Portrait of the portal as a metaphor: Explicating Web portals for communication research

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 239-256

  Kalyanaraman, Sriram ^a   Sundar, S Shyam ^b  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC RESEARCH; COMMUNICATION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; WORLD WIDE WEB;

EID: 53249088307     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900808500202     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. S. Shyam Sundar and Clifford Nass, "Conceptualizing Sources in Online News," Journal of Communication 51 (1, 2001): 52-72.
2. See Sriram Kalyanaraman and S. Shyam Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content in Web Portals: Does Customization Affect Attitudes and Behavior?" Journal of Communication 56 (March 2006): 110-32;
3. Michael A. Smith, "Portals: Toward an Application Framework for Interoperability," Communications of the ACM 47 (10, 2004): 93-97.
4. Jeffrey F. Rayport and Bernard J. Jaworski, E-Commerce (New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2001), 151.
5. Howard Strauss, "All About Web Portals: A Home Page Doth Not a Portal Make," in Web Portals and Higher Education: Technologies to Make It Personal, ed. Richard N. Katz & Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002), 33-40.
6. Jeff Stimpson, "Perusing Those Portals," The Practical Accountant 35 (4, 2002): 41-43.
7. See Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content."
8. Andrew Ortony, ed., Metaphor and Thought, 2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University, 1993).
9. Max Black, Models and Metaphors (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1962).
10. See Sam Glucksberg and Boaz Keysar, "How Metaphors Work," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 401-24;
11. Andrew Ortony, "Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice," Educational Theory 25 (winter 1975): 45-53.
12. Dedre Gentner and Michael Jeziorski, "The Shift from Metaphor to Analogy in Western Science," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 447-80, 447.
13. See Brian F. Bowdle and Dedre Gentner, "The Career of Metaphor," Psychological Review 112 (1, 2005): 193-216.
14. Wilbur Schramm, ed., The Process and Effects of Mass Communication (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, 1961).
15. Andrew Large, Jamshid Beheshti, and Charles Cole, "Information Architecture for the Web: The IA Matrix Approach to Designing Children's Portals," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 53 (10, 2002): 831-38.
16. Pradeep Sopory and James P. Dillard, "The Persuasive Effects of Metaphor: A Meta-Analysis," Human Communication Research 28 (3, 2002): 382-419, 383.
17. Sopory and Dillard, "The Persuasive Effects of Metaphor."
18. Richard Boyd, "Metaphor and Theory Change: What Is 'Metaphor' a Metaphor For?" in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 481-532.
19. Andrew Ortony, "Metaphor, Language, and Thought," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 1-16, 14.
20. Steven Chaffee, Explication (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991).
21. By far, the most definitive account of various theoretical perspectives of metaphors in such diverse disciplines as education, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology appears in a seminal 1993 volume titled Metaphor and Thought, edited by Andrew Ortony. While it is the beyond the scope of this manuscript to discuss each of the theoretical perspectives in detail, the majority of existing approaches professes a common outcome - to employ metaphors as figurative devices that can clarify obfuscated language, concepts, or terms, and hence uncover a broad theory of reference or interpretation.
22. In addition, some of these frameworks offer a process-centered notion of metaphor comprehension [e.g., George Lakoff, "The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 202-51;
23. the "cognitive features" model in Robert G. Malgady and Michael G. Johnson, "Modifiers in Metaphors: Effects of Constituent Phrase Similarity on the Interpretation of Figurative Sentences," Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 5 (January 1976): 43-52;
24. the "conceptual-peg" hypothesis in Allan Paivio and Mary Walsh, "Psychological Processes in Metaphor Comprehension and Memory," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 307-28;
25. the "generative metaphor" perspective in Donald A. Schon, "Generative Metaphor: A Perspective on Problem-Setting in Social Policy," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 137-63;
26. the "theory of information processing" in Robert J. Sternberg, Roger Tourangeau, and Georgia Nigro, "Metaphor Induction, and Social Policy: The Convergence of Macroscopic and Microscopic Views," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 277-303;
27. the "feature mapping" framework in Amos Tversky, "Features of Similarity," Psychological Review 84 (July 1977): 327-52.
28. See also Ortony, "Metaphor, Language, and Thought."
29. Similar to our explication of "portal," these different perspectives show how novel or obscure terms (the "topic") can be reduced to everyday, metaphorical analogies (the "vehicle"), and also how the most prominent features of each metaphor can be drawn out in communication processes.
30. See Ortony, "Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice," and Ortony, "Metaphor, Language, and Thought."
31. See Paivio, and Walsh, "Psychological Processes."
32. Paivio and Walsh, "Psychological Processes."
33. Max Black, "More About Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 19-41.
34. See Chaffee, Explication.
35. Clifford Nass and Laurie Mason, "On the Study of Technology and Task: A Variable-Based Approach," in Organizations and Communication Technology, ed. Janet Fulk and Charles W. Steinfeld (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990), 46-67.
36. Timothy W. Ruefli, Andrew Whinston, and Robert R. Wiggins, "The Digital Technological Environment," in Digital Marketing, ed. Jerry Wind and Vijay Mahajan (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001), 26-58.
37. Jonathan Cohen, Communication and Design with the Internet (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2000).
38. Steven L. Daigle and Patricia M. Cuocco, "Portal Technology Opportunities, Obstacles, and Options," in Web Portals and Higher Education: Technologies to Make It Personal, ed. Richard N. Katz & Associates (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002), 109-10.
39. Christopher Connolly, "From Static Website to Portal," EDU-CAUSE Quarterly 23 (2, 2000): 38.
40. Anitesh Barua, Preyas Desai, and Raj Srivastava, "Digital Marketing and the Exchange of Knowledge," in Digital Marketing, ed. Jerry Wind and Vijay Mahajan (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001), 130-60.
41. E.g. James Greeno, "Indefinite Goals in Well-Structured Problems," Psychological Review 83 (6, 1976): 419-91;
42. Carrie Heeter and Bradley Greenberg, "Cable and Program Choice," in Selective Exposure to Communication, ed. Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985), 203-24.
43. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), xx.
44. Harold Innis, The Bias of Communication (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1952).
45. Joseph C.R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, "The Computer as a Communication Device," International Science and Technology 76 (April 1968): 21-31,
46. cited in Rheingold, The Virtual Community.
47. Thomas M. Siebel and Patricia House, Cyber Rules: Strategies for Excelling in E-Business (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1999).
48. Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills, "The Effect of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59 (September 1959): 177-181.
49. David W. McMillan, "Sense of Community," Journal of Community Psychology 24 (4, 1996): 315-25;
50. David W. McMillan and David M. Chavis, "Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory," Journal of Community Psychology 14 (1, 1986): 6-23.
51. Sonya A. Grier and Anne M. Brumbaugh, "Noticing Cultural Differences: Ad Meanings Created by Target and Non-Target Markets," Journal of Advertising 28 (1, 1999): 79-93.
52. Venkatesh Shankar, "Personalization in the New Digital Environment," in Pushing the Digital Frontier: Insights into the Changing Landscape of E-Business, ed. Nirmal Pal and Judith M. Ray (New York: American Management Association, 2001), 222-41;
53. Jenny Wind and Arvind Rangaswamy, "Customerization: The Next Revolution in Mass Customization," Journal of Interactive Marketing 15 (1, 2001): 13-32.
54. Cory Kleinschmidt and Andrew Goodman, Frequently Asked Questions About Portals (2000, July [cited May 21 2004]); available from http://www.traffick.com/story/07-2000-portalfaq.asp.
55. Large, Beheshti, and Cole, "Information Architecture for the Web."
56. Large, Beheshti, and Cole, "Information Architecture for the Web."
57. See James H. Gilmore and B. Joseph Pine II, "Introduction: Customization That Counts," in Markets of One: Creating Customer-Unique Value through Mass Customization, ed. James H. Gilmore and B. Joseph Pine II (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000), vii-xxv.
58. Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content."
59. Laurie Windham and Ken Orton, The Soul of the New Consumer: The Attitudes, Behaviors, and Preferences of E-Customers (New York: Allworth Press, 2000).
60. Windham and Orton, The Soul of the New Consumer.
61. Barua, Desai, and Srivastava, "Digital Marketing."
62. John R. Searle, "Metaphor," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Andrew Ortony (New York: Cambridge University, 1993), 83-111.
63. Sherman R. Alpert, John Karat, Claire-Marie Karat, Carolyn Brodie, and John G. Vergo, "User Attitudes Regarding a User-Adaptive Ecommerce Web Site," User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 13 (November 2003): 373-96.
64. Strauss, "All About Web Portals," 37.
65. Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content";
66. Danna Voth, "Why Enterprise Portals Are the Next Big Thing," E-learning 3 (9, 2002): 24-29.
67. Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content."
68. See Sarah E. Thomas, Abundance, Attention, and Access: Of Portals and Catalogs (2000 [cited March 27 2003]); available from http:// www.arl.org/newsltr/212/portal.html.
69. Hur-Li Lee, "What Is a Collection?" Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51 (12, 2000): 1106-13, 1106.
70. Sundar and Nass, "Conceptualizing Sources in Online News."
71. Amos Lakos and Chris Gray, "Personalized Library Portals as an Organizational Culture Change Agent," Information Technology and Libraries 19 (4, 2000): 169-74.
72. Richard Kesner, "Building a Knowledge Portal: A Case Study in Web-Enabled Collaboration," Information Strategy 19 (2, 2003): 13-31.
73. See Windham and Orton, The Soul of the New Consumer.
74. Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content."
75. Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, Enterprise One to One: Tools for Competing in the Interactive Age (New York: Doubleday, 1997).
76. Voth, "Why Enterprise Portals Are the Next Big Thing."
77. See Barnshad Mobasher, Hoghua Dai, Tao Luo, Yuqing Sung, and Jiang Zhu, "Integrating Web Usage and Content Mining for More Effective Personalization," in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Web Technologies, ed. Kurt Bauknecht, Sanjay Madria, and Günther Pernul (New York: Springer, 2000), 165-76.
78. See Glucksberg and Keysar, "How Metaphors Work."
79. See Ronald J. Brachman, "What IS-A Is and Isn't: An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks," Computer 16 (10, 1983): 30-36.
80. Schon, "Generative Metaphor."
81. Schon, "Generative Metaphor."
82. Kalyanaraman and Sundar, "The Psychological Appeal of Personalized Content."
83. Jean Beier, "The Effects of Customization and Recommendation Source on Reader Perceptions of a News Website" (unpublished master's thesis, University of North Carolina, 2007).
84. See Mary E. Jackson, "The Advent of Portals," Library Journal 127 (15, 2002): 36-39.
85. Chaffee, Explication.
86. Black, Models and Metaphors;
87. Black, "More About Metaphor."
88. Nass and Mason, "On the Study of Technology and Task: A Variable-Based Approach."