Alief in action (and reaction)

Mind and Language

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 552-585

  Gendler, Tamar Szabó ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 54049120256     PISSN: 02681064     EISSN: 14680017     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.00352.x     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Alcinous, 1993 : The Handbook of Platonism, trans. and ed. J. Dillon. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
2. Alcoff, L.M. 2006 : Visible Identities: Race, Gender and the Self. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
3. Allport, G. 1954 : The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA : Addison Wesley.
4. Amodio, D., Harmon-Jones, E. and Devine, P. 2003 : Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 738 53.
5. Ariely, D. 2008 : Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York : Harper Collins.
6. Aristotle, 1999 : Nicomachean Ethics, trans. T. Irwin. 2nd edn. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
7. Armstrong, D. 1973 : Belief, Truth and Knowledge. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
8. Baier, A. 1991 : A Progress of Sentiments: Reflections on Hume's Treatise. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
9. Baker, L. Rudder, 1995 : Explaining Attitudes: A Practical Approach to the Mind. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
10. Barney, R., Brittain, C. and Brennan, T. (eds) Forthcoming : Plato and the Divided Self. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
11. Barnes, J. (ed 1984 : The Complete Works of Aristotle. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
12. Baron, A.S. and Banaji, M.R. 2006 : The development of implicit attitudes: evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 to 10 and adulthood. Psychological Science, 17, 53 58.
13. Bateson, M. 2002 : Context-dependent foraging choices in risk-sensitive starlings. Molecular Breeding, 10, 119 29.
14. Bateson, M., Healy, S.D. and Hurly, T.A. 2002 : Irrational choices in hummingbird foraging behaviour. Animal Behavior, 63, 587 96.
15. Bertrand, M. and Mullainathan, S. 2003 : Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market. No. 9873, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
16. Blakemore, S.J. and Decety, J. 2001 : From the perception of action to the understanding of intention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 561 67.
17. Blair, I.V. 2002 : The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242 61.
18. Blair, I.V., Ma, J.E. and Lenton, A.P. 2001 : Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 828 41.
19. Blum, L. 2002 : I'm Not a Racist, But...: The Moral Quandary of Race. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press.
20. Braithwaite, R.B. 1932 1933 : The nature of believing. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 33, 129 146.
21. Carroll, J.S. 1978 : The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: an interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 88 96.
22. Carruthers, P. 2006 : The Architecture of the Mind: massive modularity and the flexibility of thought. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
23. Carruthers, P. manuscript : How we know our own minds: the relationship between mindreading and metacognition. At : http://www.philosophy.umd.edu/ Faculty/pcarruthers/#. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
24. Cooper, J. ed. 1997 : Plato: Complete Works. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
25. Cooper, J. 1999 : Reason and Emotion: Essays in Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
26. Currie, G. 2002 : Imagination as motivation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 102, 201 16.
27. Darwin, C. 1898 : The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York : D. Appleton.
28. Dasgupta, N. and Greenwald, A.G. 2001 : On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800 814.
29. Denes-Raj, V. and Epstein, S. 1994 : Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: when people behave against their better judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 819 29.
30. Dennett, D. 1971 : Intentional systems. Journal of Philosophy, 68, 87 106.
31. Dennett, D. 1987 : The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
32. Dennett, D. 1995 : Do animals have beliefs? In H. Roitblat (ed Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
33. Descartes, R. 1649/1989 : The Passions of the Soul, trans. S.H. Voss. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
34. Descartes, R. 1645/1991 : The philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume III: The Correspondence, trans. J. Cottingham et al. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
35. Devine, P. 1989 : Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Attitudes and Social Cognition, 56, 5 18.
36. Devine, P. (ed 2001 : Special Section: Implicit Prejudice and Stereotyping: ?How Automatic Are They? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 : 5.
37. Devine, P., Monteith, M.J., Zuwerink, J.R. and Elliot, A.J. 1991 : Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817 30.
38. Devine, P., Plant, E.A., Amodio, D.M. and Harmon-Jones, E. 2002 : The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: the role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82. 835 48.
39. Dovidio, J.F., Glick, P.G. and Rudman, L. (eds) 2005 : On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport. Malden, MA : Blackwell.
40. Dovidio, J.F. and Gaertner, S.L. 2004 : Aversive racism. In M.P. Zanna (ed Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 1 52.
41. Eberhardt, J.L. 2005 : Imaging race. American Psychologist, 60, 181 90.
42. Erber, R. and Fiske, S. 1984 : Outcome dependency and attention to inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 709 726.
43. Falkenstein, L. 1997 : Naturalism, normativity, and skepticism in Hume's account of belief. Hume Studies, 23, 29 72.
44. Fazio, R.H., Jackson, J.R., Dunton, B.C., and Williams, C.J. 1995 : Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013 27.
45. Ferrari, G.R.F. 2007 : The three-part soul. In G.R.F. Ferrari (ed The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
46. Fiske, S. and Neuberg, S. 1990 : A continuum of impression formation from category-based to individuating processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. Zanna (ed Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, Vol. 3, 1 74.
47. Fodor, J. 1999 : A theory of content. Reprinted in W.G. Lycan (ed Mind and Cognition: An Anthology. Malden, MA : Blackwell.
48. Gaertner, S.L., and Dovidio, J.F. 1986 : The aversive form of racism. In J.F. Dovidio and S.L. Gaertner (eds Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism. Orlando, FL : Academic Press.
49. nd edn., augmented and revised. Berlin : Akademie Verlag.
50. Gendler, T.S. 2003 : On the relation between pretense and belief. In D. McIver Lopes and M. Kiernan (eds Imagination, Philosophy and the Arts. New York : Routledge, 125 141.
51. Gendler, T.S. 2006 : Imaginary contagion. Metaphilosophy, 37, 1 21.
52. Gendler, T.S. 2007 : Philosophical thought experiments, intuitions and cognitive equilibrium. Midwest Studies in Philosophy: Philosophy and the Empirical, XXXI, 68 89.
53. Gendler, T.S. (Forthcoming Alief and belief. Journal of Philosophy.
54. Gregory, W.L., Cialdini, R.B. and Carpenter, K.M. 1982 : Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: does imagining make it so? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 89 99.
55. Harris, P. 2000 : The Work of the Imagination. London : Blackwell.
56. Hearn, T. 1970 : General rules in Hume's treatise. Journal of the History of Philosophy, VIII, 405 422.
57. Heider, F. and Simmel, M. 1944 : An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 13, 243 59.
58. Hieronymi, P. 2008 : Responsibility for believing. Synthese, 161, 357 373.
59. Higgins, E.T. and King, G. 1981 : Accessibility of social constructs: information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. In N. Cantor and J.F. Kihlstrom (eds Personality and Social Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum, 69 121.
60. Hirschman A.O. 1977 : The Passions and the Interests. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
61. Hume, D. 1739/1978 : A Treatise on Human Nature, ed. L.A. Selby-Bigge. Oxford : Clarendon.
62. Hurly, T.A. and Oseen, M.D. 1999 : Context-dependent, risk-sensitive foraging preferences in wild rufous hummingbirds. Animal Behavior, 58, 59 66.
63. Irwin, T. 1975 : Aristotle on reason, desire and virtue. The Journal of Philosophy, 72, 567 578.
64. James S. 1999 : Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth Century Philosophy. New York : Oxford.
65. Jenkins J., Whiting J. and Williams C. (eds) 2005 : Persons and Passions: Essays in Honor of Annette Baier. Notre Dame, IN : University of Notre Dame Press.
66. Karpinski, A. and Hilton, J.L. 2001 : Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774 88.
67. Katz, P.A. 1976 : The acquisition of racial attitudes in children. In P.A. Katz (ed Towards the Elimination of Racism. New York : Pergamon Press, 125 154.
68. Kawakami, K., Dion, K.L. and Dovidio, J.F. 1998 : Racial prejudice and stereotype activation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 407 416.
69. Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J.F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S. and Russin, A. 2000 : Just say no (to stereotyping): effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78, 871 888.
70. Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J.F. and van Kamp, S. 2005 : Kicking the habit: effects of nonstereotypic association training on the application of stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 68 75.
71. Kelly, D. and Roedder, E. 2008 : Racial cognition and the ethics of implicit bias. Philosophy Compass, 3, 522 540 doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008. 00138.x.
72. Kraut, R. 2001/2007 : Aristotle's ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: (Spring 2008 Edition), E.N. Zalta (ed URL = < http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2008/entries/aristotle-ethics/ >.
73. Lepore, L. and Brown, R. 1997 : Category and stereotype activation: is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275 287.
74. Levine, M.P. and Pataki, T. (eds) 2004 : Racism in Mind. Ithaca, NY and London : Cornell University Press.
75. Loeb, L.E. 2002 : Stability and Justification in Hume's Treatise. New York : Oxford University Press.
76. Lorenz, H. 2006 : The Brute Within: Appetitive Desire in Plato and Aristotle. New York : Oxford University Press.
77. Macrae, C., Bodenhausen, G. and Milne, A. 1997 : Saying no to unwanted thoughts: the role of self-awareness in the regulation of mental life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 578 89.
78. Malebranche, N. 1712/1997 : The Search after Truth, trans. and ed. T.M. Lennon and P.J. Olscamp. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
79. McDowell, J. 1998 : Lecture I: Sellars on perceptual experience. The Journal of Philosophy, 59, 431 450.
80. Mead, G.H. 1938 : The Philosophy of the Act. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
81. Millikan, R.G. 1995 : Compare and contrast Dretske, Fodor, and Millikan on teleosemantics. In R.G. Millikan (ed White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
82. Milton, J. 1667/1980 : Paradise Lost. New York : W.W. Norton.
83. Montaigne, M.E. 1958. The Complete Essays of Montaigne, trans. D. Frame. Palo Alto, CA : Stanford University Press.
84. Montaigne, M.E. 2003. Apology for Raymond Sebond, trans. R. Ariew and M. Grene. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
85. Monteith, M. 1993 : Self-regulation of prejudiced responses: implications for progress in prejudice-related discrepancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 469 85.
86. Monteith, M. 1996 : Contemporary forms of prejudice-related conflict: in search of a nutshell. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 461 473.
87. Monteith, M., Devine, P. and Zuwerink, J. 1993 : Self-directed versus other-directed affect as a consequence of prejudice-related discrepancies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 198 210.
88. Monteith, M., Sherman, J. and Devine, P. 1998 : Suppression as a stereotype control strategy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 63 82.
89. Moskowitz, G.B., Gollwitzer, P.M., Wasel, W. and Schaal, B. 1999. Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 167 184.
90. Moss, J. 2005 : Shame, pleasure and the divided soul. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 29, 137 70.
91. Moss, J. forthcoming : Appearances and Calculations: Plato's Division of the Soul. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy.
92. Nagel, T. 1970 : The Possibility of Altruism. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
93. Neuberg, S. and Fiske, S. 1987 : Motivational influences on impression formation: outcome dependency, accuracy-driven attention, and individuating processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 431 44.
94. Nichols, S. and Stich, S. 2000 : A Cognitive Theory of Pretense'. Cognition, 74, 115 147.
95. Nosek, B.A., Greenwald, A.G. and Banaji, M.R. 2006 : The Implicit Association Test at age 7: a methodological and conceptual review. In J.A. Bargh (ed Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes. Philadelphia, PA : Psychology Press, 265 292.
96. Olson, M.A. and Fazio, R.H. 2004 : Reducing the influence of extra-personal associations on the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 653 67.
97. Owens, D. 2003 : Does belief have an aim? Philosophical Studies, 115, 283 305.
98. Pascal, B. 1669/2005 : Pensées, trans. R. Ariew. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
99. Passmore, J. 1952 : Hume's Intentions. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
100. Payne, K. 2001 : Prejudice and perception: the role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181 92.
101. Payne, K. 2006 : Weapon bias: Split-second decisions and unintended stereotyping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 287 291.
102. Pizarro, D. and Bloom, P. 2003 : The intelligence of the moral intuitions: comment on Haidt. Psychological Review, 110, 193 6 discussion 197.
103. nd edn. Indianapolis, IN : Hackett.
104. Plotinus, 1984 : The Enneads, trans. A.H. Armstrong. Cambridge, MA : Loeb Classical Library.
105. Plutarch, 1976 : Moralia, XIII, Part 1. Platonic Essays, trans. H. Cherniss. Cambridge, MA : Loeb Classical Library.
106. Porter, J.D.R. 1971 : Black Child, White Child: The Development of Racial Attitudes. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
107. Price, A.W. 1994 : Mental Conflict (Issues in Ancient Philosophy). London : Routledge.
108. Prinz, J.J. 2004 : Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
109. Proshansky, H.M. 1966 : The development of intergroup attitudes. In L.W. Hoffman and M.L Hoffman (eds Review of Child Development Research. New York : Russell Sage Foundation, Vol. 2, 311 371.
110. nd edn. New York : Random House.
111. Reeve, C.D.C. 1988 : Philosopher-Kings: The Argument of Plato's Republic. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
112. Richeson, J.A. and Shelton, J.N. 2003 : When prejudice does not pay: effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychological Science, 14, 287 290.
113. Richeson, J.A., Trawalter, S. and Shelton, J.N. 2005 : African Americans' racial attitudes and the depletion of executive function after interracial interactions. Social Cognition, 23, 336 352
114. Richeson, J.A., and Shelton, J.N. 2007 : Negotiating interracial interactions: costs, consequences, and possibilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 316 320.
115. Rozin, P., Millman, L. and Nemeroff, C. 1986 : Operation of the laws of sympathetic magin in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 703 712.
116. Rozin, P. 1999 : Preadaptation and the puzzles and properties of pleasure. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwartz (eds Well Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York : Russell Sage, 109 133.
117. Rudman, L.A., Ashmore, R.D. and Gary, M.L. 2001 : 'Unlearning' automatic biases: the malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 856 868.
118. Schmitter, A.M. 2006 : 17th and 18th Century Theories of Emotions. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2006 Edition), E.N. Zalta (ed URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2006/entries/emotions-17th18th/.
119. Schuck-Paim, C., Pompilio, L. and Kacelnik, A. 2004 : State-dependent decisions cause apparent violations of rationality in animal choice. PLoS Biology, 2, 2305 2315.
120. Schwitzgebel, E. (manuscript Acting Contrary to Our Professed Beliefs. At : http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/∼eschwitz/. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
121. Shafir, S., Waite, T.A. and Smith, B.H. 2002 : Context-dependent violations of rational choice in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51, 180 87.
122. Skolnick (Weisberg), D. and Bloom, P. 2006 : The intuitive cosmology of fictional worlds. In S. Nichols (ed The Architecture of the Imagination: New Essays on Pretense, Possibility, and Fiction. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
123. Smith, A.M. 2005 : Responsibility for attitudes: activity and passivity in mental life. Ethics, 115, 236 271.
124. Sorabji, R. 1980 : The role of intellect in Aristotle's ethics. In A.O. Rorty (ed Essays on Aristotle's Ethics. Berkeley : University of California Press.
125. Stalnaker, R. 1984 : Inquiry. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press.
126. Stangor, C. (ed 2000 : Stereotypes and Prejudice: Key Readings (Key Readings in Social Psychology). Philadelphia, PA : Psychology Press.
127. Sullivan, S. 2006 : Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN : University of Indiana Press.
128. Traiger, S. 2005. Reason Unhinged: Passion and Precipice from Montaigne to Hume. In Jenkins J., Whiting J. and Williams, C. (eds 2005, 100 115.
129. Trawalter, S. and Richeson, J.A. 2006 : Regulatory focus and executive function after interracial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 406 412.
130. Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. 1973 : Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and availability. Cognitive Psychology, 50, 207 32.
131. Velleman, D. 2000 : The aim of belief. In The Possibility of Practical Reason. New York : Oxford University Press.
132. Velleman, D. and Shah, N. 2005 : Doxastic deliberation. Philosophical Review, 114, 497.
133. Wedgwood, R. 2002 : The aim of belief. Philosophical Perspectives, 16, 267 297.
134. Williams, B. 1973 : Deciding to believe. In Problems of the Self. New York : Cambridge University Press.
135. Williamson, T. 2000 : Knowledge and its Limits. New York : Oxford University Press.
136. Wilson, T.D., Lindsey, S. and Schooler, T.Y. 2000 : A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101 126.