Delegating direct democracy: Interparty legislative competition and the adoption of the initiative in the American States

American Political Science Review

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 333-350

  Smith, Daniel A ^a   Fridkin, Dustin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 52949136695     PISSN: 00030554     EISSN: 15375943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003055408080258     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Allswang, John. 2000. The Initiative and Referendum in California, 1898-1998. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2. Alt, James E., and Robert C. Lowry. 1994. "Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions, and Budget Deficits: Evidence from the States." American Political Science Review 88 (December): 811-28.
3. Anderson, Melissa Cully. 2005. "Exploring the Conditions Under Which Legislatures Cede Authority: Legislative Consideration of Initiative Mechanisms, 1898-1916." Paper presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 7-9.
4. Argersinger, Peter. 1980. "A Place on the Ballot: Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws." American Historical Review 85 (April): 287-306.
5. Banaszak, Lee Ann. 1996. Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle, for Woman Suffrage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6. Barrilleux, Charles, Thomas Holbrook, and Laura Langer. 2002. "Electoral Competition, Legislative Balance, and American State Welfare Policy." American Journal of Political Science 46 (April): 415-27.
7. Beard, Charles, and Birl Shultz, eds. 1912. Documents on the State-Wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall. New York: Macmillan.
8. Beck, Nathaniel. 1998. "Modeling Space and Time: The Event History Approach." In Elinor Scarbrough and Eric Tanenbaum. Research Strategies in the Social Sciences: A Guide to New Approaches, ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
9. Berry, Frances Stokes, and William Berry. 1990. "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis." American Political Science Review 84 (June): 395-415.
10. Bibby, John, and Thomas Holbrook, "Parties and Elections." In Politics in the American States. 8th ed. ed. Virginia Gray and Russell Hanson.Washington, DC: CQ Press.
11. Binder, Sarah A. 1997. Minority Rights, Majority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Bowler, Shaun, and Todd Donovan. 2006. "Direct Democracy and Political Parties in America." Party Politics 12: 649-69.
13. Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, and Jeffray Karp. 2002. "When Might Institutions Change? Elite Support for Direct Democracy in Three Nations." Political Research Quarterly 55: 731-54.
14. Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, and Eric Lawrence. 2005. "Choosing Direct Democracy: On the Creation of Initiative Institutions in the American States." Paper presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August 31-September 4.
15. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, and Bradford Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press.
16. Bridges, Amy, and Thad Kousser. 2005. "What Went on Out West? Explaining Geographic Patterns in the Adoption of Direct Democracy." Paper presented at the 2005 annual meeting of the Social Science History Association, Portland, OR, November 3-6.
17. Burnham, Walter Dean. 1992. "Partisan Division of American State Governments, 1834-1985" [Computer file], Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research. ICPSR 0016.
18. Cain, Bruce, and Kenneth Miller. 2001. "The Populist Legacy: Initiatives and the Undermining of Representative Government." In Dangerous Democracy? The Battle over Ballot Initiatives in America, ed. Larry Sabato, Bruce Larson, and Howard Ernst, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
19. Carpenter, Daniel P. 2001. The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputation, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862-1928. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
20. Clemens, Elisabeth. 1997. The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Cnudde, Charles, and David McCrone. 1969. "Party Competition and Welfare Policies in the American States." American Political Science Review 63 (September): 858-66.
22. Coker, Frederick W. 1916. "Interworkings of State Administration and Direct Legislation." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 64 (March): 122-33.
23. Connors, Arthur. 1917. "Direct Legislation in 1916." American Political Science Review 11 (February): 92-110.
24. Cox, Gary, and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25. Cronin, Thomas. 1989. Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Crowley, Jocelyn Elise, and Theda Skocpol. 2001. "The Rush to Organize: Explaining Associations Formation in the United States, 1860s-1920s." American Journal of Political Science 45 (October): 813-29.
27. David, Paul, and Ralph Eisenberg. 1961. Devaluation of the Urban and Suburban Vote: A Statistical Investigation of Long-Term Trends in State Legislative Representation. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
28. de Figueiredo, Rui J. P. 2003. "Budget Institutions and Political Insulation: Why States Adopt the Item Veto." Journal of Public Economics 87: 2677-2701.
29. Dion, Douglas. 1997. Turning the Legislative Thumbscrew: Minority Rights and Procedural Change in Legislative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
30. Dodd, Lawrence C. 1977. "Congress and the Quest for power." in Congress Reconsidered. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer, eds. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
31. Dodd, Lawrence C., and Calvin Jillson, eds. 1994. The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
32. Ellis, Richard. 2002. Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
33. Epstein, Leon. 1986. Political Parties in the American Mold. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
34. Evans, Lawrence. 1918. "Massachusetts Constitutional Convention." American Political Science Review 12 (February): 115-18.
35. Fiorina, Morris P. 1989. Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
36. Foxcroft, Frank. 1911. "Initiative-Referendum in the United States." In Selected Articles on the Initiative and Referendum, ed. E. M. Phelps. New York: H.W. White.
37. Galbreath, C. B. 1912. "Provisions for State-Wide Initiative and Referendum." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 43: 81-109.
38. Garner, J.W 1907. "Primary vs. Representative Government." Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 4: 164-74.
39. Geddes, Barbara. 1990. "How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics." Political Analysis 2: 131-50.
40. Geddes, Barbara. 1991. "A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies." American Political Science Review 85 (June): 371-91.
41. Gerber, Elisabeth. 1999. Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. Gerber, Elisabeth, Arthur Lupia, and Mathew McCubbins. 2004. "When Does Government Limit the Impact of Voter Initiatives? The Politics of Implementation and Enforcement." Journal of Politics 66: 43-68.
43. Gerber, Elisabeth, Arthur Lupia, Mathew McCubbins, and Roderick Kiewiet. 2001. Stealing the Initiative. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
44. Gill, Jeff. 2006. Essential Mathematics for Political and Social Research. New York: Cambridge.
45. Goebel, Thomas. 2002. A Government by the People: Direct Democracy in America, 1890-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
46. Gray, Virginia. 1973. "Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study." American Political Science Review 67 (December): 1174-85.
47. Hamilton, Howard. 1970. "Direct Legislation: Some Implications of the Open Housing Referenda." American Political Science Review 64 (March): 124-37.
48. Haynes, George H. 1919. "How Massachusetts Adopted the Initiative and Referendum." Political Science Quarterly 34 (September): 454-75.
49. Hays, Samuel P. 1964. "The Politics of Reform in Municipal Government in the Progressive Era." Pacific Northwest Quarterly 55 (October): 157-69.
50. Hofstadter, Richard. 1955. The Age of Reform. New York: Vintage Books.
51. Holbrook, Thomas, and Emily Van Dunk. 1993. "Electoral Competition in the American States." American Political Science Review 87: 955-62.
52. Hosmer, David, and Stanley Lemeshow. 1999. Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
53. Huthmarcher, J. Joseph. 1962. "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49 (September): 231-41.
54. James, Scott C. 2000. Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884-1936. New York: Cambridge University Press.
55. Kallenbach, Joseph. 1977. American State Governors, 1776-1976. Dobb's Ferry, NY: Oceana Press.
56. Kerber, Stephen. 1994. "The Initiative and Referendum in Florida, 1911-1912." Florida Historical Quarterly 72 (January): 302-15.
57. Kettleborough, Charles. 1914. "Initiative and Referendum." American Political Science Review 8 (May): 251-57.
58. Key, V. O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Knopf.
59. Key, V.O. 1956. American State Politics: An Introduction. New York: Knopf.
60. Keyssar, Alexander. 2002. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books.
61. Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
62. King, Judson. 1913. "Adoption of the State-Wide Initiative and Ref." Washington, DC: Bureau of Information, The National Popular Government.
63. Kolko, Gabriel. 1963. The Truimph of Conservativism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916. New York: The Free Press.
64. Kousser, J. Morgan. 1974. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
65. Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of US Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
66. Lapp, John A. 1916. "The Initiative and Referendum in 1915." American Political Science Review 10: 320-27.
67. Link, Arthur, and Richard McCormick. 1983. Progressivism. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.
68. Lott, John R., and Lawrence W. Kenny. 1999. "Did Women's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government." Journal of Political Economy 107 (December): 1163-98.
69. Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2000. "Representation or Abdication? How Citizens Use Institutions to Help Delegation Succeed." European Journal of Political Research 37 (May): 291-307.
70. Magleby, David. 1984. Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
71. March, James, and Johan Olsen. 1984. "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life." American Political Science Review 78 (September): 734-49.
72. Matsusaka, John. 2004. For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
73. Matsusaka, John. 2008. "Direct Democracy and the Executive." In Direct Democracy's Impact on American Political Institutions. ed. Shaun Bowler and Amihai Glazer. New York: Palgrave.
74. Mattson, Kevin. 1998. Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the. Progressive. Era. University Park: Penn State Press.
75. Mayhew, David. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
76. Mayhew, David. 1986. Placing Parties in American Politics: Organization, Electoral Settings, and Government Activity in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
77. McDonagh, Eileen L. 1992. "Representative Democracy and State Building in the Progressive Era." American Political Science Review 86: 938-50.
78. McDonagh, Eileen L., and H. Douglas Price. 1985. "Woman Suffrage in the Progressive Era: Patterns of Opposition and Support in Referenda Voting, 1910-1918." American Political Science Review 79: 415-35.
79. Megill, Allan. 1989. "Recounting the Past: 'Description.' Explanation, and Narrative in Historiography." The American Historical Review 94 (June): 627-53.
80. Milkis, Sidney M., and Daniel J. Tichenor. 1994. '"Direct Democracy' and Social Justice: The Progressive Party Campaign of 1912." Studies in American Political Development 8 (Fall): 282-340.
81. Moe, Terry M. 1990. "Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organizations 6:213-53.
82. Mooney, Christopher Z. 2001. "Modeling Regional Effects on State Policy Diffusion." Political Research Quarterly 54 (March): 103-24.
83. Morehouse, Sarah M., and Malcolm E. Jewell. 2004. "States as Laboratories: A Reprise." Annual Review of Political Science 7: 177-203.
84. Mowry, George. 1940. "The South and the Progressive Lily White Party of 1912." The Journal of Southern History 6 (May): 237-47.
85. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2007. Initiative & Referendum Legislation database, www.ncsl.org/programs/ legismgt/elect/ initiative.cfm. (November 2007).
86. Orren, Karen, and Stephen Skowronek. 2004. The Search for American Political Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
87. Persily, Nathaniel A. 1997. "The Peculiar Geography of Direct Democracy: Why the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Developed in the American West." Michigan Law and Public Policy Review 2:11-41.
88. Piott, Steven L. 1992. "The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America." Hayes Historical Journal 11 (Spring): 5-17.
89. Piott, Steven L. 2003. Giving Voters a Voice: The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
90. Poole, Keith T., and Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A PoliticalEconomic History of Roll-Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.
91. Price, Charles. 1975. "The Initiative: A Comparative State Analysis and Reassessment of a Western Phenomenon." Western Political Quarterly 28: 243-62.
92. Rhode, David. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
93. Rosenson, Beth. 2005. The Shadowlands of Conduct: Ethics and State Politics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
94. Sanders, Elizabeth. 1999. Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers, and the American State, 1877-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
95. Scarrow, Susan. 1997. "Party Competition and Institutional Change." Party Politics 3: 451-72.
96. Schmidt, David. 1989. Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
97. Sharkansky, Ira, and Richard Hofferbert. 1969. "Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy." American Political Science Review 63 (September): 867-79.
98. Shefter, Martin. 1994. Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
99. Sklar, Martin. 1998. The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
100. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
101. Skocpol, Theda et al. 1993. "Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States." American Political Science Review 87 (September): 686-701.
102. Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
103. Smith, Daniel A. 1998. Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy. NewYork: Routledge.
104. Smith, Daniel A., and Joseph Lubinski. 2002. "Direct Democracy during the Progressive Era: A Crack in the Populist Veneer?" Journal of Policy History 14: 349-83.
105. Smith, Daniel A., and Caroline J. Tolbert. 2004. Educated by Initiative: The Effects of Direct Democracy on Citizens and Political Organizations in the United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
106. Spoonholtz, Lloyd. 1973. "The Initiative and Referendum: Direct Democracy in Perspective, 1898-1920." American Studies 14 (Spring): 43-64.
107. Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds. 1992. Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
108. Thelen, David P. 1969. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism." Journal of American History 56 (September): 323-41.
109. Theriault, Sean M. 2005. The Power of the People: Congressional Competition, Public Attention, and Voter Retribution. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
110. Tolbert, Caroline. 2003. "Cycles of Democracy: Direct Democracy and Institutional Realignment in the American States." Political Science Quarterly 118 (Fall): 467-89.
111. Tontz, Robert L. 1964. "Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874-1960." Agricultural History 38 (July): 143-56.
112. Ware, Alan. 2002. The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
113. Whittington, Keith, and Daniel P. Carpenter. 2003. "Executive Power in American Institutional Development." Perspectives in Politics 1 (September): 495-513.
114. Wiebe, Robert H. 1967. The Search for Order. New York: Hill and Wang.
115. Wilcox, Delos F. 1912. Government by All the People, or, the Initiative, the Referendum and the Recall as Instruments of Democracy. New York: Macmillan.
116. Wyman, Roger E. 1974. "Middle Class Voters and Progressive Reform: The Conflict of Class and Culture." American Political Science Review 68 (June): 488-504.
117. Zorn, Christopher. 2005. "A Solution to Separation in Binary Response Models." Political Analysis 13: 157-70.