Body dysmorphic disorder: Treating an underrecognized disorder

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 165, Issue 9, 2008, Pages 1111-1118

  Phillips, Katharine A ^a   Didie, Elizabeth R ^b   Feusner, Jamie ^b   Wilhelm, Sabine ^b  

^a BUTLER HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; LITHIUM; METHYLPHENIDATE; PIMOZIDE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; VENLAFAXINE;

ADULT; ANHEDONIA; BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPULSION; DEPRESSION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; HUMAN; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; REVIEW; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT;

ADULT; AWARENESS; BODY IMAGE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DELUSIONS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DRUG THERAPY; FACE; HUMANS; MALE; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SELF CONCEPT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 51349100737     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08040500     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Phillips KA: Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1138-1149
2. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R: Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:317-332
3. Phillips KA, Diaz S: Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997; 185:570-577
4. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano M: Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2005; 46:254-260
5. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Giannotti D, Frare F, DiVaio S, Cassano GB: Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Ment Dis 1997; 185:578-582
6. Didie ER, Walters MM, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, Rasmussen SA, Phillips KA: Comparison of quality of life and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007; 19:181-186
7. Frare F, Perugi G, Ruffolo G, Toni C: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:292-298
8. Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J: Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:196-201
9. Phillips KA, Coles M, Menard W, Yen S, Fay C, Weisberg RB: Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:717-725
10. Phillips KA, Menard W: Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1280-1282
11. Harris EC, Barraclough B: Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:205-228
12. Cotterill JA: Body dysmorphic disorder. Dermatol Clin 1996; 14:457-463
13. Phillips KA: The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder, revised and expanded ed. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005
14. Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med 2006; 36:877-885
15. Koran LM, Abujaoude E, Large MD, Serpe RT: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr 2008; 13:316-322
16. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI: Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:302-308
17. Grant JE, Kim SW, Crow SJ: Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:517-522
18. Phillips KA, Pagano ME, Menard W, Stout RL: A 12-month follow-up study of the course of body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:907-912
19. Hollander E, Cohen LS, Simeon D: Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 1993; 23:359-364
20. Phillips KA: Psychosis in body dysmorphic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2004; 38:63-72
21. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, DeCaria C, Goodman WK: A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33:17-22
22. Thompson C, Durrani A: An increasing need for early detection of body dysmorphic disorder by all specialties. J Royal Soc Med 2007; 100:61-62
23. Phillips KA, Pinto A, Menard W, Eisen JL, Mancebo M, Rasmussen SA: Obsessive-compulsive disorder versus body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison study of two possibly related disorders. Depress Anxiety 2007; 24:399-409
24. Phillips KA, Grant J, Siniscalchi J, Albertini RS: Surgical and nonpsychiatric medical treatment of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2001; 42:504-510
25. Miller WR, Rollnick S: Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior. New York, Guilford, 1991
26. Wilhelm S, Phillips KA, Steketee G: A Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Manual for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York, Guilford, in press
27. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 31. London, British Psychiatric Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006
28. Phillips KA, Hollander E: Treating body dysmorphic disorder with medication: evidence, misconceptions, and a suggested approach. Body Image 2008; 5:13-27
29. Neziroglu F, Khemlani-Patel S: A review of cognitive and behavioral treatment for body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:464-471
30. Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:381-388
31. Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C, Simeon D: Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:1033-1039
32. Perugi G, Giannotti D, Di Vaio S, Frare F, Saettoni M, Cassano GB: Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11:247-254
33. Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL: Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:165-171
34. Phillips KA, Najjar F: An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:715-720
35. Phillips KA: An open-label study of escitalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:177-179
36. Allen A, Hadley SJ, Kaplan A, Simeon D, Friedberg J, Priday L, Baker BR, Greenberg JL, Hollander E: An open-label trial of venlafaxine in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2008; 13:138-144
37. Phillips KA: Placebo-controlled study of pimozide augmentation of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:377-379
38. Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P: Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:263-269
39. Wilhelm S, Otto MW, Lohr B, Deckersbach T: Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a case series. Behavior Res Ther 1999; 37:71-75
40. Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J: Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34:717-729
41. Neziroglu F, McKay D, Todaro J, Yaryura-Tobias JA: Effect of cognitive behavior therapy on persons with body dysmorphic disorder and comorbid axis II diagnoses. Behav Ther 1996; 27:67-77
42. McKay D, Todaro J, Neziroglu F, Campisi T, Moritz EK, Yaryura-Tobias JA: Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behav Res Ther 1997; 35:67-70