Misconception, reality, and uncertainty about ecological interactions and risks between hatchery and wild salmonids

Fisheries

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 278-290

  Pearsons, Todd N ^a  

^a WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SALMONIDAE;

EID: 53849104290     PISSN: 03632415     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1577/1548-8446-33.6.278     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Achord, S., P. S. Levin, and R. W. Zabel. 2003. Density-dependent mortality in Pacific salmon: the ghost of impacts past? Ecology Letters 6(4): 335-342.
2. Beamish, R. J., and C. M. Neville. 1995. Pacific salmon and Pacific herring mortalities in the Fraser River plume caused by river lamprey (Lampetra ayresi). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:644-650.
3. Beamish, R. J., C. Mahnken, and C. M. neville. 1997. Hatchery and wild production of Pacific salmon in relation to large-scale, natural shifts in the productivity of the marine environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54:1200-1215.
4. Berejikian, B. A., Mathews, S. B., and Quinn, T. P. 1996. Effects of hatchery and wild ancestry and rearing environments on the development of agonistic behavior in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53:2004-2014.
5. Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, P. A. Bisson, and J. K. Walter. 1998. Response of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (O. mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1909-1918.
6. Bilby, R. E., B. R. Fransen, J. K. Walter, C. J. Cederholm, and W. J. Scarlett. 2001. Preliminary evaluation of the use of nitrogen stable isotope ratios to establish escapement levels for Pacific salmon. Fisheries 26(1):6-14.
7. Bisbal, G. A., and W. E. McConnaha. 1998. Consideration of ocean conditions in the management of salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:2178-2186.
8. Bjornn, T. C. 1978. Survival, production, yield of trout and Chinook salmon in the Lemhi River, Idaho. University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Range Sciences Bulletin 27. Moscow.
9. Bonneville Power Administration. 1996. Yakima Fisheries Project. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Portland, Oregon. DOE/EIs-0169.
10. Brannon, E. L., D. F. Amend, M. A. Cronin, J. E. Lannan, S. LaPatra, W. J. McNeil, r. E. Noble, C. E. Smith, A. J. Talbot, G. A. Wedemeyer, and H. Westers. 2004. The controversy about salmon hatcheries. Fisheries 29(9):12-31.
11. Bucke, D. 1993. The significance of diseases and anomalies in wild salmonids. Fisheries Research 17:209-217.
12. Busack, C. A., K. P. Currens, T. N. Pearsons, and L. Mobrand. 2005. Tools for evaluating ecological and genetic risks in hatchery programs. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, publication DOE/BP-00016399-1, Portland, Oregon.
13. Chapman, D. W. 1966. Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams. The American Naturalist 100: 345-357.
14. Chilcote, M. W. 2003. Relationship between natural productivity and the frequency of wild fish in mixed spawning populations of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1057-1067.
15. Collis, K., R. E. Beaty, and B. R. Crain. 1995. Changes in catch rate and diet of northern squawfish associated with the release of hatchery-reared juvenile salmonids in a Columbia River reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:346-357.
16. Conquest, L. L. 2000. Analysis and interpretation of ecological field data using BACI designs: discussion. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental statistics 5(3):293-296.
17. Dambacher, J. M. 2001. Qualitative analysis of the community matrix. Ph.D. dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
18. Dambacher, J. M., H. W. Li, and P. A. Rossignol. 1999. Historical reconstruction, through qualitative modeling, of the effects of exotic fish introductions in Tenmile Lakes Oregon. Pages 219-233 in Proceedings of the ODFW and NMFS Workshop Management Implications of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Fishes. National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon.
19. Don Chapman Consultants Inc. 1989. Summer and winter ecology of juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the Wenatchee River, Washington. Final Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, Washington.
20. Eastman, D. E. 1996. Response of freshwater fish communities to spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). M. S. thesis. university of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
21. Finney, B. P., I. Gregory-Eaves, J. Sweetman, M. S. V. Douglas, and J. P. Smol. 2000. Impacts of climactic change and fishing on Pacific salmon abundance over the past 300 years. Science 290:795-799.
22. Fresh, K. L. 1997. The role of competition and predation in the decline of Pacific salmon and steelhead. Pages 245-275 in D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson, and R. J. Naiman, eds. Pacific salmon and their ecosystems: Status and future options. Chapman and Hall, New York.
23. Fritts, A. L., and T. N. Pearsons. 2004. smallmouth bass predation on hatchery and wild salmonids in the Yakima River, Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:880-895.
24. _. 2006. Effects of predation by nonnative smallmouth bass on native salmonid prey: the role of predator and prey size. Transactions of the American Fisheries society 135:853-860.
25. _. In press. Can non-native smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, be swamped by hatchery fish releases to increase juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, survival? Environmental Biology of Fishes.
26. Fritts, A. L., Scott, J. L., and T.N. Pearsons. 2007. The effects of domestication on the relative vulnerability of hatchery and wild origin spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to predation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:813-818.
27. Gende, S. M., R. T. Edwards, M. F. Willson, and M. S. Wipfli. 2002. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Bioscience 52(10):917-928.
28. Goede, R. W. 1986. Management considerations in stocking of diseased or carrier fish. Pages 349-355 in R.H. Stroud, ed. Fish culture in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
29. Goodman, D. 2005. Selection equilibrium for hatchery and wild spawning fitness in integrated breeding programs. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:374-389.
30. Grant, J. W. A., and I. Imre. 2005. Patterns of density-dependent growth in juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids. Journal of Fish Biology 67 (Supplement B):100-110.
31. Grant, J. W. A., and D. L. Kramer. 1990. Territory size as a predictor of the upper limit to population density of juvenile salmonids in streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:1724-1737.
32. Groot, C. and L. Margolis. 1991. Pacific salmon life histories. UBC Press. Vancouver, British Columbia.
33. Ham, K. D., and T. N. Pearsons. 2000. Can reduced salmonid population abundance be detected in time to limit management impacts? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:17-24.
34. _. 2001. A practical approach for containing ecological risks associated with fish stocking programs. Fisheries 26(4):15-23.
35. Hawkins, S. W., and J. M. Tipping. 1999. Predation by juvenile hatchery salmonids on wild fall Chinook salmon fry in the Lewis River, Washington. California Fish and Game 85(3):124-129.
36. Hilborn, R. 1992. Hatcheries and the future of salmon in the northwest. Fisheries 17(1): 5-8.
37. Hillman, T. W., and J. W. Mullan. 1989. Effect of hatchery releases on the abundance and behavior of wild juvenile salmonids. Pages 265-285 in Don Chapman Consultants Inc., Summer and winter ecology of juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the Wenatchee River, Washington. Final report submitted to Chelan County Public Utility District, Washington.
38. Hume, J. M. B., and E. A. Parkinson. 1987. Effect of stocking density on the survival, growth, and dispersal of steel-head trout fry (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:271-281.
39. Hunn, E. S. 1990. nch'i-Wana. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
40. Johnson, D. H., B. M. Shrier, J. S. O'Neal, J. A. Knutzen, X. Augerot, T. A. O'Neil and T. N. Pearsons. 2007. Salmonid field protocols handbook: techniques for assessing status and trends in salmon and trout populations. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
41. Lackey, R. T. 2004. Normative science. Fisheries 29(7):38-39.
42. _. 2006. Axioms of ecological policy. Fisheries 31(6):286-290.
43. _. 2007. Science, scientists, and policy advocacy. Conservation Biology 21(1): 12-17.
44. Lee, K. N. 1993. Compass and gyroscope: integrating science and politics for the environment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
45. _. 1999. Appraising adaptive management. Conservation Ecology 3(2):3. [online] URL:http://www.consecol.org/vol3/iss2/art3/
46. Levin, P. S., and J. G. Williams. 2002. Interspecific effects of artifically propagated fish: an additional conservation risk for salmon. Conservation Biology 16 (6):1581-1587.
47. Li, H. W., C. B. Schreck, C. E. Bond, and E. Rexstad. 1987. Factors influencing changes in fish assemblages of Pacific Northwest streams. Pages 193 to 202 in W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, eds. Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
48. Li, H. W., G. A. Lamberti, T. N. Pearsons, C. K. Tait, J. L. Li, and J. C. Buckhouse. 1994. Cumulative effects of riparian disturbances along high desert trout streams of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:627-640.
49. Major, W. W. III, J. M. Grassley, K. E. Ryding, C. E. Grue, T. N. Pearsons, D. A. Tipton, and A. E. Stephenson. 2005. Abundance and consumption of fish by California gulls and ring-billed gulls at water and fish management structures within the Yakima River, Washington. Waterbirds 28(3):366-377.
50. Marnell, L. F. 1986. Impacts of hatchery stocks on wild fish populations. Pages 339-347 in R. H. stroud, ed. Fish culture in fisheries management. American Fisheries Society, Fish Culture Section and Fisheries Management Section, Bethesda, Maryland.
51. Martin, J., J. Webster, and G. Edwards. 1992. Hatcheries and wild stocks: are they compatible? Fisheries 17 (1): 4.
52. McMichael, G. A., C. S. Sharpe, and T. N. Pearsons. 1997. Effects of residual hatchery-reared steelhead on growth of wild rainbow trout and spring Chinook salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:230-239.
53. McMichael, G. A., and T. N. Pearsons. 1998. Effects of wild juvenile spring Chinook salmon on growth and abundance of wild rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:261-274.
54. _. 2001. Upstream movement of residual hatchery steelhead into areas containing bull trout and cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21:517-520.
55. McMichael, G. A., T. N. Pearsons, and S. A. Leider. 1999a. Minimizing ecological impacts of hatchery-reared juvenile steelhead trout on wild salmonids in a Yakima Basin watershed. Pages 365-380 in E. E. Knudson, C. R. Steward, D. D. MacDonald, J. E. Williams, and D. W. Reiser, eds. Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
56. McMichael, G. A., T. N. Pearsons, and S. A. Leider. 1999b. Behavioral interactions among hatchery-reared steelhead smolts and wild Oncorhynchus mykiss in natural streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:948-956.
57. McVicar, A. H. 1997. Disease and parasite implications of the coexistence of wild and cultured Atlantic salmon populations. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54:1093-1103.
58. Meffe, G. K. 1992. Techno-arrogance and halfway technologies: salmon hatcheries on the Pacific coast of North America. Conservation Biology 6:350-354.
59. Metcalfe, N. B., Valdimarsson, S. K., and morgan, I. J. 2003. The relative roles of domestication, rearing environment, prior residence and body size in deciding territorial contests between hatchery and wild juvenile salmon. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:535-544.
60. Mitchum, D. L, and L. E. Sherman. 1981. Transmission of bacterial kidney disease from wild to stocked hatchery trout. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:547-551
61. Mobrand, L. E., J. Barr, L Blankenship, D. E. campton, T. T. P. Evelyn, T. A. Flagg, C. V. W. Mahnken, L. W. Seeb, P. R. Seidel, and W. W. Smoker. 2005. Hatchery reform in Washington state: principles and emerging issues. Fisheries 30(6):11-23.
62. Moller, A. P., and M. D. Jennions. 2001. Testing and adjusting for publication bias. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution 16(1):580-586.
63. Murtaugh, P. A. 2002. On rejection rates of paired intervention analysis. Ecology 83(6):1752-1761.
64. Nickelson, T. 2003. The influence of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the productivity of wild coho salmon populations in Oregon coastal basins. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1050-1056.
65. Nickelson, T. E., M. F. Solazzi, and S. L. Johnson. 1986. The use of hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) presmolts to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:2443-2449.
66. Pearsons, T. N. 2002. Chronology of ecological interactions associated with the life-span of salmon supplementation programs. Fisheries 27(12):10-15.
67. Pearsons, T. N., and A. L. Fritts. 1999. Maximum size of Chinook salmon consumed by juvenile coho salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:165-170.
68. Pearsons, T. N., and C. W. Hopley. 1999. A practical approach for assessing ecological risks associated with fish stocking programs. Fisheries 24(9):16-23.
69. Pearsons, T. N., and G. M. Temple. 2007. Impacts of early stages of salmon supplementation and reintroduction programs on three trout species. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:1-20.
70. Pearsons, T. N., C. L. Johnson, B. B. James, and G. M. Temple. 2007a. spring Chinook salmon interactions indices and residual/precocious male monitoring in the upper Yakima Basin. annual Report 2006-2007. Report to Bonneville Power Administration, publication DOE/BP-102837, Portland, Oregon.
71. Pearsons, T. N., Fritts, A. L. and J. L. Scott. 2007b. The effects of hatchery domestication on competitive dominance of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64:803-812.
72. Peterman, R. M., and M. J. Bradford. 1987. statistical power of trends in fish abundance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44: 1879-1889.
73. Peterman, R. M., and M. Gatto. 1978. Estimation of functional responses of predators on juvenile salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:797-808.
74. Peters, G., M. Faisal, T. Lang, and I. Ahmed. 1988. Stress caused by social interaction and its effect on susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Diseases of aquatic Organisms 4:83-89.
75. Peters, G., A. Nüßgen, A. Raabe, and A. Möck. 1991. Social stress induces structural and functional alterations of phagocytes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 1:17-31.
76. Reese, C. D., and B. C. Harvey. 2002. Temperature-dependent interactions between juvenile steelhead and Sacramento pikeminnow in laboratory streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:599-606.
77. Reeves, G. H., F. H. Everest, and J. D. Hall. 1987. Interactions between the redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) and the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in western Oregon: the influence of water temperature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:1603-1613.
78. Rhodes, J. S., and T. P. Quinn. 1998. Factors affecting the outcome of territorial contests between hatchery and naturally reared coho salmon parr in the laboratory. Journal of Fish Biology 53:1220-1230.
79. Riley, S. C., H. J. Fuss, and L. L. Leclair. 2004. Ecological effects of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook and coho salmon on wild juvenile salmonids in two Washington streams. North american Journal of Fisheries Management 24(2):506-517.
80. Ruggerone, G. T. 1986. Consumption of migrating juvenile salmonids by gulls foraging below a Columbia River Dam. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:736-742.
81. Ruggerone, G. T., and F. A. Goetz. 2004. survival of Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in response to climate-induced competition with pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:1756-1770.
82. Ruggerone, G. T., and J. L. Nielsen. 2004. Evidence for competitive dominance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) over other salmonids in the north Pacific Ocean. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:371-390.
83. Ruggles, C. P. 1959. Salmon populations and bottom fauna in the Wenatchee River, Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 88:186-190.
84. Schindler, D. E., M. D. Scheuerell, J. W. Moore, S. M. Gende, T. B. Francis, and W. J. Palen. 2003. Pacific salmon and the ecology of coastal ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(1):31-37.
85. Schlosser, I. J. 1987. A conceptual framework for fish communities in small warmwater streams. Pages 17-24 in W. J. Matthews and D. C. Heins, eds. Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes. university of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
86. Sharpe, C., P. Topping, T. Pearsons, J. Dixon, and H. Fuss. In press. Predation of naturally-produced fall Chinook fry by hatchery steelhead juveniles in western Washington rivers. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Fish Program, Science Division.
87. Shively, R. S., T. P. Poe, M. B. Sheer, and R. Peters. 1996a. Criteria for reducing predation by northern squawfish near juvenile salmonid bypass outfalls at Columbia River Dams. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12:493-500.
88. Shively, R. S., T. P. Poe, and S. T. Sauter. 1996b. Feeding response by northern squawfish to a hatchery release of juvenile salmonids in the Clearwater River, Idaho. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:230-236.
89. Sholes, W. H., and R. J. Hallock. 1979. An evaluation of rearing fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, to yearlings at Feather River Hatchery, with a comparison of returns from hatchery and downstream releases. California Fish and Game 64:239-255.
90. Snieszko, S. 1974. The effects of environmental stress on outbreaks of infectious diseases of fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 6:197-208.
91. Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? The Journal of Animal Ecology 46 (2):337-365.
92. Steward, C. R., and T. C. Bjornn. 1990. supplementation of salmon and steelhead stocks with hatchery fish: a synthesis of published literature. Part 2 in W. H. Miller, ed. Analysis of salmon and steelhead supplementation. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland Oregon. DOE/BP-92663-1.
93. Stewart-Oaten, A., and J. R. Bence. 2001. Temporal and spatial variation in environmental impact assessment. Ecological monographs 71(2):305-339.
94. Stickney, R. R. 1994. Use of hatchery fish in enhancement programs. Fisheries 19(5):6-13.
95. Stockner, J. G. (editor). 2003. Nutrients in salmonid ecosystems: sustaining production and biodiversity. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 34, Bethesda, Maryland.
96. Tait, C. K., J. L. Li, G. A. Lamberti, T. N. pearsons, and H. W. Li. 1994. Relationships between riparian cover and the community structure of high desert streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:45-56.
97. Tripp, D., and P. McCart. 1983. Effects of different coho stocking strategies on coho and cutthroat trout production in isolated headwater streams. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1212.
98. Walters, C. J., and S. J. D. Martell. 2004. Fisheries ecology and management. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
99. Waples, R. S. 1999. Dispelling some myths about hatcheries. Fisheries 24(2):12-21.
100. Weber, E. D., and K. D. Fausch. 2003. Interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids in streams: differences in biology and evidence for competition. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1018-1036.
101. _. 2005. Competition between hatchery-reared and wild juvenile Chinook salmon in enclosures in the Sacramento River, California. Transactions of the american Fisheries society 134:44-58.
102. Wertheimer, A. C., W. R. Heard, J. M. Maselko, and W. W. Smoker. 2004. Relationship of size at return with environmental variation, hatchery production, and productivity of wild pink salmon in Prince William sound, Alaska: does size matter? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:321-334.
103. White, R. J., J. R. Karr, and W. Nehlsen. 1995. Better roles for fish stocking in aquatic resource management. American Fisheries Society Symposium 15:527-550.
104. Williams, R. N. 2006. Return to the river: restoring salmon to the Columbia River. Elsevier Academic Press., New York.?
105. Willson, M. F., and K. C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9:489-497.
106. Wilzbach, M. A., B. C. Harvey, J. L. White, and R. J. Nakamoto. 2005. Effects of riparian canopy opening and salmon carcass addition on the abundance and growth of resident salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic sciences 62:58-67.
107. Wipfli, M. S., J. P. Hudson, J. P. Caouette, and D. T. Chaloner. 2003. Marine subsidies in freshwater ecosystems: salmon carcasses increase the growth rates of stream-resident salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:371-381.
108. Wood, C. C. 1987a. Predation of juvenile Pacific salmon by the common merganser (Mergus merganser) on eastern Vancouver Island. I: Predation during the seaward migration. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:941-949.
109. _. 1987b. Predation of juvenile Pacific salmon by the common merganser (Mergus merganser) on eastern Vancouver Island. I: Predation of stream-resident juvenile salmon by merganser broods. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44:950-959.
110. Zaporozhets, O. M. and G. V. Zaporozhets. 2004. Interaction between hatchery and wild Pacific salmon in the far east of Russia: a review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:305-319.
111. Zimmerman, C. E., and J. L. Nielsen. 2004. Introduction. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14:301-303.