Opportunistic Free-living Amebae, Part I Editor's Note: Part II of this article will be published in the November 1, 2008 issue of CMN (Vol. 30, No. 21).

Clinical Microbiology Newsletter

Volumn 30, Issue 20, 2008, Pages 151-158

  Visvesvara, G S ^a   Schuster, F L ^b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b VIRAL AND RICKETTSIAL DISEASE LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIAMEBIC AGENT; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; CLOTRIMAZOLE; DIBROMPROPAMIDINE ISETIONATE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ISETHIONIC ACID; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MICONAZOLE; MILTEFOSINE; NEOMYCIN; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; POLY(HEXAMETHYLENEBIGUANIDE); POLYMYXIN B; PROPAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; SULFADIAZINE; VORICONAZOLE;

ACANTHAMOEBA; AIDS PATIENT; AMEBA ENCEPHALITIS; AMEBIASIS; AMOEBA; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRAIN TISSUE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEBRIDEMENT; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENCEPHALITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; KERATITIS; KERATOPLASTY; LABORATORY TEST; MORTALITY; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTOR; TAXONOMY; THERAPY DELAY; TREATMENT INDICATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 53049096275     PISSN: 01964399     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2008.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Visvesvara G.S., Moura H., and Schuster F.L. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol. Microbiol. 50 (2007) 1-26
2. Visvesvara G.S. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebae. In: Murray P.R., et al. (Ed). Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th ed. (2007), ASM press, Washington, DC 2082-2091
3. Martinez A.J., and Visvesvara G.S. Free-living amphizoic and opportunistic amebas. Brain Pathol. 7 (1997) 583-598
4. Schuster F.L., and Visvesvara G.S. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and nonopportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 34 (2004) 1001-1027
5. Visvesvara G.S., and Maguire J.H. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. In: Guerrant R.L., Walker D.H., and Weller P.F. (Eds). Tropical infectious diseases. Principles, pathogens, & practice vol. 2 (2006), Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA 1114-1125
6. Martinez A.J. Free-living amebas: natural history, prevention, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of disease (1985), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
7. Page F.C. A new key to freshwater and soil gymnamoebae (1988), Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom
8. Adl S.M., et al. The new higher-level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52 (2005) 399-451
9. Page F.C. Re-definition of the genus Acanthamoeba with descriptions of three species. J. Protozool. 14 (1967) 709-724
10. Culbertson C.G., Smith J.W., and Minner J.R. Acanthamoeba: observations on animal pathogenicity. Science 127 (1958) 1506
11. Greub G., and Raoult D. Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 413-433
12. Berger P., et al. Ameba-associated microorganisms and diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 248-255
13. Fritsche T.R., et al. Phylogenetic diversity among geographically dispersed Chlamydiales endosymbionts from clinical and environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 613-619
14. Newsome A.L., et al. Isolation of an amoeba naturally harboring a distinctive Legionella species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (1998) 1688-1693
15. Cirillo J.D., et al. Interaction of Mycobacterium avium with environmental amoebae enhances virulence. Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 3759-3767
16. Rowbotham T.J. Isolation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from human feces with use of amebic cultures. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26 (1998) 502-503
17. La Scola B., et al. Isolation of Legionella anisa using an amoebic coculture procedure. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 365-366
18. Adékambi T., et al. Amoebal coculture of "Mycobacterium massiliense" sp. nov. from the sputum of a patient with hemoptoic pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 5493-5501
19. Raoult D., et al. The 1.2 megabase genome sequence of mimivirus. Science 306 (2004) 1344-1350
20. Schuster F.L. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (2002) 342-354
21. Barete S., et al. Fatal disseminated Acanthamoeba lenticulata infection in a heart transplant patient. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13 (2007) 736-738
22. Shirwadkar C.G., et al. Acanthamoeba encephalitis in patient with systemic lupus, India Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12 (2006) 984-986
23. Visvesvara G.S., et al. In vitro culture, serologic and molecular analysis of Acanthamoeba isolated from the liver of a keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus). Vet. Parasitol. 143 (2007) 74-78
24. Petry F., et al. Early diagnosis of Acanthamoeba infection during routine cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 1903-1904
25. Bloch K.C., and Schuster F.L. Inability to make a premortem diagnosis of Acanthamoeba species infection in a patient with fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 3003-3006
26. Guarner J., et al. Immunohistochemical diagnosis and histopathologic spectrum of amebic meningoencephalitis. Mod. Pathol. 20 (2007) 1230-1237
27. Yagi S., Schuster F.L., and Visvesvara G.S. Demonstration of Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba mitochondrial DNA in sectioned archival brain and other tissues by the polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol. Res. 102 (2007) 211-217
28. Schuster F.L., et al. Detection of antibodies against free-living amoebae Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba species in a population of patients with encephalitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (2006) 1260-1265
29. Chappell C.I., et al. Standardized method of measuring Acanthamoeba antibodies in sera from healthy subjects. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8 (2001) 724-730
30. Marciano-Cabral F., and Cabral G. Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16 (2003) 273-307
31. Pettit D.A., et al. In vitro destruction of nerve cell cultures by Acanthamoeba spp.: a transmission and scanning electron microscopy study. J. Parasitol. 82 (1996) 769-777
32. Omaña-Molina M., et al. Induction of morphological and electrophysiological changes in hamster cornea after in vitro interaction with trophozoites of Acanthamoeba spp. Infect. Immun. 72 (2004) 3245-3251
33. Khan N.A. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30 (2006) 564-595
34. Alsam S., et al. Extracellular proteases of Acanthamoeba castellanii (encephalitis isolate belonging to T1 genotype) contribute to increased permeability in an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier. J. Infect. 51 (2005) 150-156
35. Sissons J., et al. Identification and properties of proteases from an Acanthamoeba isolate capable of producing granulomatous encephalitis. BMC Microbiol. 6 (2006) 42 10.1186/1471-2180-6-42
36. Blaschitz M., et al. Detection of serine proteinase gene in Acanthamoeba genotype T6 (Amoebozoa: Lobosea). Exp. Parasitol. 114 (2006) 26-33
37. Clarke D.W., and Niederkorn J.Y. The pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Trends Parasitol. 22 (2006) 175-180
38. Garate M., et al. In vitro pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba is associated with the expression of the mannose-binding protein. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (2006) 1056-1062
39. Garate M., et al. Oral immunization with Acanthamoeba castellanii mannose-binding protein ameliorates amoebic keratitis. Infect. Immun. 74 (2006) 7032-7034
40. Sharma S., et al. Acanthamoeba keratitis in non-contact lens wearers in India. DNA typing-based validation and a simple detection assay. Arch. Ophthalmol. 122 (2004) 1430-1434
41. Jones D.B., Visvesvara G.S., and Robinson N.M. Acanthamoeba polyphaga keratitis and Acanthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal meningoencephalitis. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K. 95 (1975) 221-232
42. Seal D.V. Acanthamoeba keratitis update-incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for treatment. Eye 17 (2003) 893-905
43. Visvesvara G.S., and Stehr-Green J.K. Epidemiology of free-living ameba infection. J. Protozool. 37 (1990) 25S-33S
44. Stehr-Green J.K., Bailey T.M., and Visvesvara G.S. The epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 107 (1989) 331-336
45. Joslin C.E., et al. Epidemiological characteristics of a Chicago-area Acanth amoeba keratitis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 142 (2006) 212-217
46. Braden, C. et al. 2007. Multistate outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with a contact lens solution. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), October 4-7, 2007, San Diego, CA.
47. Parmar D.N., et al. Tandem scanning confocal corneal microscopy in the diagnosis of suspected Acanthamoeba keratitis. Ophthalmology 113 (2006) 538-547
48. Booton G.C., et al. Identification and distribution of Acanthamoeba species genotypes associated with nonkeratitis infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 1689-1693
49. Köshler M., et al. ITS1 sequence variabilities correlate with 18S rDNA sequence types in the genus Acanthamoeba (Protozoa: Amoebozoa). Parasitol. Res. 98 (2006) 86-93
50. Rivière D., et al. Development of a real-time PCR assay for quantification of Acanthamoeba trophozoites and cysts. J. Microbiol. Methods 64 (2006) 78-83
51. Qvarnstrom Y., et al. A multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 3589-3595
52. Walia R., et al. A case of successful treatment of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient. Transplant Infect. Dis. 9 (2007) 51-54
53. Schuster F.L., Guglielmo B.J., and Visvesvara G.S. In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 53 (2006) 121-126
54. Walochnik J., et al. Cytotoxic activities of alkylphosphocholines against clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46 (2002) 695-701
55. Walochnik J., et al. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba amoebae of genotype T2 in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. J. Clin Microbiol. 46 (2008) 338-340
56. Seijo Martinez M., et al. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 3892-3895
57. Visvesvara G.S., et al. Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28 (1990) 2750-2756
58. Visvesvara G.S., Schuster F.L., and Martinez A.J. Balamuthia mandrillaris, N. G., N. Sp., agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and other animals. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40 (1993) 504-514
59. Rideout B.A., et al. Fatal infections with Balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates. Vet. Pathol. 34 (1997) 15-22