandez Munoz, G., Pluchino, S. (2003). Cimicifuga racemosa for the treatment of hot flushes in women surviving breast cancer. Maturitas. 44 (1):S59-S65.
38. Heyerick, A., Vervarcke, S., Depypere, H., Bracke, M., De Keukeleire, D. (2006).A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas. 54:164-175.
39. Hidalgo, LA., Chedraui, PA., Morocho, N., Ross, S., San Miguel, G.(2005). The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 21:257-264.
40. Hirata, JD., Swiersz, LM. Zell, B., Small, R., Ettinger, B. (1997). Does dong quai have estrogenic effects in postmenopausal women? a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Fertil Steril. 68:981-986.
41. Hislop, G., Templeton, E., Wattie, A., Prior, J. (2002). Effect of Soy Phytoestrogens on Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 20(6):1449-1455.
42. Hudson, T., Standish, L., Breed, C., Bettenburg, R., Dalen, C. (1998). Clinical and endocrinological effects of a menopausal botanical formula. J Naturopathic Med. 7:73-77.
43. Huntley, A., Ernst, E. (2003). A systematic review of the safety of black cohosh. Menopause. 10:58-64.
44. Imhof, M., Gocan, A., Reithmayr, F., Lipovac, M., Schimitzek, C., Chedruai, P., Huber, J. (2006). Effects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 55(1):76-81.
45. Ingle, J. N. 2003, "Hormonal therapy: Current and new directions", Breast Journal. 9(1): S17- S21.
46. Jacobson, JS., Troxel, AB., Evans, J., Evans, J., Vahdat, L., Kinne, D., Lo, KM., Moore, A., Rosenman, PJ., Kaufman, EL., Neugut, AI., Grann, VR. (2001). Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 19:2739-2745.
47. Jeri, AR. (2002). The use of an isoflavone supplement to relieve hot flashes. Female Patient Web site, http://www.femalepatient.com/html/arc/ sig/comp/articles/article_5.asp. Accessed May 20, 2006.
48. Jones, KP. (2000). Menopause and cognitive function: estrogens and alternative therapies. Clin Obstet Gynecol 43: 198-206.
49. Jou, HJ., Ling, PY., Wu, SC (2005). Comparison of 70mg and 35mg isoflavone soya supplement for menopause symptoms. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 90(2):156-60.
50. Kaari, C., Haidar, MA., Soares Junior, JM., Nunes, MG., de Azevedo Quadros, LG., Kemp, C., Stavele, JN., Baracat, EC. (2006). Randomized clinical trial comparing conjugated equine estrogens and isoflavones in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Maturitas. 53:49-58.
51. Kass-Annese, B. (2000). Alternative therapies for menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 43:162-83.
52. Kessel, B. (1998). Alternatives to estrogen for menopausal women. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 217: 38-44.
53. Khaodhiar, L., Ricciotti, HA., Li, L., Pan, W., Schickel, M., Zhou, J., Blackburn, GL. (2008). Daidzein-rich isoflavone aglycones are potentially effective in reducing hot flashes in menopausal women. Menopause. 15:125-32.
54. Kleijnen, J. (1994). Evening primrose oil: currently used in many conditions with little justification. Br Med J. 309 (1): 824-825.
55. Knight, DC., Howes, JB., Eden, JA., Howes, LG. (2001). Effects on menopausal symptoms and acceptability of isoflavone-containing soy powder dietary supplementation. Climacteric. 4:13-18.
56. Knight, DC., Howes, JB., Eden, JA. (1999). The effect of Promensil, an isoflavone extract, on menopausal symptoms. Climacteric. 2:79-84.
57. Knight, DC., Eden, JA. (1996). A review of the clinical effects of phytoestrogens. Obstet Gynecol. 87:897-904.
58. Komesaroff, PA., Black, CV., Cable, V., Sudhir, K. (2001). Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women. Climacteric. 4:144-150.
59. Kotsopoulos, D., Dalais, FS., Liang, YL., McGrath, BP., Teede, HJ. (2000). The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 3:161-7.
60. Krebs, EE., Ensrud, KE., MacDonald, R., Wilt, TJ. (2004) Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 104:824-836.
61. Kritz-Silverstein, D., Von Muhlen, D., Barrett-Connor, E., Bressel, MA.(2003). Isoflavones and cognitive function in older women: the Soy and Postmenopausal Health In Aging (SOPHIA) Study. Menopause. 10:196-202.
62. Kuiper, G., Lemmen, J., Carlsson, B., Corton, J.C., Safe, S.H., van der Saag, PT., Vander Burg, B., Gustafsson, JA. (1998). Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology. 139 (10): 4252-4263.
63. Kwee, S.H.,Tan, H.H., Marsman, A., Wauters, C. (2007). The effect of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) on menopausal symptoms compared to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and placebo. Maturitas. 58(1)83-90.
64. Lewis, JE., Nickell, LA., Thompson, LU., Szalai, JP., Kiss, A., Hilditch, JR. (2006). A randomized controlled trial of the effect of dietary soy and flaxseed muffins on quality of life and hot flashes during menopause. Menopause. 13(4):631-42.
65. Lehmann-Willenbrock, W., Riedel, HH. (1998). Clinical and endocrinologic examinations concerning therapy of climacteric symptoms following hysterectomy with remaining ovaries. Zent BL Gynakol. 110:611-618.
66. Li, R., National Institutes of Health. Assessing and improving measures of hot flashes: summary of an NIH workshop. 2004. Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/hotflashes/pdf/hotflashessumm.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2006.
67. Liberti, L., Marderosian, A. (1978). Evaluation of commercial ginseng products. J Pharm Sci. 10: 1487-1489.
68. Liske, E. (1998). Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga racemosa for gynecologic disorders. Adv Ther. 15:45-53.
69. Lucks, BC. (2003). Vitex agnus castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a research update. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 9:157-160
70. MacGregor, CA., Canney, PA., Patterson, G., McDonald, R., Paul, J. (2005). A randomised double-blind controlled trial of oral soy supplements versus placebo for treatment of menopausal symptoms in patients with early breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 41(5):708-714.
71. Mahady, GB., Parrot, J., Lee, C., Yun, GS., Dan, A.(2003). Botanical dietary supplement use in peri- and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 10:65-72.
72. Makkonen, M., Simpanen, AL., Saarikoski, S., Uusitupa, M., Penttila, I., Silvasti, M., Korhonen, P. (1993). Endocrine and metabolic effects of guar gum in menopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 7:135-141.
73. Manonai, J., Songchitsomboon, S., Chanda, K., Hong, J H., Komindr, S. (2006). The effect of a soy-rich diet on urogenital atrophy: A randomized, cross-over trial. Maturitas. 54: 135-140.
74. McKenna, D., Jones, K., Humphrey, S., Hughes, K. (2001). Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and preclinical applications. Altern Ther Health Med. 7 (3): 93-100.
75. Murkies, AL., Lombard, C., Strauss, BJ., Wilcox, G., Burger, HG., Morton, MS. (1995). Dietary flour supplementation decreases post-menopausal hot flushes: effect of soy and wheat. Maturitas. 21:189-195.
76. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. What is CAM? http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/. Accessed October 28, 2005.
77. NCCAM (2005). National center for Complementary and Alternative medicine Website. Reviwed by Fan KW. J. Med Libr Assoc; 93(3): 410-412.
78. Newton, KM., Reed,SD., LaCroix, AZ., Grothaus, LC., Ehrlich, K., Guiltinan, J. (2006). Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 145:869-79.
79. Nikander, E., Kilkkinen, A., Metsa-Heikkila, H., Adlercreutz, H., Pietinen, P., Tiitinen, A., Ylikorkala, O. (2003). A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with phytoestrogens in treatment of menopause in breast cancer patients. Obstet Gynecol. 101:1213-1220.
80. Osmers. R., Friede, M., Liske, E., Schnitker, J., Freudenstein, J., Henneicke-von Zepelin, H. (2005). Efficacy and safety of isopropanolic black cohosh extract for climacteric symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 105:1074-1083.
81. Page, R., Lawrence, J.D. (1999). Potentiation of warfarin by dong quai. Pharmacotherapy 19 (7):870-876.
82. Penotti, M., Fabio, E., Modena, AB., Rinaldi, M., Omodei, U., Vigano, P.(2003). Effect of soyderived isoflavones on hot flushes, endometrial thickness, and the pulsatility index of the uterine and cerebral arteries. Fertil Steril. 79:1112-1117.
83. Pepping, J. (1999). Black Cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. Am J Health Sust Pharm 56 (14):1400-1402.
84. Petho, A. (1987). Menopausal complaints: change-over of a hormone treatment to a herbal gynecological remedy practicable? Arztliche Prax Gynakol. 38(47):1551-1553.
85. Quella, SK., Loprinzi, LC., Barton, DL., Knost, JA., Sloan, JA., LaVasseur, BI., Swan, D., Krupp, KR., Miller, KD., Novotny, PJ. (2000). Evaluation of soy phytoestrogens for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 18:1068-1074.
86. Roemheld-Hamm, B. (2005). Chasteberry. American Family Physician. 72(5):821-4.
87. Russo, R., Corosu, R. (2003). The clinical use of a preparation based on phytoestrogens in the treatment of menopausal disorders. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense. 74:137-143.
88. Sammartino, A., Di Carlo, C., Mandato, VD., Bifulco, G., Di Stefano, M., Nappi, C. (2003). Effects of genistein on the endometrium: ultrasonographic evaluation. Gynecological Endocrinology,17(1): 45-49.
89. Sammartino, A., Di Carlo, C., Tommaselu, GA., Gargano, V., Attianese, W., Nappi, C. (2006). Short-Term Effects of a Combination of Isoflavones, Lignans and Cimicifuga Racemosa on Climacteric-Related Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Trial. Gynecological Endocrinology
90. Scambia, G., Mango, D., Signorile, PG., Anselmi Angeli, RA., Palena, C., Gallo, D., Bombardelli, E., Morazzoni, P., Riva, A., Mancuso, S. (2000). Clinical effects of a standardized soy extract in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause. 7:105-111. Secreto, G., Chiechi, LM., Amadori, A., Miceli, R., Venturelli, E., Valerio, T., Marubini, E. (2004). Soy isoflavones and melatonin for the relief of climacteric symptoms: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Maturitas. 47:11-20.
91. Setchell, K.D.R., Adlercreutz, H. (1988). Mammalian ligans and phytoestrogens: recent studies on their formation, metabolism, and biological role in health and disease. In: Rowland I., Editor, Role of the gut flora in toxicity and cancer, Academic Press, London. pp. 315-345.
92. Sierra, B., Hidalgo, L., Chedraui, P. (2005). Measuring climacteric symptoms in an Ecuadorian population with the Greene Climacteric Scale. Maturitas; 51(3), 236-254.
93. Smolinski, D., Wolliner, D., Orlowski, J., Curcio, J., Nevels, J., Kim, L. (2005). A pilot study to examine a combination botanical for the treatment of menopausal symptoms J Altern Complement Med. 11(3):483-489
94. St. Germain, A., Peterson, CT., Robinson, JG., Alekel, DL.(2001). Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause. 8:17-26.
95. Stoll, W. (1987). Phytopharmacon influence satrophic vaginal epithelium: double-blind study, Cimicifuga vs estrogenic substances. Therapeutikon. 1:23-31.
96. Stolze, H. 1982. Der andere Weg, klimakterische Beschwerden zu behandeln. Gyne. 1:14-16.
97. Taylor, M., (2001). Botanicals: medicine and menopause. Clin Obstet Gynecol: 44 (4): 853-863.
98. Tice, JA., Ettinger, B., Ensrud, K., Wallace, R., Blackwell, T., Cummings, SR. (2003). Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: the Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 290:207-214.
99. Tode, T., Kikuchi, Y., Hirata, J., Kita, T., Nakata, H., Nagata, I. (1999). Effect of Korean red ginseng on psychological functions in patients with severe climacteric syndromes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 67:169-174.
100. Upmalis, DH., Lobo, R., Bradley, L., Warren, M., Cone, FL., Lamia, CA. (2000). Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study Menopause. 7:236-242.
101. Van de Weijer, PH., Barentsen, R. (2002). Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo. Maturitas. 42:187-193.
102. Van Patten, CL., Olivotto, IA., Chambers, GK., Gelmon, KA., Hislop, TG., Templeton, E., Wattie, A., Prior, JC.(2002). Effect of soy phytoestrogens on hot flashes in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 15; 20(6):1449-1455.
103. Vorberg, G. (1984). Therapy of climacteric complaints. Z Allgemeinmed. 60:626-9.
104. Warnecke, G. (1985). Influence of a phytopharmaceutical on climacteric complaints. Med Welt. 36:871-874.
105. Washburn, S., Burke, GL., Morgan, T., Anthony, M. (1999). Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause. 6: 7-13.
106. Winther, K., Rein, E., Hedman, C. (2005). Femal, a herbal remedy made from pollen extracts, reduces hot flushes and improves quality of life in menopausal women: a randomized, placebocontrolled, parallel study. Climacteric. 8:162-70.
107. Wiklund, I., Karlberg, J., Mattsson, LA. (1993). Quality of life of postmenopausal women on a regimen of transdermal estradiol therapy: a double-blind placebocontrolled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:824-830.
108. Woo, J., Lau, E., Ho, SC., Cheng, F., Chan, C., Chan, AS., Haines, CJ., Chan, TY., Li, M., Sham, A. (2003). Comparison of Pueraria lobata with hormone replacement therapy in treating the adverse health consequences of menopause. Menopause. 10:352-361.
109. Wuttke, W., Seidlova-Wuttke, D., Gorkow, C. (2003).The Cimicifuga preparation BNO 1055 vs conjugated estrogens in a double-blind placebo-controlled study: effects on menopause symptoms and bone markers. Maturitas. 44(1):S67-S77.
110. Zhu, D. (1987). Dong quai. Am J Chin Med: 15:117-125.