Complexity and Cultural Sources of Law in the EU Context: From the Multilevel Constitutionalism to the Constitutional Synallagma

German Law Journal

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 205-229

  Martinico, Giuseppe ^a  

^a SCUOLA SUPERIORE SANT ANNA   (Italy)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 51849160350     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S207183220000554X     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. European Constitutional Treaty, Preamble of Part I.
2. European Constitutional Treaty, Part II: Charter of fundamental rights of European Union
3. Charter of fundamental rights of European Union, art. 22.
4. J.H. Weiler, European Democracy and the Principle of Constitutional Tolerance: The Soul of Europe, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE I (F. Cerutti and E. Rudolph eds., 2001).
5. R. Bellamy and R. Warleigh, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE I (F. Cerutti and E. Rudolph eds., 2001).
6. J.H. Weiler, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 4, at 35.
7. J.H. Weiler, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 4, at 53.
8. J.H. Weiler, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 4, at 53.
9. “Cosmopolitans accept individuals have different identities that reflect a given social background, culture, and other emotional commitments. But they view these as a private affair that ought not to influence political decision-making. Communitarians by the contrast, see a common identity stemming from such sources ad crucial in defining who is a citizen and explaining why and how a given people do politics together. Communitarian citizens are attached to the state because they feel it is theirs more than for the benefits it provides for them.” R. Bellamy and R. Warleigh, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 5, at 62.
10. “By the contrast to cosmopolitans, communitarians do not think rights precede democracy and constrain democratic decisions. Instead, they emerge from a democratic process and stem from formulation of common policies”, R. Bellamy and R. Warleigh, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 5, at 63.
11. R. Bellamy and R. Warleigh, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 5, at 69.
12. R. Bellamy and R. Warleigh, Cementing the Union: The Role of European Citizenship, in A SOUL FOR EUROPE note 5, at 69.
13. For a similar but also different attempt to apply the notion complexity see: M. Delmas Marty, Can We Facilitate the Transitions Between Horizontal Cooperation and Vertical Harmonisation Necessary to Create a Universal Legal Order?(2007), http://www.axess.se/english/2006/04/theme_delmasmarty.php
14. In mathematics a number is defined as compound (conceived as complex) when it is formed by a real number plus (or minus) an imaginary number (example: 3+2i is a compound number). In sociology “the complexity is the dilation of possibilities of experience and action of the subjects, caused by an evolutionary trend which increases the functional differentiation, the specification and autonomy of the primary subsystems of the social system, of the economy, of science, of policy, of family and personal relations” (D. Zolo, L’analisi sistemica del Welfare State, in D. Zolo (a cura di), Complessità e democrazia, Torino, Giappichelli, 1987, 106).
15. For Jung complex is “a structured and active set of representations, thoughts and remembrances partially or fully unconscious and with strong affective potential” (voce Complesso: DIZIONARIO DI PSICOLOGIA 196-197(U. Galimberti ed. 1992)). Among Jung’s works on this topic: C.G. Jung, Considerazioni generali sulla teoria dei complessi (1934) in Opere, 1976, Vol. III, 1976). For the medieval logicians a complex term is composed of different words (example: “white man “or “rational animal”) while incomplexum means isolated (voce: “Complesso”, DIZIONARIO DI FILOSOFIA 134 (N. Abbagnano ed. 1968)). For a physicist a system is complex if it is characterized by the following features: non reducibility to its parts, unpredictability of its dynamics, non reversibility and non determinability (I. Prigogine- I. Stengers, La nuova alleanza, Torino, Einaudi, 1999). For a jurist an act is complex if it is the result of the expression of the wills of many subjects who have the same aim; their wills lose their individuality in this interpenetration. In this sense “complex” is different from “collective” (L. Bigliazzi Geri, U. Breccia, F.D. Busnelli, U. Natoli, Diritto civile, Vol. I Tomo II, Torino, UTET, 2000, 546-547).
16. G. Widmann, Identità e diversità , Il Margine, n. 4, 2001, http://archivio.ilmargine.it/archivio/2001/f4.htm.
17. V. Loreto, Non equilibrio e complessità, http://www.mosac.com
18. Among his works: E. MORIN, Introduzione al pensiero complesso (Sperling & Kupfer 1993), and Conoscenza della conoscenza, (Feltrinelli 1989). About Morin’s thought: M. Sandri, La complessità: verità acquisite e falsi miti, 7 Kéiron. 98 (2001). About the Europe as complex: E. MORIN, Pensare l’Europa, (Feltrinelli 1988).
19. In the history of philosophy there are three main definitions of identity: identity as convention (F. Waismann), identity as unity of substance (Aristotele) and identity as substitutability (G. Liebniz). For a summary of these opinions: DIZIONARIO DI FILOSOFIA 446-447 (N. Abbagnano ed. 1960).
20. Case C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, 1963 E.C.R. 3.
21. Constiituzione (Italian Constitution), art. 11.
22. Constituzione (Italian Constitution), art. 101.
23. See O. Pollicino, Legal Reasoning of the Court of Justice in the Context of the Principle of Equality Between Judicial Activism and Self-restraint, 5 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL 3 (2004), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=402.
24. Case C-450/93, Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen, 1995 E.C.R. I-3051.
25. Case C-409/95, Marschall v. Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, 1997 R.a.c.c. I-6363.
26. Case C-249/96, Grant c. South West Trains Ltd., 1998 E.C.R. I-2143.
27. Case C-171/88, P / S and Cornwall County Council, 1996 E.C.R. I-2143.
28. “A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods.” European Community Treaty, Art. 249.
29. D. Grimm, Una costituzione per l’Europa?, in IL FUTURO DELLA COSTITUZIONE 339-367 (J. Luther, P.P. Portinaio and G. Zagrebelsky eds. 1996).
30. See N. WALKER, SOVEREIGNTY IN TRANSITION (2003).
31. Case C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, 1963 E.C.R. 3.
32. Case C- 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, 1964 E.C.R. 1141.
33. J. Habermas, Una costituzione per l’Europa?Osservazioni su Dieter Grimm, in IL FUTURO DELLA COSTITUZIONE 339-367, 369-375 (J. Luther, P.P. Portinaio and G. Zagrebelsky eds., 1996).
34. Treaty on European Union (TEU), art. 6
35. European Community Treaty (ECT), art. 288
36. I. Pernice, Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Treaty of Amsterdam: European Constitution Making-Revisited?, CMLR 703-750, 707 (1999).
37. I. Pernice, Multilevel constitutionalism in the European Union, (Working Paper, 5/02, 4), available at: http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/WHI/papers/whipapers502/constitutionalism.pdf.
38. J. Dutheil de la Rochere-I. Pernice, European Union Law and national constitutions, WHI-paper, 17/02, 21.
39. Corte Costituzionale, sent. 372/2004. About this A. Vespaziani, Principi e valori negli Statuti regionali: much ado about nothing?, available at http://www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it/dibattiti/riforma/vespaziani.html; E. Rossi, Principi e diritti nei nuovi Statuti regionali, Riv.dir.cost. 51-96 (2005).
40. Although the author seems to “touch on” this level in some papers: for example, I. Pernice-R. Kantiz, Fundamental rights and multilevel constitutionalism in Europe, WHI paper 7/2004.
41. Case C-36/75, Roland Rutili v Ministre de l'intérieur , 1975 E.C.R. 1219.
42. Case C-260/89, Elliniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE and Panellinia Omospondia Syllogon Prossopikou v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas and Nicolaos Avdellas and others, 1991 E.C.R. I-2925.
43. Case C-44/79, Liselotte Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz, 1979 E.C.R. 3727.
44. See, Case T-112/98, Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG/Commissione, 2001 E.C.R. 729. See also, Matthews v. Regno Unito 1999 R.U.D.H. 263.
45. European Community Treaty (ECT), art. 295.
46. Case C-34/79, Henn and Derby, 1979 E.C.R. 3795.
47. Case C-182/83, Fearon c. Irish Land Commission, 1984 E.C.R. 3677.
48. Case C-348/96, Calfa, 1999 E.C.R. 11.
49. Case C-151/78, Sukkerfrabiken Nykobing, 1979 E.C.R. 1147.
50. Case C-172/99, Liikenne, 2001 E.C.R. 475.
51. Court d’Arbitrage, 19 February 1997, n. 6/97.
52. Verfassungsgerichtshof, 10 March 1999, B 2251/97, B 2594/97.
53. BVerfGE, 37, 321.
54. Corte Costituzionale n. 180/74:“nella sent. n. 183 del 27 dicembre 1973, già avvertito come la legge di esecuzione del Trattato possa andar soggetta al suo sindacato, in riferimento ai principi fondamentali del nostro ordinamento costituzionale e ai diritti inalienabili della persona umana». See: M. Cartabia, Principi inviolabili e integrazione europea, Giuffrè, Milano, 1995
55. But see also Conseil d’Etat, dec. Sarran, 30 October 1998; Cour de Cassation, dec. Fraisse, 2 june 2000;
56. Conseil d’Etat, dec. SNIP, 3 December 2001. In addition see: Conseil Constitutionel 2004-496-497-498-499 DC 2004-505 DC
57. Conseil Constitutionnel, 2004-505 DC.
58. Conseil Constitutionnel, 2004-496/497 DC.
59. Declaracion of the Tribunal Constitucional 1/2004. About this point see: V. Ferreres Comella, La Constitución española ante la clausola de primacia del Derecho de la Unión europea. Un comentario a la Declaración 1/2004 del Tribunal Constitucional 1/2004, in A. Lopez Castillo-A. Saiz Arnaiz-V. Ferreres Comella, Constitución española y constitución europea, 2005, 77-100, 80-89
60. and A. Saiz Arnaiz, De primacia, supremazia y derechos fundamentales en la Europa integrada: la Declaración del Tribunal Constitucional de 13diciembre de 2004 y el Tratado por el que establece una Constitución para Europa, Ibidem, 51-75
61. Mc Whirter and Gouriet v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, [2003], EWCA civ 384.
62. See,: A. Biondi, Principio di supremazia e “Costituzione” inglese. I due casi “Martiri del sistema metrico” e “Mc Whirter and Gouriet”, available at: www.forumcostituzionale.it.
63. BVerfGE 73, 339.
64. BVerfGE 89, 155.
65. BVerfGE 102, 147.
66. Case C-11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v. Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel, E.C.R. 1125.
67. Case T-231/02, Gonelli e Aifo c. Commissione, available at: www.curia.eu.int.
68. A. Ruggeri, “Tradizioni costituzionali comuni”e “controlimiti”, tra teoria delle fonti e teoria dell’interpretazione, Dir. Pub. Comp. E. Eur., 102-120 (2003).
69. About the interpretative method of the Court, see J. BENGOETXEA, THE LEGAL REASONING OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE (1993);
70. J. Bengoetxtea and N. MacCormick and L. Moral Soriano, Integration in the Legal Reasoning of the European Court of justice, in THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 43-85 (J. Weiler and G. De Bùrca eds. 2001). Specifically about the role of legal comparison in EU Law. See A. Pizzorusso, Il patrimonio costituzionale europeo, Bologna, Il Mulino, (2002) and I. Kaminski, Comparative Law and Comparative Lawyer at the Turn of Centuries, available http://www.policy.hu/discus/messages/102/ceaserk-comparelaw.pdf, 2000. at
71. A. Ruggeri, “Tradizioni costituzionali comuni”e “controlimiti”, tra teoria delle fonti e teoria dell’interpretazione, 102-120 Dir. Pub. Comp. E. Eur., 2003.
72. European Constitutional Treaty, art. I-5
73. See, A. Ruggeri, Trattato costituzionale, europeizzazione dei “controlimiti” e tecniche di risoluzione delle antinomie tra diritto comunitario e diritto interno (profili problematici), available at www.forumcostituzionale.it.
74. Case C-36/02, Omega, 2004 E.C.R. I-9609.
75. Article I-6 Union law:”The Constitution and law adopted by the institutions of the Union in exercising competences conferred on it shall have primacy over the law of the Member States.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. I-6, available at: http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc2_en.htm.
76. Article II-113 Level of protection: ”Nothing in this Charter shall be interpreted as restricting or adversely affecting human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognised, in their respective fields of application, by Union law and international law and by international agreements to which the Union or all the Member States are party, including the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and by the Member States' constitutions.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. II-113, available at http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc21_en.htm.
77. Article I-9(2) Fundamental rights: “The Union shall accede to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Such accession shall not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Constitution.” Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, art. I-9(2), available at http://europa.eu/constitution/en/ptoc3_en.htm#a12.
78. Case C-36/02, Omega, 2004 E.C.R. I-9609.
79. Case C-387/02, Berlusconi and others…, 2005 E.C.R. I-3565.
80. Case C-387/02, Berlusconi and others…, 2005 E.C.R. I-3565.
81. See A. Tempelman e Coniugi T.H.J.M. van Schaijk c. Directeur van de Rijksdienst voor de keuring van Vee en Vlees, C-96/03 e C-97/03, ECR, 2005, I-1895.
82. D.U. Galetta, Il principio di proporzionalità comunitario e il suo effetto di spill over? negli ordinamenti nazionali, 541-557 NUOVE AUTONOMIE (2005).
83. P. Craig, Unreasonableness and proportionality in UK law, in The principle of proportionality in the Laws of Europe 85, 95 (E. Ellis ed., 1999). See also Regina v. Chief Constable of Sussex EX Parte International trader’s Ferry Limited [1998] 3 WLR 1260 (HL).
84. TAR Lecce, Bari, Sez. III, from 2483/2004 to 2493/2004, available at: www.giustizia-amministrativa.it.
85. Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG- Federal Administrative Court), DEUTSCHES VERWALTUNGSBLATT (DVBl) 613 (1993),; Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG- Federal Administrative Court), DEUTSCHES VERWALTUNGSBLATT (DVBl) 68 (1997).
86. A. Pizzorusso, Fonti politiche e fonti culturali del diritto in Studi in onore di T. Liebman 327 (Giuffrè Milano ed., 1979);
87. A. Pizzorusso, Sistemi giuridici comparati 263-164 (Giuffrè Milano ed., 1998).
88. E. Stein, Lawyers, Judges and Making of Transnational Constitution, 1 AMERICAN JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL LAW 75 (1981). OF
89. Case C-6/90 e C-9/90, Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy, 1991 E. C. R. I-5357.
90. Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm. at:
91. Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.
92. Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.
93. Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm. at
94. Case C-173/03, Traghetti del Mediterraneo, available http://www.curia.europa.eu/en/content/juris/c2.htm. at
95. Case C-129/00, Commission v. Italy, 2003 E.C.R. I-14637.
96. See R. Calvano, La Corte d'Appello di Roma applica la Carta dei diritti Ue. Diritto pretorio o Jus commune europeo?, available at: www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it.
97. Corte Costituzionale, sentenza 19 April 1985, n. 113.
98. Corte Costituzionale, sentenza 4 July 1989, n. 389.
99. Case C-283/81, Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health, 1982 E.C.R. 3415.
100. Case C-224/01, Köbler, 2003 E.C.R. I-10239.
101. Without being neo-medievalist, we can recall the importance of the custom in the Middle Age to confirm this factor.
102. To define all its ambiguities J. Bast uses the formula “reflexive constitution”. See J. Bast, The Constitutional Treaty as a Reflexive Constitution, 6 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL 11 (2005), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.org/article.php?id=646.
103. In fact, the Constitutional Treaty seems to consider the option of some difficulties in the ratification: ARTICLE IV¬447 Ratification and entry into force ”1. 1. This Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic. 2. 2. This Treaty shall enter into force on 1 November 2006, provided that all the instruments of ratification have been deposited, or, failing that, on the first day of the second month following the deposit of the instrument of ratification by the last signatory State to take this step.”
104. th Declaration on the ratification of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe”The Conference notes that if, two years after the signature of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, four fifths of the Member States have ratified it and one or more Member States have encountered difficulties in proceeding with ratification, the matter will be referred to the European Council.”
105. K Kowalik-Bañczyk, Should We Polish It Up? The Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the Idea of Supremacy of EU Law, 6 GERMAN LAW JOURNAL 10 (2005), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=638.
106. Trybunał Konstytucyjny w Polsce, P 1/05 of 27th April 2005, http://www.trybunal.gov.pl/eng/summaries/wstep_gb.htm.
107. Bundesverfassungericht, (BVerfG-German Federal Constitutional Court), 2BvR 2236/04, para. 1, Jul. 18, 2005, http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/decisions/rs20050718_2bvr223604en.html .