Gynecomastia in adolescents

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 375-382

  Nordt, Christina A ^a   Divasta, Amy D ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Gynecomastia; Pubertal

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ANTIULCER AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; CAPTOPRIL; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN RECEPTOR; CLOMIFENE CITRATE; DANAZOL; DIGOXIN; ENALAPRIL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR; METHYLDOPA; METOCLOPRAMIDE; MINOXIDIL; NIFEDIPINE; PHENYTOIN; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RALOXIFENE; RESERPINE; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOLACTONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

ADOLESCENT DISEASE; ANAMNESIS; ANDROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; BREAST EXAMINATION; BREAST REDUCTION; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ESTROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; GYNECOMASTIA; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; KLINEFELTER SYNDROME; MENTAL HEALTH; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TESTIS CANCER; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WEIGHT GAIN; ADOLESCENT; MALE; METABOLISM;

ADOLESCENT; ANDROGENS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; ESTROGENS; GYNECOMASTIA; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 52449093037     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07c     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Wadie GM, Banever GT, Moriarty KP, et al. Ductal carcinoma in situ in a 16-year-old adolescent boy with gynecomastia: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1349-1353.
2. Daniels IR, Layer GT. How should gynaecomastia be managed? ANZ J Surg 2003; 73:213-216.
3. Lawrence SE, Faught KA, Vethamuthu J, et al. Beneficial effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr 2004; 145:71 -76.
4. Kumanov P, Deepinder F, Robeva R, et al. Relationship of adolescent gynecomastia with varicocele and somatometric parameters: a cross-sectional study in 6200 healthy boys. J Adolesc Health 2007; 41:126-131. An important investigation outlining the epidemiology of pubertal gynecomastia as well as the association between gynecomastia and somatometric measurements and varicocele.
5. Nydick M, Bustos J, Dale JH Jr, et al. Gynecomastia in adolescent boys. JAMA 1961; 178:449-454.
6. Mahoney CP. Adolescent gynecomastia. Differential diagnosis and management. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990; 37:1389-1404.
7. Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, et al. Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia. J Pediatr 1990; 116:450-455.
8. Ersoz H,Onde ME, Terekeci H, et al. Causes of gynaecomastiain young adult males and factors associated with idiopathic gynaecomastia. Int J Androl 2002; 25:312-316.
9. LaFranchi SH, Parlow AF, Lippe BM, et al. Pubertal gynecomastia and transient elevation of serum estradiol level. Am J Dis Child 1975; 129: 927-931.
10. Marynick SP, Nisula BC, Pita JC Jr, et al. Persistent pubertal macromastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50:128-130.
11. Welch ST, Babcock DS, Ballard ET. Sonography of pediatric male breast masses: gynecomastia and beyond. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34:952-957.
12. Braunstein GD. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:490-495.
13. Dundar B, Dundar N, Erci T, et al. Leptin levels in boys with pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18:929-934.
14. Plourde PV, Reiter EO, Jou HC, et al. Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4428-4433.
15. Joffe A. Gynecomastia. In: Neinstein LS, Gordon CM, Katzman DK, Rosen &Bull;&Bull;DS, Woods ER, editors. Adolescent healthcare: a practical guide. 5th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. pp. 180-184. An in-depth overview of gynecomastia during adolescence.
16. Carlson HE, Kane P, Lei ZM, et al. Presence of luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in male breast tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4119-4123.
17. Daniels IR, Layer GT. Testicular tumours presenting as gynaecomastia. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003; 29:437-439.
18. Harris M, Rizvi S, Hindmarsh J, Bryan R. Testicular tumour presenting as gynaecomastia. BMJ 2006; 332:837.
19. Visootsak J, Graham JM Jr. Klinefelter syndrome and other sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006; 1:42.
20. Lazala C, Saenger P. Pubertal gynecomastia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15:553-560.
21. Rohrich RJ, Ha RY, Kenkel JM, et al. Classification and management of gynecomastia: defining the role of ultrasound-assisted liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 111:909-923.
22. Carlson RH, Velez R, Rivlin RS. Pseudogynecomastia secondary to injection of heroin into breast tissue. Arch Intern Med 1978; 138:483-484.
23. Camiel MR, Alexander LL, Benninghoff DL. Drug addiction and gynecomastia. N Y State J Med 1967; 67:2494-2495.
24. Thomas BL. Letter: methadone-associated gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:169.
25. Tooley PH, Lack C. Gynecomastia during treatment with amphetamine. Lancet 1949; 1:650.
26. Cates WJr, Pope JN. Gynecomastia and cannabis smoking. A nonassociation among US Army soldiers. Am J Surg 1977; 134:613-615.
27. Harmon J, Aliapoulios MA. Gynecomastia in marihuana users. N Engl J Med 1972; 287:936.
28. Pope HG Jr, Katz DL. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:375-382.
29. Burnett KF, Kleiman ME. Psychological characteristics of adolescent steroid users. Adolescence 1994; 29:81 -89.
30. Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, et al. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. A constant threat. Toxicol Lett 2005; 158:167-175.
31. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, et al. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:479-485.
32. Jameel JK, Kneeshaw PJ, Rao VS, et al. Gynaecomastia and the plant product 'Tribulis terrestris'. Breast 2004; 13:428-430.
33. Goh SY, Loh KC. Gynaecomastia and the herbal tonic 'Dong Quai'. Singapore Med J 2001; 42:115-116.
34. Cakan N, Kamat D. Gynecomastia: evaluation and treatment recommenda0 tions for primary care providers. Clin Pediatr 2007; 46:487-490.
35. Braunstein GD. Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1229-1237.
36. Gikas P, Mokbel K. Management of gynaecomastia: an update. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61:1209-1215.
37. Kuhn JM, Roca R, Laudat MH, et al. Studies on the treatment of idiopathic gynaecomastia with percutaneous dihydrotestosterone. Clin Endocrinol 1983; 19:513-520.
38. Khan HN, Blamey RW. Endocrine treatment of physiological gynaecomastia. BMJ 2003; 327:301 -302.
39. Jones DJ, Holt SD, Surtees P, et al. A comparison of danazol and placebo in the treatment of adult idiopathic gynaecomastia: results of a prospective study in 55 patients. Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl 1990; 72:296-298.
40. LeRoith D, Sobel R, Glick SM. The effect of clomiphene citrate on pubertal gynaecomastia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980; 95:177-180.
41. Plourde PV, Kulin HE, Santner SJ. Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Clinical and endocrine studies. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137: 1080-1082.
42. Stepanas AV, Burnet RB, Harding PE, et al. Clomiphene in the treatment of pubertal-adolescent gynecomastia: a preliminary report. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 651 -653.
43. Alagaratnam TT. Treating puberty gynecomastia. J R Coll Gen Pract 1987; 37:178.
44. Hooper PD. Puberty gynaecomastia. J R Coll Gen Pract 1985; 35:142.
45. Derman O, Kanbur NÖ, Kutluk T. Tamoxifen treatment for pubertal gynecomastia. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2003; 15:359-363.
46. Zachmann M, Eiholzer U, Muritano M, et al. Treatment of pubertal gynaecomastia with testolactone. Acta Endocrinol 1986; 279:218-226.
47. Riepe FG, Baus I, Wiest S, et al. Treatment of pubertal gynecomastia with the specific aromatase inhibitor anastrozole. Horm Res 2004; 62:113-118.
48. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2007 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution (13-19); 2008. http://plasticsurgery.org/media/statistics/loader. cfm?url= /commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=29430.
49. Hodgson EL, Fruhstorfer BH, Malata CM. Ultrasonic liposuction in the treatment of gynecomastia. Plastic Reconstr Surg 2005; 116:646-653.