Neck pain: Clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health from the orthopaedic section of the american physical therapy association

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

Volumn 38, Issue 9, 2008, Pages

  Childs, John D ^b   Cleland, Joshua A ^c   Elliott, James M ^d   Teyhen, Deydre S ^b   Wainner, Robert S ^f,g   Whitman, Julie M ^h,i   Sopky, Bernard J ^e   Godges, Joseph J ^a,j   Flynn, Timothy W ^h  

^a APTA Inc   (United States)

^b BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FRANKLIN PIERCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^e KAISER PERMANENTE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Texas Physical Therapy Specialists   (United States)

^h REGIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ Evidence in Motion

^j Orthopaedic Section APTA Inc   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 51949093261     PISSN: 01906011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2008.0303     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Adams G, Sim J. A survey of UK manual therapists' practice of and attitudes towards manipulation and its complications. Physiother Res Int. 1998;3:206-227.
2. Allison GT, Nagy BM, Hall T. A randomized clinical trial of manual therapy for cervico-brachial pain syndrome - a pilot study. Man Ther. 2002;7:95-102.
3. American College of Radiology Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Suspected Cervical Spine Trauma. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2001.
4. Andersson HI. The epidemiology of chronic pain in a Swedish rural area. Qual Life Res. 1994;3 Suppl 1:S19-26.
5. Antonaci F, Ghirmai S, Bono G, Nappi G. Current methods for cervical spine movement evaluation: a review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18:S45-52.
6. Antonaci F, Ghirmai S, Bono G, Sandrini G, Nappi G. Cervicogenic headache: evaluation of the original diagnostic criteria. Cephalalgia. 2001;21:573-583.
7. Asavasopon S, Jankoski J, Godges JJ. Clinical diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency: resident's case problem. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:645-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.1732
8. Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Wong JG. The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? JAMA. 1999;282:175-181.
9. Berne JD, Norwood SH, McAuley CE, Villareal DH. Helical computed tomographic angiography: an excellent screening test for blunt cerebrovascular injury. J Trauma. 2004;57:11-17; discussion 17-19.
10. Bernhardt M, Hynes RA, Blume HW, White AA, 3rd. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:119-128.
11. Bertilson BC, Grunnesjo M, Strender LE. Reliability of clinical tests in the assessment of patients with neck/shoulder problems-impact of history. Spine. 200328:2222-2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000089685. 55629.2E
12. Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72:403-408.
13. Bogduk N, Marsland A. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Spine. 1988;13:610-617.
14. Borchgrevink G, Smevik O, Haave I, Haraldseth O, Nordby A, Lereim I. MRI of cerebrum and cervical columna within two days after whiplash neck sprain injury. Injury. 1997;28:331-335.
15. Borghouts JA, Koes BW, Bouter LM. The clinical course and prognostic factors of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. Pain. 1998;77:1-13.
16. Borghouts JA, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM. Cost-of-illness of neck pain in The Netherlands in 1996. Pain. 1999;80:629-636.
17. Bot SD, van der Waal JM, Terwee CB, et al. Incidence and prevalence of complaints of the neck and upper extremity in general practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:118-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136Ard.2003.019349
18. Bot SD, van der Waal JM, Terwee CB, et al. Predictors of outcome in neck and shoulder symptoms: a cohort study in general practice. Spine. 2005;30:E459-470.
19. Bovim G, Schrader H, Sand T. Neck pain in the general population. Spine. 1994;19:1307-1309.
20. Brattberg G, Thorslund M, Wikman A. The prevalence of pain in a general population. The results of a postal survey in a county of Sweden. Pain. 1989;37:215-222.
21. Brison RJ, Hartling L, Dostaler S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention to prevent the chronic pain of whiplash associated disorders following rear-end motor vehicle collisions. Spine. 2005;30:1799-1807
22. Bronfort G, Evans R, Nelson B, Aker PD, Goldsmith CH, Vernon H. A randomized clinical trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:788-797; discussion 798-789.
23. Browder DA, Erhard RE, Piva SR. Intermittent cervical traction and thoracic manipulation for management of mild cervical compressive myelopathy attributed to cervical herniated disc: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:701-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.1519
24. Bruce MG, Rosenstein NE, Capparella JM, Shutt KA, Perkins BA, Collins M. Risk factors for meningococcal disease in college students. JAMA. 2001;286:688-693.
25. Bunketorp L, Nordholm L, Carlsson J. A descriptive analysis of disorders in patients 17 years following motor vehicle accidents. Eur Spine J. 2002;11:227-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-002-0393-y
26. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Cote P, Frank J. Does multidisciplinary rehabilitation benefit whiplash recovery?: results of a population-based incidence cohort study. Spine. 2007;32:126-131. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1097/01.brs.0000249526.76788.e8
27. Childs JD, Fritz JM, Piva SR, Whitman JM. Proposal of a classification system for patients with neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:686-696; discussion 697-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.1451
28. Chiu TT, Lam TH, Hedley AJ. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2005;30:E1-7.
29. Chiu TT, Law EY, Chiu TH. Performance of the craniocervical flexion test in subjects with and without chronic neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:567-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.2055
30. Chiu TT, Sing KL. Evaluation of cervical range of motion and isometric neck muscle strength: reliability and validity. Clin Rehabil. 2002;16:851-858.
31. Clare HA, Adams R, Maher CG. A systematic review of efficacy of McKenzie therapy for spinal pain. Aust J Physiother. 2004;50:209-216.
32. Cleland JA, Childs JD, Fritz JM, Whitman JM. Interrater reliability of the history and physical examination in patients with mechanical neck pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:1388-1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. apmr.2006.06.011
33. Cleland JA, Childs JD, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Eberhart SL. Development of a clinical prediction rule for guiding treatment of a subgroup of patients with neck pain: use of thoracic spine manipulation, exercise, and patient education. Phys Ther. 2007;87:9-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060155
34. Cleland JA, Childs JD, McRae M, Palmer JA, Stowell T. Immediate effects of thoracic manipulation in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Man Ther. 2005;10:127-135. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.math.2004. 08.005
35. Cleland JA, Childs JD, Whitman JM. Psychometric properties of the Neck Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale in patients with mechanical neck pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:69-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. apmr.200708.126
36. Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Heath R. Predictors of short-term outcome in people with a clinical diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy. Phys Ther. 2007;87:1619-1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060287
37. Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Palmer JA. The reliability and construct validity of the Neck Disability Index and patient specific functional scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2006;31:598-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000201241.90914.22
38. Cleland JA, Glynn P, Whitman JM, Eberhart SL, MacDonald C, Childs JD. Short-term effects of thrust versus nonthrust mobilization/tnanipulation directed at the thoracic spine in patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87:431-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ ptj.20060217
39. Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Fritz JM, Palmer JA. Manual physical therapy, cervical traction, and strengthening exercises in patients with cervical radiculopathy: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:802-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.2077
40. Cloward RB. Cervical diskography. A contribution to the etiology and mechanism of neck, shoulder and arm pain. Ann Surg. 1959;150:1052-1064.
41. Coppieters MW, Stappaerts KH, Wouters LL, Janssens K. The immediate effects of a cervical lateral glide treatment technique in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:369-378.
42. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The factors associated with neck pain and its related disability in the Saskatchewan population. Spine. 2000;25:1109-1117
43. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine. 1998;23:1689-1698.
44. Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Kristman V. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2004;112:267-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.004
45. Crawford JR, Khan RJ, Varley GW. Early management and outcome following soft tissue injuries of the neck-a randomised controlled trial. Injury. 2004;35:891-895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2004.01.011
46. Croft PR, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, et al. Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain. 2001;93:317-325.
47. Daffner RH. Cervical radiography for trauma patients: a time-effective technique? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1309-1311.
48. Daffner RH, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, et al. Chronic neck pain. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology. 2000;215 Suppl:345-356.
49. Delfini R, Dorizzi A, Facchinetti G, Faccioli F, Galzio R, Vangelista T. Delayed post-traumatic cervical instability. Surg Neurol. 1999;51:588-594; discussion 594-585.
50. Di Fabio RP. Manipulation of the cervical spine: risks and benefits. Phys Ther. 1999;79:50-65.
51. Di Fabio RP, Boissonnault W. Physical therapy and health-related outcomes for patients with common orthopaedic diagnoses. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:219-230.
52. Drottning M, Staff P, Levin L, Malt U. Acute emotional response to common whiplash predicts subsequent pain complaints: a prospective study of 107 subjects sustaining whiplash injury. Nordic J Psych. 1995;49:293-299.
53. Elliott J, Jull G, Noteboom JT, Darnell R, Galloway G, Gibbon WW. Fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles in persistent whiplash-associated disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Spine. 2006;31:E847-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000240841.07050.34
54. Elliott J, Jull G, Noteboom JT, Galloway G. MRI study of the cross-sectional area for the cervical extensor musculature in patients with persistent whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Man Ther. 2008;13:258-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.01.012
55. Elnaggar IM, Nordin M, Sheikhzadeh A, Parnianpour M, Kahanovitz N. Effects of spinal flexion and extension exercises on low-back pain and spinal mobility in chronic mechanical low-back pain patients. Spine. 1991;16:967-972.
56. Ernst E. Manipulation of the cervical spine: a systematic review of case reports of serious adverse events, 1995-2001. Med J Aust. 2002;176:376-380.
57. Evans DW. Mechanisms and effects of spinal high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust manipulation: previous theories. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:251-262.
58. Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, Goldsmith CH. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002;27:2383-2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000030192.39326.FF
59. Fernández de las Peñas C, Fernández Carnero J, Plaza Fernández A, Lomas Vega R, Miangolarra Page JC. Dorsal manipulation in whiplash injury treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Whiplash Rel Dis. 2004;3:55-72.
60. Ferrari R, Rowe BH, Majumdar SR, et al. Simple educational intervention to improve the recovery from acute whiplash: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:699-706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/j.aem. 2005.03.531
61. Flynn TW, Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Childs JD. The immediate effect of thoracic spine manipulation on cervical range of motion and pain in patients with a primary complaint of neck pain; a technical note. Orthop Div Rev. 2007;March/April:
62. Fritz JM, Brennan GP. Preliminary examination of a proposed treatment-based classification system for patients receiving physical therapy interventions for neck pain. Phys Ther. 2007;87:513-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060192
63. Fritz JM, George SZ. Identifying psychosocial variables in patients with acute work-related low back pain: the importance of fear-avoidance beliefs. Phys Ther. 2002;82:973-983.
64. Fritz JM, George SZ, Delitto A. The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: relationships with current and future disability and work status. Pain. 2001;94:7-15.
65. George SZ, Fritz JM, Erhard RE. A comparison of fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with lumbar spine pain and cervical spine pain. Spine. 2001;26:2139-2145.
66. Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Murray MP. Neck pain: a long-term follow-up of 205 patients. Spine. 1987;12:1-5.
67. Graham N, Gross AR, Goldsmith C. Mechanical traction for mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:145-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16501970600583029
68. Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007;34:1083-1102.
69. Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA, et al. A Cochrane review of manipulation and mobilization for mechanical neck disorders. Spine. 2004;29:1541-1548.
70. Gross AR, Kay TM, Kennedy C, et al. Clinical practice guideline on the use of manipulation or mobilization in the treatment of adults with mechanical neck disorders. Man Ther. 2002;7:193-205.
71. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Sinclair JC, Hayward R, Cook DJ, Cook RJ. Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA. 1995;274:1800-1804.
72. Haldeman S, Kohlbeck FJ, McGregor M. Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation. Spine. 1999;24:785-794.
73. Hallgren RC, Greenman PE, Rechtien JJ. Atrophy of suboccipital muscles in patients with chronic pain: a pilot study. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994;94:1032-1038.
74. Hammill JM, Cook TM, Rosecrance JC. Effectiveness of a physical therapy regimen in the treatment of tension-type headache. Headache. 1996;36:149-153.
75. Harris KD, Heer DM, Roy TC, Santos DM, Whitman JM, Wainner RS. Reliability of a measurement of neck flexor muscle endurance. Phys Ther. 2005;85:1349-1355.
76. Hill J, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, Dziedzic K, Croft P. Predicting persistent neck pain: a 1-year follow-up of a population cohort. Spine. 2004;29:1648-1654.
77. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94-99.
78. Holmstrom EB, Lindell J, Moritz U. Low back and neck/shoulder pain in construction workers: occupational workload and psychosocial risk factors. Part 2: Relationship to neck and shoulder pain. Spine. 1992;17:672-677.
79. Honet JC, Puri K. Cervical radiculitis: treatment and results in 82 patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1976;57:12-16.
80. Hoving JL, de Vet HC, Twisk JW, et al. Prognostic factors for neck pain in general practice. Pain. 2004;110:639-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. pain.2004.05.002
81. Hoving JL, Gross AR, Gasner D, et al. A critical appraisal of review articles on the effectiveness of conservative treatment for neck pain. Spine. 2001;26:196-205.
82. Hoving JL, Koes BW, de Vet HC, et al. Manual therapy, physical therapy, or continued care by a general practitioner for patients with neck pain. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:713-722.
83. Hoving JL, Pool JJ, van Mameren H, et al. Reproducibility of cervical range of motion in patients with neck pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-6-59
84. Hurwitz EL, Aker PD, Adams AH, Meeker WC, Shekelle PG. Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. A systematic review of the literature. Spine. 1996;21:1746-1759; discussion 1759-1760.
85. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Vassilaki M, Chiang LM. Frequency and clinical predictors of adverse reactions to chiropractic care in the UCLA neck pain study. Spine. 2005;30:1477-1484.
86. International. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. Geneva, Switzerland: Worth Health Organization; 2001.
87. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems ICD-10. Genera Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005.
88. Jacobsson L, Lindgarde F, Manthorpe R. The commonest rheumatic complaints of over six weeks' duration in a twelve-month period in a defined Swedish population. Prevalences and relationships. Scand J Rheumatol. 1989;18:353-360.
89. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10:407-415.
90. Jett JR. Superior sulcus tumors and Pancoast's syndrome. Lung Cancer. 2003;42 Suppl 2:S17-21.
91. Jette AM, Smith K, Haley SM, Davis KD. Physical therapy episodes of care for patients with low back pain. Phys Ther 1994;74:101-110; discussion 110-105.
92. Jette DU, Jette AM. Physical therapy and health outcomes in patients with spinal impairments. Phys Ther 1996;76:930-941; discussion 942-935.
93. Joghataei MT, Arab AM, Khaksar H. The effect of cervical traction combined with conventional therapy on grip strength on patients with cervical radiculopathy. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:879-887.
94. Johansson H, Sojka P. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in genesis and spread of muscular tension in occupational muscle pain and in chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 1991;35:196-203.
95. Johnson EG, Godges JJ, Lohman EB, Stephens JA, Zimmerman GJ, Anderson SP. Disability self-assessment and upper quarter muscle balance between female dental hygienists and non-dental hygienists. J Dent Hyg. 2003;77:217-223.
96. Jull G, Barrett C, Magee R, Ho P. Further clinical clarification of the muscle dysfunction in cervical headache. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:179-185.
97. Jull G, Falla D, Treleaven J, Hodges P, Vicenzino B. Retraining cervical joint position sense: the effect of two exercise regimes. J Orthop Res. 2007;25:404-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.20220
98. Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E. Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash? - A preliminary RCT. Pain. 2007;129:28-34. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.030
99. Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine. 2002;27:1835-1843; discussion 1843.
100. Jull G, Zito G, Trott P, Potter H, Shirley D. Inter-examiner reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunction. Aust J Physiother. 1997;43:125-129.
101. Kaale BR, Krakenes J, Albrektsen G, Wester K. Head position and impact direction in whiplash injuries: associations with MRI-verified lesions of ligaments and membranes in the upper cervical spine. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22:1294-1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.1294
102. Kaale BR, Krakenes J, Albrektsen G, Wester K. Whiplash-associated disorders impairment rating: neck disability index score according to severity of MRI findings of ligaments and membranes in the upper cervical spine. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22:466-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2005.22.466
103. Kay TM, Gross A, Goldsmith C, Santaguida PL, Hoving J, Bronfort G. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD004250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub3
104. Kjellman G, Oberg B. A randomized clinical trial comparing general exercise, McKenzie treatment and a control group in patients with neck pain. J Rehabil Med. 2002;34:183-190.
105. Knutson GA. Significant changes in systolic blood pressure post vectored upper cervical adjustment vs resting control groups: a possible effect of the cervicosympathetic and/br pressor reflex. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24:101-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2001.112564
106. Korthals-de Bos IB, Hoving JL, van Tulder MW, et al. Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7395.911
107. Krakenes J, Kaale BR. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of craniovertebral ligaments and membranes after whiplash trauma. Spine. 2006;31:2820-2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000245871.15696.1f
108. Krakenes J, Kaale BR, Moen G, Nordli H, Gilhus NE, Rorvik J. MRI assessment of the alar ligaments in the late stage of whiplash injury - a study of structural abnormalities and observer agreement. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:617-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-002-0799-6
109. Kriss TC, Kriss VM. Neck pain. Primary care work-up of acute and chronic symptoms. Geriatrics. 2000;55:47-48, 51-44, 57.
110. Kristjansson E. Reliability of ultrasonography for the cervical multifidus muscle in asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. Man Ther 2004;9:83-88.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00059-6
111. Kristjansson E, Leivseth G, Brinckmann P, Frobin W. Increased sagittal plane segmental motion in the lower cervical spine in women with chronic whiplash-associated disorders, grades I-II: a case-control study using a new measurement protocol. Spine. 2003;28:2215-2221. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1097/01.BRS.0000089525.59684.49
112. Kuch K, Cox BJ, Evans RJ, Shulman I. Phobias, panic, and pain in 55 survivors of road vehicle accidents. J Anxiety Disord. 1994;8:181-187.
113. Kwak S, Niederklein R, Tarcha R, Hughes C. Relationship between active cervical range of motion and perceived neck disability in community dwelling elderly individuals. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28:54-56.
114. Linton SJ. A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine. 2000;25:1148-1156.
115. Linton SJ, Ryberg M. Do epidemiological results replicate? The prevalence and health-economic consequences of neck and back pain in the general population. Eur J Pain. 2000;4:347-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/eujp. 2000.0190
116. Makela M, Heliovaara M, Sievers K, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1356-1367.
117. McClune T, Burton AK, Waddell G. Evaluation of an evidence based patient educational booklet for management of whiplash associated disorders. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:514-517.
118. McKenzie RA. The Cervical and Thoracic Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications; 2009.
119. McPartland JM, Brodeur RR, Hallgren RC. Chronic neck pain, standing balance, and suboccipital muscle atrophy - a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:24-29.
120. Moeti P, Marchetti G. Clinical outcome from mechanical intermittent cervical traction for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31:207-213.
121. Moskovich R. Neck pain in the elderly: common causes and management. Geriatrics. 1988;43:65-70, 77, 81-62 passim.
122. Murphy DR, Hurwitz EL, Gregory A, Clary R. A nonsurgical approach to the management of patients with cervical radiculopathy: a prospective observational cohort study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:279-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.03.005
123. Nederhand MJ, Ijzerman MJ, Hermens HJ, Turk DC, Zilvold G. Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:496-501.
124. Nelson BW, Carpenter DM, Dreisinger TE, Mitchell M, Kelly CE, Wegner JA. Can spinal surgery be prevented by aggressive strengthening exercises? A prospective study of cervical and lumbar patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80:20-25.
125. Nilsson N, Christensen HW, Hartvigsen J. The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:326-330.
126. Nygren A, Berglund A, von Koch M. Neck-and-shoulder pain, an increasing problem. Strategies for using insurance material to follow trends. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1995;32:107-112.
127. O'Leary S, Falla D, Hodges PW, Jull G, Vicenzino B. Specific therapeutic exercise of the neck induces immediate local hypoalgesia. J Pain. 2007;8:832-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.014
128. Osterbauer PJ, Long K, Ribaudo TA, et al. Three-dimensional head kinematics and cervical range of motion in the diagnosis of patients with neck trauma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:231-237.
129. Palmer KT, Walker-Bone K, Griffin MJ, et al. Prevalence and occupational associations of neck pain in the British population. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27:49-56.
130. Payne R. Neck pain in the elderly: a management review. Part I. Geriatrics. 1987;42:59-62,65.
131. Payne R. Neck pain in the elderly: a management review. Part II. Geriatrics. 1987;42:71-73.
132. Peebles JE, McWilliams LA, MacLennan R. A comparison of symptom checklist 90-revised profiles from patients with chronic pain from whiplash and patients with other musculoskeletal injuries. Spine. 2001;26:766-770.
133. Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, Fagerlund M, Bjornebrink J. MRI and neurology in acute whiplash trauma. No correlation in prospective examination of 39 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65:525-528.
134. Pietrobon R, Coeytaux RR, Carey TS, Richardson WJ, DeVellis RF. Standard scales for measurement of functional outcome for cervical pain or dysfunction: a systematic review. Spine. 2002;27:515-522.
135. Pransky G, Benjamin K, Hill-Fotouhi C, et al. Outcomes in work-related upper extremity and low back injuries: results of a retrospective study. Am J Ind Med. 2000;37:400-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(200004) 37:4〈400::AID-AJIM10〉3.0.CO;2-C [pii]
136. Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994:117 (Pt 2):325-335.
137. Raney NH, Petersen EJ, Smith TA, et al. Development of a clinical prediction rule to identify patients with neck pain likely to benefit from cervical traction and exercise. Eur Spine J. In press;
138. Rempel DM, Harrison RJ, Barnhart S. Work-related cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremity. JAMA. 1992;267:838-842.
139. Riddle DL, Stratford PW. Use of generic versus region-specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Phys Ther. 1998;78:951-963.
140. Robinson D, Halperin N, Agar G, Alk D, Rami K. Shoulder girdle neoplasms mimicking frozen shoulder syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12:451-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1058274603000922
141. Ronnen HR, de Korte PJ, Brink PR, van der Bijl HJ, Tonino AJ, Franke CL. Acute whiplash injury: is there a role for MR imaging? - a prospective study of 100 patients. Radiology. 1996;201:93-96.
142. Rosenfeld M, Seferiadis A, Carlsson J, Gunnarsson R. Active intervention in patients with whiplash-associated disorders improves long-term prognosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Spine. 2003;28:2491-2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000090822.96814.13
143. Saal JS, Saal JA, Yurth EF. Nonoperative management of herniated cervical intervertebral disc with radiculopathy. Spine. 1996;21:1877-1883.
144. Sandmark H, Nisell R. Validity of five common manual neck pain provoking tests. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1995;27:131-136.
145. Sarig-Bahat H. Evidence for exercise therapy in mechanical neck disorders. Man Ther. 2003;8:10-20.
146. Sasso RC, Macadaeg K, Nordmann D, Smith M. Selective nerve root injections can predict surgical outcome for lumbar and cervical radiculopathy: comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005;18:471-478.
147. Savolainen A, Ahlberg J, Nummila H, Nissinen M. Active or passive treatment for neck-shoulder pain in occupational health care? A randomized controlled trial. Occup Med (Lond). 2004;54:422-424. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/occmed/kqh070
148. Schnabel M, Ferrari R, Vassiliou T, Kaluza G. Randomised, controlled outcome study of active mobilisation compared with collar therapy for whiplash injury. Emerg Med 12004;21:306-310.
149. Senstad O, Leboeuf-Yde C, Borchgrevink C. Frequency and characteristics of side effects of spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1997;22:435-440; discussion 440-431.
150. Sieben JM, Vlaeyen JW, Portegijs PJ, et al. A longitudinal study on the predictive validity of the fear-avoidance model in low back pain. Pain. 2005;117:162-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.06.002
151. Silbert PL, Mokri B, Schievink WI. Headache and neck pain in spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Neurology. 1995;45:1517-1522.
152. Snyder H, Robinson K, Shah D, Brennan R, Handrigan M. Signs and symptoms of patients with brain tumors presenting to the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 1993;11:253-258.
153. Soderlund A, Lindberg P. An integrated physiotherapy/cognitive- behavioural approach to the analysis and treatment of chronic whiplash associated disorders, WAD. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:436-447.
154. Spengler DM, Kirsh MM, Kaufer H. Orthopaedic aspects and early diagnosis of superior sulcus tumor of lung (Pancoast). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55:1645-1650.
155. Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J. Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain. 2006;122:102-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.014
156. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003;104:509-517.
157. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R. Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003;103:65-73.
158. Sterling M, Kenardy J, Jull G, Vicenzino B. The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003;106:481-489.
159. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA. 2001;286:1841-1848.
160. Stratford PW, Gill C, Westaway MD, Binkley JM. Assessing disability and change on individual patients: a report of a patient-specific measure. Physiother Can. 1995;47:258.
161. Stratford PW, Riddle DL, Binkley JM, Spadoni G, Westaway MD, Padfield B. Using the neck disability index to make decisions concerning individual patients. Physiother Can. 1999;51:107-112.
162. Taimela S, Takala EP, Asklof T, Seppala K, Parviainen S. Active treatment of chronic neck pain: a prospective randomized intervention. Spine. 2000;25:1021-1027.
163. Takala EP, Viikari-Juntura E, Tynkkynen EM. Does group gymnastics at the workplace help in neck pain? A controlled study. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1994;26:17-20.
164. Tong HC, Haig AJ, Yamakawa K. The Spurling test and cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2002;27:156-159.
165. Tousignant M, Smeesters C, Breton AM, Breton E, Corriveau H. Criterion validity study of the cervical range of motion (CROM) device for rotational range of motion on healthy adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36:242-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2148
166. Tseng YL, Wang WT, Chen WY, Hou TJ, Chen TC, Lieu FK. Predictors for the immediate responders to cervical manipulation in patients with neck pain. Man Ther. 2006;11:306-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2005.08.009
167. van der Donk J, Schouten JS, Passchier J, van Romunde LK, Valkenburg HA. The associations of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical spine and personality traits in a general population. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1884-1889.
168. van Saase JL, van Romunde LK, Cats A, Vandenbroucke JP, Valkenburg HA. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48:271-280.
169. Van Suijlekom HA, De Vet HC, Van Den Berg SG, Weber WE. Interobserver reliability in physical examination of the cervical spine in patients with headache. Headache. 2000;40:581-586.
170. Vassiliou T, Kaluza G, Putzke C, Wulf H, Schnabel M. Physical therapy and active exercises-an adequate treatment for prevention of late whiplash syndrome? Randomized controlled trial in 200 patients. Pain. 2006;124:69-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.017
171. Vernon H, Humphreys BK, Hagino C. The outcome of control groups in clinical trials of conservative treatments for chronic mechanical neck pain: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-7-58
172. Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:409-415.
173. Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J, Rinne M, Palmroos P, Laippala P. Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, relaxation training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;327:475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7413.475
174. Voyvodic F, Dolinis J, Moore VM, et al. MRI of car occupants with whiplash injury. Neuroradiology. 1997;39:35-40.
175. Wainner RS, Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Boninger ML, Delitto A, Allison S. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2003;28:52-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000038873.01855.50
176. Waldrop MA. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy using a clinical prediction rule and a multimodal intervention approach: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36:152-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/ jospt.2006.2056
177. Wang WT, Olson SL, Campbell AH, Hanten WP, Gleeson PB. Effectiveness of physical therapy for patients with neck pain: an individualized approach using a clinical decision-making algorithm. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:203-218; quiz 219-221.
178. Wenzel HG, Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. A population study of anxiety and depression among persons who report whiplash traumas. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:831-835.
179. Westaway MD, Stratford PW, Binkley JM. The patient-specific functional scale: validation of its use in persons with neck dysfunction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:331-338.
180. Wolfenberger VA, Bui Q, Batenchuk GB. A comparison of methods of evaluating cervical range of motion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:154-160.
181. Wright A, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ. Outcomes of disabling cervical spine disorders in compensation injuries. A prospective comparison to tertiary rehabilitation response for chronic lumbar spinal disorders. Spine. 1999;24:178-183.
182. Ylinen J, Hakkinen A, Nykanen M, Kautiainen H, Takala EP. Neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a three-year follow-up study. Eura Medicophys. 2007;43:161-169.
183. Ylinen J, Kautiainen H, Wiren K, Hakkinen A. Stretching exercises vs manual therapy in treatment of chronic neck pain: a randomized, controlled cross-over trial. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:126-132. http://dx.doi.org/10. 2340/16501977-0015
184. Ylinen J, Takala EP, Nykanen M, et al. Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2509-2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.19.2509
185. Zito G, Jull G, Story I. Clinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 2006;11:118-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2005.04.007