The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: A population-based survey

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 877-885

  Rief, Winfried ^a,b   Buhlmann, Ulrike ^c   Wilhelm, Sabine ^c   Borkenhagen, Ada ^d   Brähler, Elmar ^d  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; ESTHETIC SURGERY; FEMALE; GERMANY; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF EVALUATION; SOMATIZATION; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; UNEMPLOYMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 33646740750     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291706007264     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Altamura, C., Paluello, M. M., Mundo, E., Medda, S. & Mannu, P. (2001). Clinical and subclinical body dysmorphic disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscences 251, 105-108.
2. APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
3. Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Riddle, M. A., Hoehn-Saric, R., Liang, K.-Y., Cullen, B. A. M., Grados, M. A. & Nestadt, G. (2000). The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: Results from a family study. Biological Psychiatry 48, 287-293.
4. Bohne, A., Wilhelm, S., Keuthen, N. J., Florin, I., Baer, L. & Jenike, M. A. (2002). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Research 109, 101-104.
5. Brawman-Mintzer, O., Lydiard, B., Phillips, K. A., Morton, A., Czepowicz, V., Emmanuel, N., Villareal, G., Johnson, M. & Ballenger, J. C. (1995). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: A co-morbidity study. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 1665-1667.
6. Cansever, A., Uzun, Ö., Dönmez, E. & Ozsahin, A. (2003). The prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students: A study in a Turkish sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 44, 60-4.
7. DeWaal, M. W. M., Arnold, I. A., Eekhof, J. A. H. & Van Hemert, A. M. (2004). Somatoform disorders in general practice. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 470-476.
8. Faravelli, C., Salvatori, S., Galassi, F., Aiazzi, L., Drei, C. & Cabras, P. (1997). Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: A community survey in Florence. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 32, 24-29.
9. Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W. & Crow, S. J. (2001). Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62, 517-522.
10. Gunstad, J. & Phillips, K. A. (2003). Axis I co-morbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 44, 270-276.
11. Hollander, E., Allen, A., Kwon, J., Aronowitz, B., Schmeidler, J., Wong, C. & Simeon, D. (1999). Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: Selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 1033-1039.
12. Horwath, E. & Weissman, M. M. (2000). The epidemiology and cross-national presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 23, 493-507.
13. Kendler, K. S. & Gardner, C. O. (1998). Boundaries of major depression: an evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 172-177.
14. Nierenberg, A. A., Phillips, K. A., Petersen, T. J., Kelly, K. E., Alpert, J. E., Worthington, J. J., Tedlow, J. R., Rosenbaum, J. F. & Fava, M. (2002). Body dysmorphic disorder in outpatients with major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 69, 141-148.
15. Otto, M., Wilhelm, S., Cohen, L. S. & Harlow, B. L. (2001). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of women. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 2061-2063.
16. Phillips, K. A. (1991). Body dysmorphic disorder: The distress of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry 148, 1138-1149.
17. Phillips, K. A. & Diaz, S. F. (1997). Gender differepces in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185, 570-577.
18. Phillips, K. A., Albertini, R. S. & Rasmussen, S. A. (2002). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 381-388.
19. Phillips, K. A., McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., Pope, H. G. & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 302-308.
20. Phillips, K. A., Nierenberg, A. A., Brendel, G. & Fava, M. (1996). Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in atypical major depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184, 125-129.
21. Rief, W. & Hiller, W. (2003). A new approach to the assessment of the treatment effects of somatoform disorders. Psychosomatics 44, 492-498.
22. Rief, W., Hessel, A. & Braehler, E. (2001). Somatization symptoms and hypochondriacal features in the general population. Psychosomatic Medicine 63, 595-602.
23. Rief, W., Heuser, J., Mayrhuber, E., Stelzer, I., Hiller, W. & Fichter, M. M. (1996). The classification of multiple somatoform symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 184, 680-687.
24. Rief, W., Nanke, A., Klaiberg, A. & Braehler, E. (2004). Base rates for panic and depression according to the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire (Brief PHQ): A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders 82, 271-276.
25. Rosen, J. C., Reiter, J. & Orosan, P. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, 263-269.
26. Simeon, D., Hollander, E., Stein, D. J., Cohen, L. & Aronowitz, B. (1995). Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 1207-1209.
27. Uzun, Ö., Basoglu, C., Akar, A., Cansever, A., Özsahin, A., Cetin, M. & Ebrinc, S. (2003). Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with acne. Comprehensive Psychiatry 44, 415-419.
28. Veale, D., Boocock, A., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Shah, F., Wilson, R. & Walburn, J. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder: A survey of fifty cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 196-201.
29. Veale, D., De Haro, L. & Lambrou, C. (2003). Cosmetic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder. British Association of Plastic Surgeons 56, 546-551.
30. WHO (1993). ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland.
31. Wilhelm, S., Otto, M. W., Lohr, B. & Deckersbach, T. (1999). Cognitive behavior group therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy 37, 71-75.
32. Wilhelm, S., Otto, M. W., Zucker, B. G. & Pollack, M. H. (1997). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 11, 499-502.