Boundary terminology

Environmental History

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 454-481

  Taylor III, Joseph E ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; POLICY MAKING; SOCIAL POLICY; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 51249103667     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/envhis/13.3.454     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. "Stories that Cross the Line: International Borders and Environmental History," at "Energy, Space, Time," annual meeting of the American Society for Environmental History, Houston, March 19, 2005.
2. For "abstract," see Allan Pred, Making Histories and Constructing Human Geographies: The Social Transformation of Practice, Power Relations, and Consciousness (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990), 12.
3. Richard White, "The Nationalization of Nature," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 977;
4. Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verso, 1989), 32;
5. and William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (March 1992): 1347-76.
6. Chronologically, the main texts are Donald Worster, "World Without Borders: The Internationalizing of Environmental History," Environmental Review 7 (Fall 1982): 8-13;
7. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031-55;
8. Dan Flores, "Place: An Argument for Bioregional History," Environmental History Review 18 (Winter 1994): 1-18;
9. Christopher C. Sellers, "Thoreau's Body: Towards an Embodied Environmental History," Environmental History 4 (October 1999): 486-514;
10. and White, "The Nationalization of Nature," 976-86.
11. For "self-evident," see C, A. Bayly et al., "AHR Conservation: On Transnational History," American Historical Review 111 (December 2006): 1443, and 1445, 1447, 1448;
12. similar concerns about the blurring tendencies of the term can be found in Pierre-Yves Saunier, "Going Transnational? News from Down Under," Geschichte Transnational (13 January 2006), http:// geschichte-transnational.clio-online.net/forum/type=artikel&id=680.
13. Simon Gunn, "The Spatial Turn: Changing Histories of Space and Place," in Identities in Space: Contested Terrains in the Western City since 1850, ed. Simon Gunn and Robert J. Morris (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2001), 1-14;
14. George M. Fredrickson, "From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 587-604;
15. Joseph Tohill, "Locating American-Canadian Comparative and Transnational History," Canadian Review of American Studies 33 (2003): 152-56;
16. Sarah Carter, "Transnational Perspectives on the History of Great Plains Women: Gender, Race, Nations, and the Forty-Ninth Parallel," The American Review of Canadian Studies 33 (Winter 2003): 565-96.
17. Randolph Bourne, "Trans-National America," Atlantic Monthly 118 (July 1916): 86-97.
18. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1033, 1048-49;
19. White, "The Nationalization of Nature," 977, 979-83;
20. see also Ian Tyrrell, "Peripheral Visions: Californian-Australian Environmental Contacts, c. 1850s-1910," Journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 276.
21. For critiques of transnationalism, see Michael McGerr, "The Price of the 'New Transnational History,'" American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1064-65;
22. Micol Seigel, "Comparative Method after the Transnational Turn," Radical History Review 91 (Winter 2005): 62-90.
23. Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism," 1033.
24. See also White, "Nationalization of Nature."
25. For "obituary," see Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 10;
26. for "links," see Ian Tyrrell, "Beyond the View from Euro-America: Environment, Settler Societies, and the Internationalization of American History," in Rethinking American History in the Global Age, 180.
27. For "border crossing," see Francis Parkman, France and England in North America, 2 vols. (New York: Library of America, 1983);
28. Herbert Eugene Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921);
29. and Helena M. Wall, "Confessions of a British North Americanist: Borderlands Historiography and Early American History," Reviews in American History 25 (March 1997): 1-12.
30. For comparative history, see Ian Tyrrell, "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 1015-44;
31. Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism," 1039-41;
32. Louis Hartz et al., The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1964);
33. and Howard R. Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
34. James Malin, The Grassland of North America: Prolegomena to Its History with Addenda and Postscript (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967);
35. Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences Of 1492 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972);
36. William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, NJ: Anchor Press, 1976).
37. For "foundational," see Richard White, "Environmental History: Watching a Historical Field Mature," Pacific Historical Review 70 (February 2001): 108.
38. For "transnational," see Ian Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1880-1930 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 1.
39. Philip J. Pauly, Biologists and the Promise of American Life: From Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 3 and 44-92.
40. Tyrrell has instead likened his book to Thomas Dunlap's Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
41. Tyrrell, "Beyond the View of Euro-America," 183, 190 fn. 53.
42. For the range of approaches to environmental space in geography see, for example, Karl S. Zimmerer, "Cultural Ecology (and Political Ecology) in the 'Environmental Borderlands': Exploring the Expanded Connectivities within Geography," Progress in Human Geography 31 (April 2007): 227-44.
43. This is significantly more sophisticated than the definition offered by Jay Sexton that transnationalisms are "quite simply... the ideas, goods, peoples, institutions, trends, and event whose origins and implications are not confined to any particular nation-state." Jay Sexton, "The Global View of the United States," The Historical Journal 48 (March 2005): 262.
44. For "angle" and "sketch," see Saunier, "Going Transnational?" Michael Geyer and Charles Bright offer a similar concern for structuring relations when they see transnational studies circling "around metaphors of movement, flow, circuitry, following people, goods, and images in motion and seeking to specify the structural practices and imaginary'(land)scapes' that are created by and that sustain this movement." Michael Geyer and Charles Bright, "World History in a Global Age," American Historical Review 100 (October 1995): 1054.
45. Thomas Bender, A Nation of Nations: America's Place in World History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006);
46. see also Eric Rauchway, Blessed Among Nations: How the World Made America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006).
47. For "civil," see Akira Iriye, Global Community: The Role of international Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 6-7, 14.
48. Frederick Cooper, "What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian's Perspective," African Affairs 100 (April 2001): 189-213.
49. For "myriad" see Peer Zumbansen, "Transnational Law and Societal Memory," in Law and the Politics of Reconciliation, ed. Emilios Christodoulidis and Scott Veitch (forthcoming from Ashgate).
50. For "literal," see Katharyne Mitchell, "Transnational Discourse: Bringing Geography Back In," Antipode 29 (April 1997): 101;
51. and David Newman, "The Lines That Continue to Separate Us: Borders in Our 'Borderless' World," Progress in Human Geography 30 (April 2006): 155 and passim.
52. For "majority" and definitions, see Nina Glick Schiller, Linda Basch, and Cristina Blanc-Szanton, "Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645 (6 July 1992): 2, fn. 1, and 1-24;
53. also see Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York: Routledge, 1993), 21-48;
54. Aihwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 1-28, 240-44;
55. Elliott R. Barkan, "America in the Hand, Homeland in the Heart: Transnational. and Translocal Immigrant Experience in the American West," Western Historical Quarterly 35 (Autumn 2004): 332-54;
56. Peter Schmitt-Egner, "The Concept of 'Region': Theoretical and Methodological Notes on Its Reconstruction, European Integration 24 (2002): 190;
57. Lloyd Wong and Vic Satzewich, "Introduction: The Meaning and Significance of Transnationalism," in Transnational Identities and Practices in Canada, ed. Vic Satzewich and Lloyd Wong (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006), 1-15;
58. Sarah V. Wayland, "The Politics of Transnationalism: Comparative Perspectives," in Transnational Identities and Practices in Canada, ed. Vic Satzewich and Lloyd Wong (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006),18-34.
59. Jonathan Fox, "Unpacking 'Transnational' Citizenship," Annual Review of Political Science 8 (2005): 171-201.
60. Tyrrell, True Gardens of the Gods, 162-63;
61. Tyrrell, "Beyond the View of Euro-America," 185.
62. For a discussion of mobiles, see Bruno Latour, "Drawing Things Together," in Representation in Scientific Practice, ed. Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), 19-68.
63. For "consciousness," see Akira Iriye, "Internationalizing International History," in Rethinking American History in a Global Age, 51, and 47-60 passim.
64. Mark Cioc, The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815-2000 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 10.
65. For breakfast meeting, see note 1.
66. Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995);
67. Matthew D. Evenden, Fish Versus Power: An Environmental History of the Fraser River (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
68. For Danube, see Claudio Magris, Danube (London: Harvill, 2001), 15-19, 58-64;
69. Irene Lyons Murphy, The Danube: A River Basin in Transition (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997), 45-69;
70. and John Fitzmaurice, Damming the Danube: Gabcikovo and Post-Communist Politics in Europe (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1096), 5-26.
71. For Amur and northeast Asia, see V. Bogatov, S. Sirotsky, and D. Yuriev, "The Ecosystem of the Amur River," in River and Stream Ecosystems, ed. C. E. Cushing, K. W. Cummins, and G. W. Minshall (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V., 1995), 601-13;
72. Xanthippe Augerot, Atlas of Pacific Salmon: The First Map-Based Status Assessement of Salmon in the North Pacific (Berkeley: Ecotrust and University of California Press, 2005), 100;
73. Peter Finn, "Toxic Slick from China Reaches City in Russia," Washing-ton Post, December 24, 2005, A12;
74. Lyuba Zarsky, "The Prospects for Environmental Cooperation in Northeast Asia," Asian Perspective 19 (Fall-Winter 1995): 103-30.
75. For Rio Grande, see Dan Scurlock, From the Rio to the Sierra: An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 (Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain "Research Station, 1998);
76. Ivan Muñiz, Jorge A. Salas Plata, and Charles Turner, "Restoration of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo in the Juarez Valley: An Analysis," in River and Lake Restoration: Changing Places, University Council on Water Resources Annual Proceedings for 2005;
77. Christopher J. Schmitt et al., "Environmental Contaminants and Biomarker Responses in Fish from the Rio Grande and Its U.S. Tributaries: Spatial and Temporal Trends," Science of the Total Environment 350 (2005): 161-93;
78. Stephen P. Mumme and Pamela Duncan, "The Commission on Environmental Cooperation and the U.S.-Mexico Border Environment," Journal of Environment and Development 5 (June 1996): 197-215.
79. For Great Lakes, see John J. Mukowczyk et al., Permeable Border: The Great Lakes Basin as Transnational Region, 1650-1990 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005);
80. Felicity Barringer, "Billions Needed to Improve Great Lakes, Coalition Says," New York Times, July 8, 2005;
81. Martin Mittelstaedt, "Great Lakes Pact to Ban Water Diversions," Toronto Globe and Mail, December 13, 2005;
82. Martin Mittelstaedt, "Pollution in the Great Lakes Rising Despite Cleanup Effort, Study Says," Toronto Globe and Mail, February 9, 2006;
83. Margaret Beattie Bogue, Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783-1933 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000).
84. For ban, see CITES, "Fifty-Fourth Meeting of the Standing Committee," SC54 Doc. 30.3 (Geneva: CITES, 2006), available at http://www.cites.org/eng/com/SC/54/E54-30-3.pdf.
85. C. J. Chivers, "10 Nations Told to Halt Caviar Exports to Save Sturgeon," New York Times, January 4, 2006, A3;
86. Inga Saffron, Caviar (New York: Broadway Books, 2002), 175-240;
87. Steven J. Main, "The Bear, the Peacock, the Eagle, The Sturgeon and the Black, Black Oil: Contemporary Regional Power Politics in the Caspian Sea," Working Paper No. 18 (Buenos Aires: Centro Argentino de Estudios Internacionale S, 2006), 9-10.
88. Murphy, The Danube, 21-30;
89. Jeffrey W. Jacobs, "The Mekong River Commission: Transboundary Water Resources Planning and Regional Security," The Geographical Review 168 (December 2002): 354-64.
90. Schmitt-Egner, "The Concept of 'Region'," 179-200;
91. Markus Perkmann, "Cross-Border Regions in Europe: Significance and Drivers of Regional Cross-Border Co-Operation," European Urban and Regional Studies 10 (April 2003): 153-71;
92. Charles C. Chester, Conservation across Borders: Biodiversity in an Interdependent World (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006), 14-16.
93. Schmitt-Egner, "The Concept of 'Region'," 192-95.
94. William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness, Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," Environmental History 1 (January 1996), 7-28;
95. Mark Spence, "Logos and Oikos: The Creative Ontology of Environment and History," paper presented at "Making Environmental History Relevant in the 21st Century," American Society for Environmental History, Durham, North Carolina, March 29, 1999;
96. Steve Hinchliffe, "Nature/Culture," in Cultural Geography. A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts, ed. David Atkinson, Peter Jackson, David Sibley, and Neil Washbourne (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005), 194-99.
97. Perkmann, "Cross-Border Regions in Europe," 156;
98. Schmitt-Egner, "The Concept of Region'," 190.
99. Chester, Conservation Across Borders, 20-26;
100. William Wolmer, "Transboundary Conservation: The Politics of Ecological Integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park," Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (March 2003): 261-78;
101. Peter Godwin, "Without Borders, Uniting Africa's Wildlife Reserves," National Geographic 200 (September 2001): 2-31;
102. "Department of Interior, U.S.-Mexico Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert Initiatives,"; Julia Carabias Lillo and Bruce Babbitt," Letter of Intent between the Department of Interior (DOI) of the United States and Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries (SEMARNAP) of the United Mexican States for Joint Work in Natural Protected Areas on the United States-Mexico Border," May 5, 1997.
103. For Rio Grande, see Emily Wakild, "International Agents for Change: United States and Mexican Federal Official's Proposals for Border Parks" and Geoff Kelley, "Participatory or Contested: Transboundary Conservation along the Big Bend," papers given at the annual meeting of the American Society for Environmental History, March 15, 2008, Boise, Idaho, copies in author's possession.
104. For Sonora, see Joni Adamson, "Encounter with a Mexican Jaguar: Nature, NAFTA, Militarization, and Ranching in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands," in Globalization on the Line: Culture, Capital, and Citizenship at U.S. Borders, ed. Claudia Sadowski-Smith (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 226-37;
105. Rachel St. John, "Divided Ranges: Transborder Ranches and the Creation of National Space along the Western Mexican-U.S. Border," in Bridging National Borders in North America, ed. Andrew Graybill and Benjamin Johnson (under review with Duke University Press);
106. Samuel Truett, Fugitive Landscapes: The Forgotten Historyof the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).
107. For "benefits" and discussions of transnational efforts to establish bioregional preserves such as the International Sonoran Desert Alliance, Yellowstone to Yukon, and other bioregional visions that cross international borders in Chester, Conservation Across Borders, 28, 26-31, 53-240;
108. Sing C. Chew, "Historical Social Movements, Ecological Crisis and 'Other' World Views," Journal of Developing Societies 24 (March 2008): 44-52.
109. Evenden, Fish Versus Power, 105-17;
110. Helen M. Rozwadowski, The Sea Knows No Boundaries: A Century of Marine Science under ICES (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 11-15.
111. For "epistemic," see Iriye, Global Community, 14;
112. for elaboration of term, see Peter M. Haas, "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination," International Organization 46 (Winter 1992): 1-35.
113. Kurk Dorsey, The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy: U.S.-Canadian Wildlife Protection Treaties in the Progressive Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998);
114. Robert Michael Wilson, "Seeking Refuge: Making Space for Migratory Waterfowl and Wetlands along the Pacific Flyway" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2003);
115. Jacques Perrin and Jacques Claudaud, directors, Winged Migration (BAC films, 2001);
116. Andrew O'Hehir, "Winged Migration," Sight and Sound 13 (July 2003): 60.
117. For a modern example of transnational exchanges of environmental regulation between nonstate actors, see Phung Thuy Phuong, "Community Involvement in Urban Watershed Management: From the US Pacific Northwest to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam," Journal of Environment & Development 16 (September 2007): 307-27.
118. Juha I. Uitto and Alfred M. Duda, "Management of Transboundary Water Resources: Lessons from International Cooperation for Conflict Prevention," The Geographical Journal 168 (December 2002): 365-78;
119. Aija Kosk and Germady Polotsky, "Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe, and International Lake on the Border of Estonia and Russia," Proceeding's of the International Symposium on Building Partnerships between Citizens and Local Governments for Sustainable Lake Management, Newsletter and Technical Publications Freshwater Management Series NO. 3, United Nations Environmental Programme, Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics, http://www.unep.or.jp /ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS3/3/peipsi1.asp;
120. Gabriel Eckstein, "Application of International Water Law to Transboundary Groundwater Resources, and the Slovak-Hungarian Dispute over Gabcikovo-Nagymaros," Suffolk Transnational Law Review 19 (Winter 1995): 67-116;
121. Masahiro Murakami, Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies (New York: United Nations University Press, 1995), ch. 5.6, http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/ 80858E01.htm;
122. V. Brinich, ed., Transboundary Nature Protected Areas in Northern Eurasia: Theory and Practice, The Scientific-Practical Bulletin No. 2 (Moscow: Zapovedniks Environmental Education Center, 1999).
123. Juliet Fall, Drawing the Line: Nature, Hybridity and the Politics of Transboundary Spaces (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2005), 3.
124. See also Diana de Jong's discussion of the tensions between Dutch and German conceptualizations of nature in the Gelderse Poort project in "German-Dutch Policy Networks on Transboundary Nature Conservation," in Global and European Policy? Organizations, Policies, Contexts, ed. Henri Goverde (Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2000), 288-93.
125. Charles Chester offers a similar but more rigorous definition of transboundary, noting that the term is best applied to situations where there are "(1) legal and governmental differences that complicate coordination and implementation; (2) barriers to communication, movement, and information; (3) social and cultural differences, including language differences, that inhibit the development of trust and a common sense of community; and (4) economic disparities that constrain certain stakeholders' willingness or ability to participate in the process." Chester, Conservation Across Borders, 17.
126. For maps, see http://www.thesafaricompany.co.za/Map-Masai-Mara.htm;
127. and http://www.timefortravel.co.uk/TanzaniaSafaris.asp.
128. For spatial complexity, see Simon Thirgood et al., "Can Parks Protect Migratory Ungulates? The Case of the Serengeti Wildebeest," Animal Conservation 7 (May 2004): 113-20;
129. Anthony R. E. Sinclair et al., "Historical and Future Change to the Serengeti Ecosystem," in Serengeti III: Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics, ed. Anthony R. E. Sinclair et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
130. For salmon, see Michael P. Shepard and A. W. Argue, The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty. Sharing Conservation Burdens and Benefits (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005), 149-72.
131. For Atlantic salmon, see Anthony Netboy, The Atlantic Salmon: A Vanishing Species? (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968);
132. and Fen Montaeigne, "Everybody Loves Atlantic Salmon: Here's the Catch," National Geographic 204 (July 2003): 100-18.
133. For salmon farming industry see Tom Abhors, The Structure and Development of the World Salmon Market, Publications of the Fisheries and Game Management Vol. 8 (Helsinki: Department of Fish and Game at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland, 2000);
134. Charles Fishman, "Global Fishiness," http://www.salon.com/ tech/books/2006/01/23/walmart_effect/print.html.
135. For toxins, see Ronald A. Hites et al., "Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon," Science, January 9, 2003, 226-29;
136. Ronald A. Hites et al., "Global Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Farmed and Wild Salmon," Environmental Science & Technology 38 (2004): 4945-49;
137. Daniel L. Carlson and Ronald A. Hites, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Salmon and Salmon Feed: Global Differences and Bioaccumulation," Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005): 7389-95;
138. Alexei Barrionuevo, "Salmon Virus Indicts Chile's Fishing Methods," New York Times, March 27, 2008.
139. See especially Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York: Harper, 2002);
140. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006).
141. Markus Perkmann and Ngai-Ling Sum, "Globalization, Regionalization and Cross-Border Regions: Scales, Discourses and Governance," in Globalization, Regionalization and Cross-Border Regions, ed. Markus Perkmann and Ngai-Ling Sum (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002), 3-21;
142. Perkmann, "Cross-Border Regions in Europe," 154-68;
143. Schmitt-Egner, "The Concept of'Region'," 186;
144. de Jong, "German-Dutch Policy Networks," 283.
145. For legal and constitutional issues, see Gerald F. Hess, "The Trail Smelter, the Columbia River, and the Extraterritorial Application of CERCLA," Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 18 (Fall 2005): 1-56;
146. Michael J. Robinson-Dorn, "The Trail Smelter, Is What's Past Prologue? EPA Blazes NewTrail for CERCLA," New York University Environmental Law Journal 14 (2006): 233-21.
147. For Puget Sound, see Dorsey, The Dawn of Conservation Diplomacy, 19-104;
148. Joseph E. Taylor III, "The Historical Roots of Canadian-American Salmon Wars," in Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies, ed. John M. Findlay and Ken Coates (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 155-80;
149. Carl Abbott, "That Long Western Border," in Parallel Destinies, 203-20;
150. and Matthew Sparke, "Not a State, But More than a State of Mind: Cascading Cascadias and the Geoeconomics of Cross-Border Regionalism," in Globalization, Regionalization and Cross-Border Regions, 212-38.
151. For Rio Grande, see Stephen P. Mumme, "The International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico, and the Municipal Development of El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua," Journal of the West 44 (Summer 2005): 38-43.
152. For Red River, see Frank McKenna, "Hell from High Water," New York Times, May 12 2005;
153. Gloria Galloway, "Critics Call Devils Lake Deal'a Joke'," Toronto Globe and Mail, August 8 2005;
154. "The Devil's in the Detail," Regina Leader Post, August 10, 2005, B7.
155. For acid rain, see John D. Wirth, Smelter Smoke in North America: The Politics of Transborder Pollution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000);
156. Paul L. Joskow et al., Markets for Clean Air: The U.S. Acid Rain Program (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 3-30.
157. For the Baltic, see Kristine Kern and Tina Löffelsend, "Sustainable Development in the Baltic Sea Region. Governance Beyond the State," Local Environment 9 (October 2004): 451-67.
158. For Hong Kong, see Yok-shiu F. Lee, "Tackling Cross-Border Environmental Problems in Hong Kong: Initial Responses and Institutional Constraints," The China Quarterly 172 (December 2002): 986-1009;
159. on cultural fissures, see also Inkyoung Kim, "Environmental Cooperation of Northeast Asia: Transboundary Air Pollution," International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7 (September 2007): 439-62.
160. David Cliché with Lucie Dumas, "Great Whale: From Conflict to Joint Planning of Québec's Energy Policy," in Environmental Management on North America's Borders, ed. Richard Kiy and John D. Wirth (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998), 108-21;
161. "Quebec and New York Sign Pact on Acid Rain," Civil Engineering ASCE 52 (September 1982), 6;
162. Allen Blackman and Geoffrey J. Bannister, "Cross-Border Environmental Management and the Informal Sector: Ciudad Juárez Brickmakers' Project," in Environmental Management on North America's Borders, ed. Richard Kiy and John D. Wirth (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998), 164-88;
163. Winston H. Hickox, Nancy H. Sutley, and Ricardo Martinez, Californial/ Baja California Industrial Wastewater Monitoring, Pretreatment and Minimization Program Needs Assessment (Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency, Border Affairs Unit, 2002).
164. For "joint concern," see Hickox et al., California/Baja California Industrial Wastewater Monitoring, 44.
165. California's imperial vision of a body of water completely within Mexico contrasts sharply with the consensual collaboration that Vermont effected with Quebec in exploring the shared ecological problems of managing the Lake Memphremagog watershed. Quebec/Vermont Working Group on Managing Lake Mempbremagog and Its Environment, "Final Report and Recommendations" (Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, 1993), 8-13.
166. Evenden, Fish Versus Power, 84-117;
167. Shepard and Argue, The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty, 120-24.
168. The United States later tried to make inroads elsewhere through similar contributions for hatcheries on northern B.C. salmon streams, regardless of whether the streams needed artificial enhancement. See Shepard and Argue, The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty, 168, 217.
169. For "concept," "plural," "claims," and "boundaries," see James J. Sheehan, "The Problem of Sovereignty in European History," American Historical Review 111 (February 2006): 2-3.
170. For "territorial," see Andrew Jonas and Aidan While, "Governance," in Cultural Geography, 78.
171. For decentering political geography and the continued importance of borders, see essays by Peter J. Taylor, Joanne P. Sharp, Anssi Paasi, and David Newman in A Companion to Political Geography, ed. John Agnew, Katharyne Mitchell, and Gerard Toal (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003),47-74, 109-37.
172. For "remapping," see Roger Hayter, "'The War in the Woods': Post-Fordist Restructuring, Globalization, and the Contested Remapping of British Columbia's Forest Economy," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (Fall 2003): 706-29;
173. for "reterritorialization," see Fall, Drawing the Line, 5-9.
174. Sinclair et al., "Historical and Future Change to the Serengeti Ecosystem."
175. Blackman and Bannister, "Crossborder Environmental Management and the Informal Sector," 176-77;
176. for similar dynamics in the Pyrenees, see Ismael Vaccaro, "Sovereignty, Collective Ingenuity and Moral Economies: The Confluence of Transnational Trends, States and Local Strategies in the Pyrenees," Environment and History 13 (February 2007): 25-46.
177. Donna R. Gabaccia, "Is Everywhere Nowhere? Nomads, Nations, and the Immigrant Paradigm of United States History," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 1115-34;
178. Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History";
179. Tyrell, "Making Nations/Making States."
180. For Oregon and Maine, see William G. Robbins, Landscapes of Promise: The Oregon Story, 1800-1940 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997);
181. William G. Robbins, Landscapes of Conflict: The Oregon Story, 1940-2000 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004);
182. Richard W. Judd, and Christopher S. Beach, Natural States: The Environmental Imagination in Maine, Oregon, and the Nation (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2003).
183. For forests, see Ellen Frances Stroud, "The Return of the Forest: Urbanization and Reforestation in the Northeastern United States" (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 2001), 161-63;
184. Lynne Heasley, A Thousand Pieces of Paradise: Landscape and Property in the Kickapoo Valley (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006).
185. For "scales," see White, "The Nationalization of Nature," 978.
186. Ian McAllister, Karen McAllister, and Cameron Young, The Great Bear Rainforest: Canada's Forgotten Coast (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1998).
187. Hayter, "'The War in the Woods'," 710-13;
188. Roger Hayter, "The Contested Restructuring qua Remapping of British Columbia's Forest Economy: Reflections on the 'Crossroads' and 'War in the Woods' Metaphors," Canadian Journal of Regional Science/Revue canadienne des sciences régionales 27 (Autumn 2004): 395-414.
189. For "override," see Tyrrell, "Beyond the View from Euro-America," 179.
190. Hayter, "'War in the Woods'," 719-20.
191. The notion of interpenetrating layers of space comes from Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991), 85-92;
192. but see also David John Frank et al., "The Rationalization and Organization of Nature in World Culture," in Constructing World Culture, 80-99.
193. For "metropolitan," see David Rossiter, "The Nature of Protest: Constructing the Spaces of British Columbia's Rainforests," Cultural Geographies 11 (April 2004): 141.
194. For "interweaving," see Karena Shaw, "The Global/Local Politics of the Great Bear Rainforest," Environmental Politics 13 (June 2004): 384.
195. Hayter, "'War in the Woods'," 722-23;
196. R. A. Clapp, "Wilderness Ethics and Political Ecology: Remapping the Great Bear Rainforest," Political Geography 23 (September 2004): 851, 857.
197. For "kingdoms" and "authoritarianism," see Hayter, "'War in the Woods'," 724-25.
198. For "colonialism," see Rossiter, "Nature of Protest," 151-58.
199. For "disruption" and "pluralist," see Clapp, "Wilderness Ethics and Political Ecology," 857, 858.
200. Bryce Traister prefigured Clapp's argument in a discussion of NAFTA, remarking "that the national experience and even cartography of the United States is an ongoing violation of peoples with alternative histories and stunted cultural trajectories. The idea of a stable and motionless United States is not only incommensurate with the history and literatures of North American migratory border crossings, but is in fact an interruption of such constant passages." "Risking Nationalism: NAFTA and the Limits of the New American Studies," Canadian Review of American Studies/Revue canadienne d'études américaines 27 (1997): 198.
201. The question here and in Clapp's treatment is who is being oppressed, for in both instances the rhetoric seems more concerned with the desires of relatively well-off consumers of nature than with the material and cultural concerns of aboriginal and blue collar workers, who hardly seem "culturally stunted." Everything ultimately hinges on the
202. Ai; Shaw, "The Global/Local Politics of the Great Bear Rainforest."
203. Rainforest Solutions Project, "Groundbreaking Great Bear Rainforest Agreement," January 21, 2007, http://www.savethegreatbear.org/ mediacentre/groundbreaking-great-bear-rainforest-agreement;
204. Gordon Hamilton, "Forest Companies and Environmentalists Reach Agreement," Vancouver Sun, 22 February 2008, http:// www.canada.com/components/ print.aspx?id=08555edb-cod9-4bab-b6dd-103bc77b3d64&k=48518.
205. Similar dynamics have attended events in western Africa. See Cyril I. Obi, "Global, State, and Local Intersections: Power, Authority, and Conflict in the Niger Delta Oil Communities," in Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power, ed. Thomas M. Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir, and Robert Latham (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 173-93.
206. Joseph E. Taylor III, "Misplaced Concreteness: Prospects and Problems with Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Fisheries," in Microbehavior and Macroresults: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (Corvallis, OR: IIFET, 2000).
207. Richard White has cautioned against an overly romantic notion of public engagement, and that engagement for engagement's sake is a fast way to fritter our voices. Historians will be most effective in public discourse by speaking from positions of expertise and by being able to critique the claims of other disciplines. Richard White, "A Commemoration and a Historical Mediation," Journal of American History 94 (March 2008): 1073-81;
208. see also William Cronon, "The Uses of Environmental History," Environmental History Review 17 (Autumn 1993): 1-22.
209. My arguments here flow both from the sum of my research on modern fisheries over the last two decades, but also from conversations with friends and colleagues at the School of Fisheries and the School of Marine Affairs at the University of Washington, the School of Resource and Environmental Management at Simon Fraser University, the Bill Lane Center for the Study of the North American West and the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University, and most of all from an extraordinarily rich and extended conversation with Richard White about nature, science, and people during the last sixteen years.
210. Felicity Barringer, "Collapse of Salmon Stocks Endangers Pacific Fishery," New York Times, March 13, 2008. Another example of how historical analysis challenged prevailing ideas about space was William Cronon's "The Trouble with Wilderness"; see also Mark Spence, "Logos and Oikos";
211. Steve Hinchliffe, "Nature/Culture," in Cultural Geography: A Critical Dictionary of Key Concepts, ed. David Atkinson et al., (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005), 194-99;
212. Richard White, "The Problem with Purity," in The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Vol. 21, ed. Grethe B. Peterson (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000), 213-28.