Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis through drinking water

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 405, Issue 1-3, 2008, Pages 45-53

  Castro Hermida, José Antonio ^a   García Presedo, Ignacio ^a   Almeida, André ^b   González Warleta, Marta ^a   Correia Da Costa, José Manuel ^b   Mezo, Mercedes ^a  

^a Centro de Investigacions Agrarias de Mabegondo   (Spain)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium spp.; Drinking water; Giardia duodenalis; Public health; Surface water; Water quality

Indexed keywords

CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS; EFFLUENT TREATMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS; POTABLE WATER; PROTOZOA; PUBLIC HEALTH; RNA; SURFACE WATERS; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMAL CONSUMPTION; CONTAMINATION LEVELS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP; GIARDIA DUODENALIS; MEAN CONCENTRATIONS; TREATED EFFLUENT; US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;

EFFLUENTS;

DRINKING WATER;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DRINKING WATER; EFFLUENT; PROTOZOAN; PUBLIC HEALTH; RIVER WATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

ARTICLE; AUTUMN; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ANDERSONI; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; EFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GENOTYPE; GIARDIA DUODENALIS; NONHUMAN; OOCYST; PARASITE ISOLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPAIN; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; SPRING; SUMMER; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT; WINTER;

EURASIA; EUROPE; GALICIA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

ANIMALIA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM ANDERSONI; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS; PROTOZOA;

EID: 53049105505     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.040     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Adam R.D. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 (2001) 447-475
2. Betancourt W.Q., and Rose J.B. Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Vet Parasitol 126 (2004) 219-234
3. Briancesco R., and Bonadonna L. An Italian study on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater, fresh water and treated water. Environ Monit Asses 104 (2005) 445-457
4. Brookes J.D., Antenucci J., Hipsey M., Burch M.D., Ashbolt N.J., and Ferguson C. Fate and transport of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Environ Int 30 (2004) 741-759
5. Brookes J.D., Hipsey M., Burch M.D., Regel R.H., Linden L.G., and Ferguson C. Relative value of surrogate indicators for detecting pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Environ Sci Technol 39 (2005) 8614-8621
6. Cacciò S.M., De Giacomo M., and Pozio E. Sequence analysis of the β-giardin gene and development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to genotype Giardia duodenalis cysts from human faecal samples. Int J Parasitol 32 (2002) 1023-1030
7. Cacciò S.M., De Giacomo M., Aulicino F.A., and Pozio E. Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 3393-3398
8. Carmena D., Aguinagalde X., Zigorraga C., Fernández-Crespo J.C., and Ocio J.A. Presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water supplies in northern Spain. J Appl Microbiol 102 (2007) 619-629
9. Castro-Hermida J.A., Delafosse A., Pors I., Ares-Mazás E., and Chartier C. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum infections in adult goats and their implications for neonatal kids. Vet Rec 157 (2005) 623
10. Castro-Hermida J.A., Almeida A., González-Warleta M., Correia da Costa J.M., and Mezo M. Prevalence and preliminary genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from asymptomatic heifers in Galicia (NW, Spain). J Eukariot Microbiol 53 (2006) S22-3
11. Castro-Hermida J.A., Almeida A., González-Warleta M., Correia da Costa J.M., and Mezo M. Prevalence and preliminary genetic analysis of Giardia isolated from adult sheep in Galicia (NW, Spain). J Eukariot Microbiol 53 (2006) S172-173
12. Castro-Hermida J.A., Almeida A., González-Warleta M., Correia da Costa J.M., Rumbo-Lorenzo C., and Mezo M. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in healthy adult domestic ruminants. Parasitol Res 101 (2007) 1443-1448
13. Castro-Hermida J.A., González-Warleta M., and Mezo M. Natural infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in sheep and goats in Galicia (NW Spain). Small Rumin Res 72 (2007) 96-100
14. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Fact sheet-crypto-protection against recreational water illness (2006). http://www.cdc.gov/healthyswimming/cryptofacts.htm http://www.cdc.gov/healthyswimming/cryptofacts.htm. [Online]
15. Chappell C.L., Okhuysen P.C., Langer-Curry R., Widmerg G., Akiyoshi D.E., Tanriverdi S., et al. Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthy adults. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75 (2006) 851-857
16. Craun G.F., Calderon R.L., and Craun M.F. Outbreaks associated with recreational water in United States. Int J Environ Health Res 15 (2005) 243-262
17. Dai X., and Boll J. Settling velocity of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Water Res 40 (2006) 1321-1325
18. Di Giovanni G., Betancourt W.Q., Hernandez J., Assadian N.W., Flores Margez J.P., Jaramillo, et al. Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater. Int J Environ Health Res 16 (2006) 405-418
19. Directive 92/43/EEC. Council of the European Communities. Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. J officiel de l'Union Européenne L206 (1992) 0007-0050
20. Directive 98/83/CE. Qualité des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine. J officiel de l'Union Européenne L330 (1998) 0032-0054
21. DuPont H.L., Chappell C.l., Sterling C.R., Okhuysen P.C., Rose J.B., and Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1995) 855-859
22. Enriquez C., Nwachuku N., and Gerba C.P. Direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens. Rev Environ Health 16 (2001) 117-131
23. Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 126 (2004) 37-56
24. Fayer R., Morgan U., and Upton S.J. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 30 (2000) 1305-1322
25. Giangaspero A., Berrilli F., and Brandonisio O. Giardia and Cryptosporidium and public health: the epidemiological scenario from the Italian perspective. Parasitol Res 101 (2007) 1169-1182
26. Gómez-Couso H., Méndez-Hermida F., Castro-Hermida J.A., and Ares-Mazás E. Giardia in shellfish-farming areas: detection in mussels, river water and waste waters. Vet Parasitol 133 (2005) 13-18
27. Gómez-Couso H., Méndez-Hermida F., Castro-Hermida J.A., and Ares-Mazás E. Cryptosporidium contamination in harvesting areas of bivalve molluscs. J Food Prot 69 (2006) 185-190
28. Haas C.N., and Rose J.B. Developing an action level for Cryptosporidium. J Am Water Works Assoc 87 9 (1995) 81-84
29. Hancock D., Besser T., Lejeune J., Davis M., and Rice D. The control of VTEC in the animal reservoir. Int J Food Microbiol 66 (2001) 71-78
30. Hashimoto A., Hirata T., and Kunikane S. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant. Water Sci Technol 43 (2001) 89-92
31. Isaac-Renton J., Moorehead W., and Ross A. Longitudinal studies of Giardia contamination in two community drinking water supplies: cysts levels, parasite viability, and health impact. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (1996) 47-54
32. Karanis P., Papadopoulou C., Kimua A., Economou E., Kourenti C., and Sakkas H. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in natural, drinking and recreational water of northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 30 (2002) 49-58
33. Karanis P., Sotiriadou I., Kartashev V., Kourenti C., Tsvetkova N., and Stojanova K. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Russia and Bulgaria. Environ Res 102 (2006) 260-271
34. LeChevallier M.W., Norton N.D., and Lee R.G. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 (1991) 2610-2616
35. McCuin R.M., and Clancy J.L. Modifications to United States Environmental Protection Agency Methods 1622 and 1623 for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 267-274
36. Meyer E.A., and Jarroll E.J. Giardiasis. Am J Epidemiol 111 (1980) 1-12
37. Montemayor M., Valero F., Cofre J., and Lucena F. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in raw and treated sewage and river water in north-eastern Spain. J Appl Microbiol 99 (2005) 1455-1462
38. Reynolds K.A., Mena K.D., and Gerba C.P. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 192 (2008) 117-158
39. Robertson L.J., Hermansen L., and Gjerde B.K. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway. Appl Environ Microbiol 72 (2006) 5297-5303
40. Rodríguez-Hernández J., Canut-Blasco A., Ledesma-García M., and Martín-Sánchez A.M. Cryptosporidium oocysts in water for human consumption. Comparison of staining methods. Eur J Epidemiol 10 (1994) 215-218
41. Rodríguez-Hernández J., Canut-Blasco A., and Martín-Sánchez A.M. Seasonal prevalences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in children attending day care centres in Salamanca (Spain) studied for a period of 15 months. Eur J Epidemiol 12 (1996) 291-295
42. Ruecker N.J., Braithwaite S.L., Topp E., Edge T., Lapen D.R., Wilkes G., et al. Tracking host sources of Cryptosporidium spp. in raw water for improved health risk assessment. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 (2007) 3945-3957
43. Ryan U., Xiao L., Read C., Zhou L., Lal A.A., and Pavlasek I. Identification of novel Cryptosporidium genotypes from the Czech Republic. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 (2003) 4302-4307
44. Searcy K.E., Packman A.I., Atwill E.R., and Harter T. Association of Cryptosporidium parvum with suspended particles: impact on oocysts sedimentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (2005) 1072-1078
45. Slifko T.R., Smith H.V., and Rose J.B. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. Int J Parasitol 30 (2000) 1379-1393
46. Smith H.V., Cacciò S.M., Cook N., Nichols R.A.B., and Tait A. Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses. Vet Parasitol 149 (2007) 29-40
47. Sterling C.R. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis. In: Dubey J.P., Speer C.A., and Fayer R. (Eds). Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals (1990), CRC Press, Boca Ratón, Fla 51-58
48. Sunderland D., Graczyk T.K., Tamang L., and Breysse P.N. Impact of bathers on levels of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts in recreational beach waters. Water Res 41 (2007) 3483-3489
49. Tamburrini A., and Pozio E. Long-term survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and in experimentally infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Parasitol 29 (1999) 711-715
50. Thompson R.C.A. Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential. Int J Parasitol 30 (2000) 1259-1267
51. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA. EPA 821-R-01-025. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water Technical Support Center (2001), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
52. Wallis P.M., Erlandsen S.L., Isaack-Renton J.L., Olson M.E., Robertson W.F.J., and van Keulen H. Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 8 (1996) 2789-2797
53. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water quality; Addendum-microbial agents in drinking water. 2nd ed (2002), Geneva, Switzerland
54. Xiao L., Morgan U.M., Limor J., Escalante A., Arrowood M., Shulaw W., et al. Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 (1999) 3386-3391
55. Xiao L., Fayer R., Ryan U., and Upton S.J. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17 (2004) 72-97
56. Yoder J., Blackburn B., Gunther G., Hill V., Levy D., and Chen N. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks associated with recreational water - United States, 2001-2002 (2004) Washington, DC
57. Zhou L., Fayer R., Trout J.M., Ryan U.M., Schaefer III F.W., and Xiao L. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species infecting fur-bearing mammals differ from those of species infecting humans. App Environ Microbiol 70 (2004) 7574-7577