Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of clinical features

European Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 292-298

  Frare, Franco ^a,c   Perugi, Giulio ^b,c   Ruffolo, Giuseppe ^b   Toni, Cristina ^c  

^a ASL 3   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^c G DE LISIO INSTITUTE OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES   (Italy)

Author keywords

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD); Comorbidity; Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; BULIMIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MOOD; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX RATIO; SOCIAL PHOBIA; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNEMPLOYMENT;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX FACTORS; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 3342959167     PISSN: 09249338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Altamura C., Paluello M.M., Mundo E., Medda S., Mannu P. Clinical and subclinical body dysmorphic disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 251:(3):2001;105-108
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. revised:1987;APA, Washington (DC)
3. Andreasen N.C., Endicott J.E., Spitzer R.L., Winokur G. The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 34:1977;1229-1235
4. Bienvenu O.J., Samuels J.F., Riddle M.A., Hoehn-Saric R., Liang K.Y., Cullen B.A., et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 48:2000;287-293
5. Brady K.T., Austin L., Lydiard R.B. Body dysmorphic disorder: the relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 178:1990;538-540
6. Brawman-Minzer O., Lydiard R.B., Phillips K.A., Morton A., Czepowicz V., Emmanuel N., et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;1665-1667
7. Hantouche E.G., Demonfaucon C., Angst J., Perugi G., Allilaire J.F., Akiskal H.S. Cyclothymic obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical characteristics of a neglected and under-recognized entity. Presse Med. 31:(14):2002;644-648. [in French]
8. Hardy G.E., Cotteril J.A. A study of depression and obsessionality in dysmorphophobic and psoriatic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 140:1982;19-22
9. Hay G.G. Dysmorphophobia. Br J Psychiatry. 116:1970;399-406
10. Hollander E., Phillips K.A. Body image and experience disorders: body dysmorphic and depersonalization disorders. Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive- related disorders. 1992;American Psychiatric Press, Washington (DC)
11. Hollander E., Cohen L.J., Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Ann. 23:1993;359-364
12. Hollander E., Allen A., Kwon J., Aronowitz B., Schmeidler J., Wong C., et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1999;1033-1039
13. Hollander E., Liebowitz M.R., Winchel R., Klumker A., Klein D.F. Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry. 146:1989;768-770
14. Janet P. L'obsession de la houte du corps. Les Obsessions et la psycasthenie. 1903;33-50 Alcan, Paris
15. Kasahara Y. Social Phobia in Japan. Proceedings of The First Cultural Psychiatry Symposium between Japan and Korea Social phobia in Japan and Korea. 1987;East Asian Academy of Cultural Psychiatry, Seoul
16. Lensi P., Cassano G.B., Correddu G., Ravagli S., Kunovac J.L., Akiskal H.S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Familial-developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences. Br J Psychiatry. 169:1996;101-107
17. Lepine J.P., Pelissolo A. Comorbidity of social phobia: clinical and epidemiological issues. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 11:1996;35-41
18. Marks I., Mishan J. Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception. A pilot study of exposure therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 152:1988;674-678
19. McKay D., Neziroglu F., Yaryura-Tobias J.A. Comparison of clinical characteristics in OCD and BDD. J Anxiety Disord. 11:1997;447-454
20. McKay D. Two-year follow-up of behavioral treatment and maintenance for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Modif. 23:1999;620-629
21. Morselli E. Sulla dismorfofobia e sulla tafefobia. Boll Accad Sci Med. 6:1886;100-119
22. Neziroglu F.A., Yaryura-Tobias J.A. Exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of BBD. Behav Ther. 24:1993;431-438
23. Perugi G., Giannotti D., Di Vaio S., Frare F., Saettoni M., Cassano G.B. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 11:1996;247-254
24. Perugi G., Giannotti D., Di Vaio S., Valori E., Frare F., Cassano G.B., et al. Prevalence, phenomenology and comorbidity of dysmorphophobia (body dysmorphic disorder) in a clinical population. Int J Psych Clin Pract. 1:1997;77-82
25. Perugi G., Akiskal H.S., Giannotti D., Frare F., Di Vaio S., Cassano G.B. Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Ment Disord. 85:1997;578-582
26. Perugi G., Akiskal H.S., Pfanner C., Presta S., Gemignani A., Milanfranchi A., et al. Clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 46:1997;15-23
27. Perugi G., Akiskal H.S., Gemignani A., Pfanner C., Presta S., Milanfranchi A., et al. Episodic course in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 248:1998;240-244
28. Perugi G., Frare F., Toni C., Mata B., Akiskal H.S. Bipolar II and unipolar comorbidity in 153 outpatients with social phobia. Compr Psychiatry. 42:(5):2001;375-381
29. Perugi G., Akiskal H.S., Lattanzi L., Cecconi C., Mastrocinque C., Patronelli A., et al. The high prevalence of "soft" bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr Psychiatry. 39:(2):1998;63-71
30. Perugi G., Frare F., Madaro D., Maremmani I., Akiskal H.S. Alcohol abuse in social phobic patients: is there a bipolar connection? J Affect Disord. 68:2002;33-39
31. Phillips K.A. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry. 148:1991;1138-1149
32. Phillips K.A. The obsessive-compulsive spectrums. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 25:2002;791-809
33. Phillips K.A., McElroy S.L., Keck P.E. Jr, Hudson J.I., Pope H.G. Jr. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychophar Bull. 30:1994;179-186
34. Phillips K.A., McElroy S.L., Hudson J.I., Pope H.G. Jr. Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both? J Clin Psychiatry. 56:1995;41-51
35. Phillips K.A., Kim J.M., Hudson J.I. Body image disturbance in body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders: obsessions or delusions ? Psychiatr Clin N Am. 18:1995;317-334
36. Phillips K.A., Gunderson C.G., Mallya G., McElroy S.L., Carter W. A comparison study of BDD and OCD. J Clin Psychiatry. 59:1998;568-575
37. Phillips K.A., McElroy S.L. Personality disorders and traits in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 41:2000;229-236
38. Phillips K.A. Quality of life for patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 188:2000;170-175
39. Phillips K.A., Dufresne R.G., Wilkel C.S., Vittorio C.C. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 42:2000;436-441
40. Phillips K.A., McElroy S.L., Dwight M.M., Eisen J.L., Rasmussen S.A. Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 62:2001;87-91
41. Simeon D., Hollander E., Stein D.J., Cohen L., Aronowitz. Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;1207-1209
42. Saxena S., Winograd A., Dunkin J.J., Maidment K., Rosen R., Vapnik T., et al. A retrospective review of clinical characteristics and treatment response in BDD versus OCD. J Clin Psychiatry. 62:2001;67-72
43. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Gibbon M., First M.B. Structured clinical interview for DSM III-R (SCID). 1990;American Psychiatric Press, Washington (DC)
44. Stekel W. Compulsion and doubt. 1949;Liveright, New York
45. Toni C., Perugi G., Frare F., Mata B., Vitale B., Mengali F., et al. A prospective naturalistic study of 326 panic-agoraphobic patients treated with antidepressants. Pharmacopsychiatry. 33:2000;121-131
46. Tynes L.L., White K., Steketee G.S. Toward a new nosology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 31:1990;465-480
47. Veale D., Riley S. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 39:(12):2001;1381-1393
48. Veale D., Gournay K., Dryden W., Boocock A., Shah F., Willson R., et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 34:(9):1996;717-729
49. Veale D., Boocock A., Gournay K., Dryden W., Shah F., Willson R., et al. Body dysmorphic disorder. A survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry. 169:(2):1996;196-201
50. Wilhelm S., Keuthen N.J., Deckersbach T., Engelhard I.M., Forker A.E., Baer L., et al. Self-injurious skin picking: clinical characteristics and comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry. 60:1999;454-459