Best practices for lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetes

Diabetes Spectrum

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 177-189

  Triplitt, Curtis ^a   Alvarez, Carlos A ^b  

^a Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CERIVASTATIN; CLOPIDOGREL; COLESEVELAM; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GEMFIBROZIL; GLIBENCLAMIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; REPAGLINIDE; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; SULFONYLUREA; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TICLOPIDINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EXERCISE; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RETINA HEMORRHAGE; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING CESSATION; VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 52649103052     PISSN: 10409165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.21.3.177     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. NIH/NIDDK Statistics Clearinghouse: National diabetes statistics: death among people with diabetes, 2006 [article online]. Available from: www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm#deaths Accessed 22 July 2008
2. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, Furberg CD, Gorelick PB, Hademenos G, Hill M, Howard G, Howard VJ, Jacobs B, Levine SR, Mosca L, Sacco RL, Sherman DJ, Wolf PA, delZoppo G: Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 32:280-299, 2001
3. Haffner SM Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laasko M: Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339:229-234, 1998
4. Goede P, Vedel P, Larson N, Jensen GVH, Parving H-H, Pedersen O: Multifactorial intervention in cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348:383-393, 2003
5. Goede P, Lund-Anderson H, Parving H-H, Pederson O: Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:580-591, 2008
6. Nikkila EA, Hormila P: Serum lipids and lipoproteins in insulin-treated diabetes. Demonstration of increased high density lipoprotein concentrations. Diabetes 27:1078-1086, 1978
7. Hammoud T, Tanguay JF, Bourassa MG: Management of coronary artery disease: therapeutic options in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:355-365, 2000
8. Taskinen MR: Controlling lipid levels in diabetes. Acta Diabetol 39(suppl. 2):S29-S34, 2002
9. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D: Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 16:434-444, 1993
10. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R: Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366:1267-1278, 2005
11. Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, Keech A, Simes J, Peto R, Armitage J, Baigent C: Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 371:117-125, 2008
12. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, Holman RR: Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (UKPDS 23). BMJ; 316:823-828, 1998
13. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, Hughfelt T, Fargeman O, Thorgeirsson G, Pyorala K, Miettinen T, Wilhelmsen L, Olsson AG, Wedel H: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344:1383-1389, 1994
14. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361:2005-2016, 2003
15. Keech A, Colquhoun D, Best J, Kirby A, Simes RJ, Hunt D, Hague W, Beller E, Arulchelvam, M, Baker J, Tonkin A: Secondary prevention of cardiovascular events with long-term pravastatin in patients with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose: results from the LIPID trial. Diabetes Care 26:2713-2721, 2003
16. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, Durrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingston SJ, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, Charlton-Menys V, Fuller JH: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364:685-696, 2004
17. Costa J, Borges M, David C, Vaz Carneiro A: Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 332:1115-1124, 2006
18. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2008. Diabetes Care 31 (Suppl. 1):S12-S54, 2008
19. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AF, Visseren FL, Sijbrnds EJ, Trip MD, Stein EA, Gaudet D, Duivenvoorden R, Veltri EP, Marais AD, de Groot E: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 358:1431-1443, 2008
20. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 333:1301-1307, 1995
21. Sever PS, Poulter NR, Dahlof B, Wdel H Collins R, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, Obrien E, Ostergren J: Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care 28:1151-1157, 2005
22. Berk-Planken I, Hoogerbrugge N, Jansen H, Princen HM, Huisman MV, van de Ree MA, Stolk RP, van Venrooij FV, Banga JD, Dallinga-Thie G: The effect of aggressive versus standard lipid lowering by atorvastarin on diabetic dyslipidemia: the DALI study: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 24:1335-1341, 2001
23. Silva MA, Swanson AC, Gandhi PJ, Tataronis GR: Statin-related adverse events: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 28:26-35, 2006
24. McAdams M, Staffa J, Dal Pan G: Estimating the extent of reporting to FDA: a case study of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:229-239, 2008
25. Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La Grenade L, Gurwitz JH, Chan KA, Goodman MJ, Platt R: Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 292:2585-2590, 2004
26. Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Jr., Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C: ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. Circulation 106:1024-1028, 2002
27. Keating GM, Ormrod D: Micronised fenofibrate: an updated review of its clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemia. Drugs 62:1909-1944, 2002
28. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best Jm Scott R, Taskinen MR, Forder P, Pillai A, Davis T, Glasziou P, Drury P, Kesaniemi YA, Sullivan D, Hunt D, Colman P, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M: Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366:1849-1861, 2005
29. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, Huttunen JK, Kaitaniemi P, Koskinen P, Manninen V: Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 317:1237-1245, 1987
30. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Nelson DB, Elam MB, Schaefer EJ, Faas FH, Anderson JW: Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med 162:2597-2604, 2002
31. Tenenbaum A, Morro M, Fisman EZ, Tanne D, Boyko V, Behar S: Bezafibrate for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 165:1154-1160, 2005
32. Grundy SM, Vega GL, McGovern ME, Tulloch BR, Kendall DM, Fitzpatrick D, Ganda OP, Rosenson RS, Buse JB, Robertson DD, Sheehan JP: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the Assessment of Diabetes Control and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Niaspan trial. Arch Intern Med 162:1568-1576, 2002
33. Zieve FJ, Kalin MF, Schwartz SL, Jones MR, Bailey WL: Results of the glucose-lowering effect of WelChol study (GLOWS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study evaluating the effect of colesevelam hydrochloride on glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther 29:74-83, 2007
34. Welchol [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., 2008
35. Michno A, Bielarczyk H, Pawelczyk T, Jankowska-Kulawy A, Klimaszewska J, Szutowicz A: Alterations of adenine nucleotide metabolism and function of blood platelets in patients with diabetes. Diabetes 56:462-467, 2007
36. Colwell JA: Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 20:1767-1771, 1997
37. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group: Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med 321:129-135, 1989
38. ETDRS Investigators: Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. JAMA 268:1292-1300, 1992
39. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Ménard J, Rahn KH, Wedet H, Westerling S: Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet 351:1755-1762, 1998
40. Collins R, Peto R, Baigent C, Sandercock P, Dunbabin D, Warlow C: Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 308:81-106, 1994
41. The TIMAD Study Group: Ticlopidine treatment reduces the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 108:1577-1583, 1990
42. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehra SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK: Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345:494-502, 2001
43. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837-853, 1998
44. The DCCT Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977-986, 1993
45. American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus [Position Statement]. Diabetes Care 31 (Suppl. 1):S55-S60, 2008
46. Kay-Tee Khaw K-T, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welsh A, Day N: Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 322:1-5, 2001
47. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group: Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 353:2643-2653, 2005
48. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HAW, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR on behalf of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35). BMJ 321:405-412, 2000
49. Coutinho M, Gerstein JC, Wang Y, Yusue S: The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: a metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 22:233-240, 1999
50. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Yano K: Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry: Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes 36:689-692, 1987
51. The DECODE Study Group: Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetic Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 354:617-621, 1999
52. Balkau B, Shipley M, Jarrett RJ, Pyorala K, Pyorala M, Forhan A, Eschwege E: High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men: 20-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care 21:360-367, 1998
53. Tominaga M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Igarashi K, Kato T, Sekikawa A: Impaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 22:920-924, 1999
54. American Diabetes Association: Postprandial blood glucose [Position Statement]. Diabetes Care 24:775-778, 2001
55. Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, Marfella R for the Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group: Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 110:214-219, 2004
56. Gavin JR, Alberti KGMM, Davidson MB DeFronzo RA, Drash A, Gabbe SG, Genuth S, Harris MI, Kahn R, Keen H, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Mactaren NK, Palmer JP, Raskin P, Rizza RA, Stern MP, for the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197, 1997
57. Cobin RH, Davidson JA, Ganda OP, Garber AJ, Hellman R, Jellinger PS, Levetan CS, Palumbo PJ, Rodbard HW, for the American College of Endocrinolgy Consensus Statement on Guidelines for Glycemic Control: American college of endocrinology consensus statement on guidelines for glycemic control. Endocrine Pract 8 (Suppl. 1):5-11, 2002
58. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352:854-865, 1998
59. Singh S, Loke UK, Furberg CD: Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone. JAMA 298:1189-1195, 2007
60. Nissen SE, Wolski K: Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 356:2457-2471, 2007
61. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE: Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 298:1180-1188, 2007
62. Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB, Davidson MH, Kondos GT, D'Agostino RB, Perez A, Provost J-C, Haffner SM: Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. JAMA 296:2572-2581, 2006
63. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A, Jute H, De Larochellière R, Staniloae CS, Mavromatis K, Saw J, Hu B, Lincoff AM, Tuzcu EM for the PERISCOPE Investigators: Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 299:1561-1573, 2008
64. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM, Tan MH, Lefebvre PJ, Murray GD, Standl E, Wilcox RG, Wilhelmsen L, Betteridge J, Birkeland K, Golay A, Heine RJ, Koranyi L, Laakso M, Mokan M, Norkus A, Pirags V, Podar T, Scheen A, Scherbaum W, Schernthaner G, Schmitz O, Skrha J, Smith U, Taton J, for the PROactive Investigators: Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study. Lancet 366:1279-1289, 2005
65. The Action to Control Cardicivacular Risk in Diabetes Study Group: Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2545-2559, 2008
66. The ADVANCE Collaborative Group: Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 358:2560-2572, 2008
67. American Diabetes Association: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2008 [Position Statement]. Diabetes Care 31 (Suppl. 1):S12-S54, 2008
68. Cusi K: Cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes: from clinical trials to clinical practice. Endocrinologist 11:474-490, 2001
69. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HAW, Yudkin JS, Matthews DR, Cull CA, Wright AD, Turner RC, Holman RR: Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 321:412-419, 2000
70. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 283:1967-1975, 2000
71. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
72. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 355:253-259, 2000
73. The ONTARGET Investigators: Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 358:1547-1559, 2008
74. Wright JT, Harris-Haywood S, Pressel S, Barzilay J, Baimbridge C, Bareis CJ, Basile JN, Black HR, Dart R, Gupta AK, Hamilton BP, Einhorn PT, Haywood LJ, Jafri SZA, Louis, Whelton PK, Scott CL, Simmons DL, Stanford C, Davis BR: Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 168:207-217, 2008
75. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving H-H, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S for the RENAAL Study Investigators: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
76. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I for the Collaborative Study Group: Reno-protective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
77. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P, for the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group: The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
78. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Itiev IP, Brusegan V, Rubis N, Gherardi G, Arnoldi F, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Gaspari F, Perna A, Bossi A, Trevisan R, Dodesini AR, Remuzzi G, for the Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators: Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 351:1941-1951, 2004
79. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau J-L, Køber L, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Van de Werf F, White H, Leimberger JD, Henis M, Edwards S, Zelenkofske, Sellers MA, Califf RM, for the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators: Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 349:1893-1906, 2003
80. Epstein M, Williams GH, Weinberger M, Lewin A, Krause S, Mukherjee R, Patni R, Beckerman B: Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1:940-951, 2006
81. Parving H-H, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK for the AVOID Study Investigators: Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 358:2433-2446, 2008
82. Wright JT, Dunn JK, Cutler JA, Davis BR, Cushman WC, Ford CE, Haywood LJ, Leenen FHH, Margolis KL, Papademetriou V, Probstfield JL, Whelton PK, Habib GB, for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Outcomes in hypertensive black and nonblack patients treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and lisinopril. JAMA 293:1595-1608, 2005
83. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, Beck G, Bourgoignie J, Briggs JP, Charleston J, Cheek D, Cleveland W, Douglas JG, Douglas M, Dowie D, Faulkner M, Gabriel A, Gassman J, Greene T, Hall Y, Hebert L, Hiremath L, Jamerson K, Johnson CJ, Kopple J, Kusek J, Lash J, Lea J, Lewis JB, Lipkowitz M, Massry S, Middleton J, Miller ER, Norris K, O'Connor D, Ojo A, Phillips RA, Pogue V, Rahman M, Randall OS, Rostand S, Schulman G, Smith W, Thornley-Brown D, Tisher CC, Toto RD, Wright JT, Xu S, for the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group: Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285:2719-2728, 2001
84. Donahoe SM, Stewart GC, McCabe CH, Mohanavelu S, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Antman EM: Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 298:765-775, 2007
85. Pfeffer AM, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, for the SAVE Investigators: Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 327:669-677, 1992
86. Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA: Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339:489-497, 1998
87. Chen J, Marciniak TA, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Krumholz HM: Beta-blocker therapy for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in elderly diabetic patients: results from the National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:1388-1394, 1999
88. Kjekshus J, Gilpin E, Cali G, Blackey AR, Henningj H, Ross J: Diabetic patients and beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 11:43-50, 1990
89. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Hamsten A, Herlitz J, Waldenstrom A, Wedel H: Mortality prediction in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction: experiences from the DIGAMI study. Cardiovasc Res 34:248-253, 1997
90. Cohn JN, Tognono G, for the Valsartan heart Failure Trial Investigators: A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001
91. Pitt B, Rename W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley, Kleiman J, Gatlin M, for the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardia Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators: Eplerenone, a selective aldosLerone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348:1369-1321, 2003
92. Lee VC, Rhew DC, Badamgarav E, Braunstein GD, Weingarten SR: Meta-analysis: angiotensin-receptor blockers in chronic heart failure and high-risk acute myocardial infarcrion. Ann Intern Med 141:693-704, 2004
93. Malmberg K, for the Diabetes Mellitus Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study Group: Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. BMJ 314:1512-1515, 1997
94. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, for the DIGAMI 2 Investigators: Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 26:650-661, 2005
95. McFarlane SI, Jacober SJ, Winer N, Kaur J, Castro JP, Wui MA, Gliwa A, Von Gizycki H, Sowers JR: Control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes and hypertension at urban academic medical centers. Diabetes Care 25:718-723, 2002