Peripheral visions: Californian-Australian environmental contacts, c. 1850s-1910

Journal of World History

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 275-302

  Tyrrell, Ian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTACTS; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY;

AUSTRALIA; USA, CALIFORNIA;

EID: 0031409166     PISSN: 10456007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2005.0072     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. David Thelen, "Of Audiences, Borderlands, and Comparisons: Toward the Internationalization of American History," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 436-44; Gerald E. Poyo and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, "Spanish Texas and Borderlands Historiography in Transition: Implications for United States History," Journal of American History 75 (September 1988): 393-416; Roger Bell, "Border Crossings," paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand American Studies Association Conference, University of Melbourne, July 1994.
2. David Thelen, "Of Audiences, Borderlands, and Comparisons: Toward the Internationalization of American History," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 436-44; Gerald E. Poyo and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, "Spanish Texas and Borderlands Historiography in Transition: Implications for United States History," Journal of American History 75 (September 1988): 393-416; Roger Bell, "Border Crossings," paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand American Studies Association Conference, University of Melbourne, July 1994.
3. David Thelen, "Of Audiences, Borderlands, and Comparisons: Toward the Internationalization of American History," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 436-44; Gerald E. Poyo and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, "Spanish Texas and Borderlands Historiography in Transition: Implications for United States History," Journal of American History 75 (September 1988): 393-416; Roger Bell, "Border Crossings," paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand American Studies Association Conference, University of Melbourne, July 1994.
4. Among Australian studies, see Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1958); Fred Alexander, The Moving Frontier: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); Robin Gollan, "American Populism and Australian Utopianism," Labor History 9 (1965): 15-21. Good recent work includes John McQuilton, "Comparative Frontiers: Australia and the United States," Australasian Journal of American Studies 12 (July 1993): 26-46; and Gary Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia," Australasian Journal of American Studies 14 (July 1995): 15-41.
5. Among Australian studies, see Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1958); Fred Alexander, The Moving Frontier: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); Robin Gollan, "American Populism and Australian Utopianism," Labor History 9 (1965): 15-21. Good recent work includes John McQuilton, "Comparative Frontiers: Australia and the United States," Australasian Journal of American Studies 12 (July 1993): 26-46; and Gary Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia," Australasian Journal of American Studies 14 (July 1995): 15-41.
6. Among Australian studies, see Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1958); Fred Alexander, The Moving Frontier: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); Robin Gollan, "American Populism and Australian Utopianism," Labor History 9 (1965): 15-21. Good recent work includes John McQuilton, "Comparative Frontiers: Australia and the United States," Australasian Journal of American Studies 12 (July 1993): 26-46; and Gary Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia," Australasian Journal of American Studies 14 (July 1995): 15-41.
7. Among Australian studies, see Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1958); Fred Alexander, The Moving Frontier: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); Robin Gollan, "American Populism and Australian Utopianism," Labor History 9 (1965): 15-21. Good recent work includes John McQuilton, "Comparative Frontiers: Australia and the United States," Australasian Journal of American Studies 12 (July 1993): 26-46; and Gary Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia," Australasian Journal of American Studies 14 (July 1995): 15-41.
8. Among Australian studies, see Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1958); Fred Alexander, The Moving Frontier: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); Robin Gollan, "American Populism and Australian Utopianism," Labor History 9 (1965): 15-21. Good recent work includes John McQuilton, "Comparative Frontiers: Australia and the United States," Australasian Journal of American Studies 12 (July 1993): 26-46; and Gary Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism: Rethinking the Hartz Thesis in the Settler Societies of Nineteenth-Century United States and Australia," Australasian Journal of American Studies 14 (July 1995): 15-41.
9. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1048-49; cf. John Higham, "The Future of American History," Journal of American History 80 (1994): 1304.
10. Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1048-49; cf. John Higham, "The Future of American History," Journal of American History 80 (1994): 1304.
11. I. Wallerstein, The Modern World System, 3 vols. (New York: Academic Press, 1974-89), does not sufficiently explain cultural attitudes toward the environment to provide a complete analytical framework.
12. For a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the staple theory, see W. A. Sinclair, The Process of Economic Development in Australia (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1976), chap. 1; Donald Denoon, "Understanding Settler Societies," Historical Studies 73 (October 1979): 511-27; J. W. McCarty, "Australia as a Region of Recent Settlement in the Nineteenth Century," Australian Economic History Review 13 (September 1973): 148-67.
13. For a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the staple theory, see W. A. Sinclair, The Process of Economic Development in Australia (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1976), chap. 1; Donald Denoon, "Understanding Settler Societies," Historical Studies 73 (October 1979): 511-27; J. W. McCarty, "Australia as a Region of Recent Settlement in the Nineteenth Century," Australian Economic History Review 13 (September 1973): 148-67.
14. For a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the staple theory, see W. A. Sinclair, The Process of Economic Development in Australia (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1976), chap. 1; Donald Denoon, "Understanding Settler Societies," Historical Studies 73 (October 1979): 511-27; J. W. McCarty, "Australia as a Region of Recent Settlement in the Nineteenth Century," Australian Economic History Review 13 (September 1973): 148-67.
15. "Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Fruit-Growers' Convention," in Second Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California for 1905-1906 (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1907), pp. 494-98; "President Cooper's Address," in Official Report of the Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1903), p. 16. For analysis of attitudes toward the Southern Pacific Railroad, see William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); and R. Hal Williams, The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880-1896 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 92.
16. "Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Fruit-Growers' Convention," in Second Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California for 1905-1906 (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1907), pp. 494-98; "President Cooper's Address," in Official Report of the Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1903), p. 16. For analysis of attitudes toward the Southern Pacific Railroad, see William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); and R. Hal Williams, The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880-1896 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 92.
17. "Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Fruit-Growers' Convention," in Second Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California for 1905-1906 (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1907), pp. 494-98; "President Cooper's Address," in Official Report of the Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1903), p. 16. For analysis of attitudes toward the Southern Pacific Railroad, see William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); and R. Hal Williams, The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880-1896 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 92.
18. "Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Fruit-Growers' Convention," in Second Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California for 1905-1906 (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1907), pp. 494-98; "President Cooper's Address," in Official Report of the Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1903), p. 16. For analysis of attitudes toward the Southern Pacific Railroad, see William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); and R. Hal Williams, The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880-1896 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 92.
19. Stephen Dovers, ed., Australian Environmental History: Essays and Cases (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 10; Donald Meinig, ed., The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
20. Stephen Dovers, ed., Australian Environmental History: Essays and Cases (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 10; Donald Meinig, ed., The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
21. Cf. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Verso Press, 1990), pp. 82-83.
22. Cf. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Verso Press, 1990), pp. 82-83.
23. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
24. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
25. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
26. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
27. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
28. Ian McLean, "No Flash in the Pan: Resource Abundance and Economic Growth in California, 1848-1910," paper presented at the Department of Economics seminar, University of New South Wales, 1992; Jay Monaghan, Australians and the Gold Rush: California and Down Under, 1849-1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); David Goodman, "Gold Fields/Golden Fields: The Language of Agrarianism and the Victorian Gold Rush," Australian Historical Studies 23 (April 1988): 19-41 (analysis of the disturbing environmental consequences of gold for popular thought). See also David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994); Geoffrey Serie, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria, 1851-1861 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1963); Geoffrey Blainey, The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining, rev. ed. (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993).
29. Andrew Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying California and Australia, 1850-1901 (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1979). For a broader comparative survey, see Charles Price, The Great White Walls Are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1974), pp. 268-69. The obvious American source is Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).
30. Andrew Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying California and Australia, 1850-1901 (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1979). For a broader comparative survey, see Charles Price, The Great White Walls Are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1974), pp. 268-69. The obvious American source is Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).
31. Andrew Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying California and Australia, 1850-1901 (Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, 1979). For a broader comparative survey, see Charles Price, The Great White Walls Are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1974), pp. 268-69. The obvious American source is Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).
32. The effects of gold mining in California have been well documented. See, for example, Robert Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California's Sacramento Valley (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1959), especially pp. 229-42; for Australia, the sources are more fragmentary. See T. A. Rickard, "The Bendigo Gold-Field," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 20 (June-October 1891): 472; Joseph M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1976), pp. 37-41; and Neil Barr and John Gary, Greeninga Brown Land: The Australian Search for Sustainable Land Use (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 54-55.
33. The effects of gold mining in California have been well documented. See, for example, Robert Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California's Sacramento Valley (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1959), especially pp. 229-42; for Australia, the sources are more fragmentary. See T. A. Rickard, "The Bendigo Gold-Field," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 20 (June-October 1891): 472; Joseph M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1976), pp. 37-41; and Neil Barr and John Gary, Greeninga Brown Land: The Australian Search for Sustainable Land Use (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 54-55.
34. The effects of gold mining in California have been well documented. See, for example, Robert Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California's Sacramento Valley (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1959), especially pp. 229-42; for Australia, the sources are more fragmentary. See T. A. Rickard, "The Bendigo Gold-Field," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 20 (June-October 1891): 472; Joseph M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1976), pp. 37-41; and Neil Barr and John Gary, Greeninga Brown Land: The Australian Search for Sustainable Land Use (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 54-55.
35. The effects of gold mining in California have been well documented. See, for example, Robert Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California's Sacramento Valley (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1959), especially pp. 229-42; for Australia, the sources are more fragmentary. See T. A. Rickard, "The Bendigo Gold-Field," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 20 (June-October 1891): 472; Joseph M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1976), pp. 37-41; and Neil Barr and John Gary, Greeninga Brown Land: The Australian Search for Sustainable Land Use (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 54-55.
36. For an analytical framework that anticipates my own in some ways, see Morris W. Wills, "Sequential Frontiers: The Californian and Australian Experience," Western Historical Quarterly 9 (October 1978): 483-94. See also Morton Rothstein, "West Coast Farmers and the Tyranny of Distance: Agriculture on the Fringes of the World Market," Agricultural History (January 1975): 272-80.
37. For an analytical framework that anticipates my own in some ways, see Morris W. Wills, "Sequential Frontiers: The Californian and Australian Experience," Western Historical Quarterly 9 (October 1978): 483-94. See also Morton Rothstein, "West Coast Farmers and the Tyranny of Distance: Agriculture on the Fringes of the World Market," Agricultural History (January 1975): 272-80.
38. See, for example, "Annual Address of T. Starr King," in Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society, During the Year 1863 (Sacramento: O. M. Clayes, 1864), pp. 64-70.
39. See Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field (1939; reprint, Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1971). The reasons for this monopoly situation are usually given as manipulation of complex land law by the rich and powerful, though Donald Pisani points to the importance of aridity in making smaller scale settlement unattainable. For a review, see Donald Pisani, "Land Monopoly in Nineteenth-Century California," Agricultural History 65 (fall 1991): 15-37.
40. See Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field (1939; reprint, Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1971). The reasons for this monopoly situation are usually given as manipulation of complex land law by the rich and powerful, though Donald Pisani points to the importance of aridity in making smaller scale settlement unattainable. For a review, see Donald Pisani, "Land Monopoly in Nineteenth-Century California," Agricultural History 65 (fall 1991): 15-37.
41. Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society during the Year 1879 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1880), pp. 451-66; Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society during the Year 1881 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1882), pp. 38-39.
42. Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society during the Year 1879 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1880), pp. 451-66; Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society during the Year 1881 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1882), pp. 38-39.
43. Paul Rhode, "Learning, Capital Accumulation, and the Transformation of California Agriculture," Journal of Economic History 55 (December 1995): 774-82.
44. See the special issue, "Citroculture and Southern California: New Historical Perspectives," California History 74 (spring 1995). Australian observations on these trends include those in John Hammond Moore, ed., Australians in America, 1876-1976 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1977), pp. 26-27; and John West, "Dried Fruits," in Department of Agriculture, Victoria, Course of Lectures Delivered by Officers of the Department of Agriculture, during the Year 1891, in the Working Men's College, Melbourne (Melbourne: Robert S. Brain, Government Printer, n.d. [1891]), pp. 51-56.
45. See the special issue, "Citroculture and Southern California: New Historical Perspectives," California History 74 (spring 1995). Australian observations on these trends include those in John Hammond Moore, ed., Australians in America, 1876-1976 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1977), pp. 26-27; and John West, "Dried Fruits," in Department of Agriculture, Victoria, Course of Lectures Delivered by Officers of the Department of Agriculture, during the Year 1891, in the Working Men's College, Melbourne (Melbourne: Robert S. Brain, Government Printer, n.d. [1891]), pp. 51-56.
46. See the special issue, "Citroculture and Southern California: New Historical Perspectives," California History 74 (spring 1995). Australian observations on these trends include those in John Hammond Moore, ed., Australians in America, 1876-1976 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1977), pp. 26-27; and John West, "Dried Fruits," in Department of Agriculture, Victoria, Course of Lectures Delivered by Officers of the Department of Agriculture, during the Year 1891, in the Working Men's College, Melbourne (Melbourne: Robert S. Brain, Government Printer, n.d. [1891]), pp. 51-56.
47. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Special Report on the Present Condition of the Sheep Industry of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892), pp. 970, 974; Thomas Senior Berry, Early California: Gold, Prices, Trade (Richmond: Bostwick Press, 1984), pp. 218-20.
48. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Special Report on the Present Condition of the Sheep Industry of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892), pp. 970, 974; Thomas Senior Berry, Early California: Gold, Prices, Trade (Richmond: Bostwick Press, 1984), pp. 218-20.
49. McWilliams, Factories in the Field; "Citroculture and Southern California: New Historical Perspectives."
50. Henry George, Our Land and Land Policy (1871), in The Writings of Henry George, vol. 9 (New York: Doubleday and McClure, 1901), pp. 36-74. George's Californien environmentalism is almost entirely neglected in historical literature, but see Charles Barker, "Henry George and the California Background of Progress and Poverty," California Historical Quarterly 24 (1945): 97-115; also George, Social Problems, in The Complete Works of Henry George, 10 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.: Fels Fund Library Edition, 1906-1911), vol. 2, pp. 238-39, quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Edward Bellamy, Henry George, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 193. Thomas has seen the significance of George astutely (pp. 114, 123).
51. Henry George, Our Land and Land Policy (1871), in The Writings of Henry George, vol. 9 (New York: Doubleday and McClure, 1901), pp. 36-74. George's Californien environmentalism is almost entirely neglected in historical literature, but see Charles Barker, "Henry George and the California Background of Progress and Poverty," California Historical Quarterly 24 (1945): 97-115; also George, Social Problems, in The Complete Works of Henry George, 10 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.: Fels Fund Library Edition, 1906-1911), vol. 2, pp. 238-39, quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Edward Bellamy, Henry George, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 193. Thomas has seen the significance of George astutely (pp. 114, 123).
52. Henry George, Our Land and Land Policy (1871), in The Writings of Henry George, vol. 9 (New York: Doubleday and McClure, 1901), pp. 36-74. George's Californien environmentalism is almost entirely neglected in historical literature, but see Charles Barker, "Henry George and the California Background of Progress and Poverty," California Historical Quarterly 24 (1945): 97-115; also George, Social Problems, in The Complete Works of Henry George, 10 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.: Fels Fund Library Edition, 1906-1911), vol. 2, pp. 238-39, quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Edward Bellamy, Henry George, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 193. Thomas has seen the significance of George astutely (pp. 114, 123).
53. Henry George, Our Land and Land Policy (1871), in The Writings of Henry George, vol. 9 (New York: Doubleday and McClure, 1901), pp. 36-74. George's Californien environmentalism is almost entirely neglected in historical literature, but see Charles Barker, "Henry George and the California Background of Progress and Poverty," California Historical Quarterly 24 (1945): 97-115; also George, Social Problems, in The Complete Works of Henry George, 10 vols. (Garden City, N.Y.: Fels Fund Library Edition, 1906-1911), vol. 2, pp. 238-39, quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Edward Bellamy, Henry George, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 193. Thomas has seen the significance of George astutely (pp. 114, 123).
54. For Australian land law and the impact of Henry George, see Beverley Kingston, 1860-1900: Glad Confident Morning, in The Oxford History of Australia, vol. 3., ed. Geoffrey Bolton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 258-70; J. L. Dow, The Australian in America: Being the Letters of J. L. Dow, M.P., the Special Correspondent of the 'Leader' (Melbourne: 'Leader' Office, 1884), p. 38; Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax: or, the Land Question and How to Deal with it (Melbourne: Dunn and Collins, 1877), pp. 10, 12; Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), pp. 119-21; Bruce Scates, "Millennium or Pandemonium?: Radicalism in the Labour Movement, Sydney, 1889-1899," Labour History 50 (May 1986): 74, 80.
55. For Australian land law and the impact of Henry George, see Beverley Kingston, 1860-1900: Glad Confident Morning, in The Oxford History of Australia, vol. 3., ed. Geoffrey Bolton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 258-70; J. L. Dow, The Australian in America: Being the Letters of J. L. Dow, M.P., the Special Correspondent of the 'Leader' (Melbourne: 'Leader' Office, 1884), p. 38; Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax: or, the Land Question and How to Deal with it (Melbourne: Dunn and Collins, 1877), pp. 10, 12; Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), pp. 119-21; Bruce Scates, "Millennium or Pandemonium?: Radicalism in the Labour Movement, Sydney, 1889-1899," Labour History 50 (May 1986): 74, 80.
56. For Australian land law and the impact of Henry George, see Beverley Kingston, 1860-1900: Glad Confident Morning, in The Oxford History of Australia, vol. 3., ed. Geoffrey Bolton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 258-70; J. L. Dow, The Australian in America: Being the Letters of J. L. Dow, M.P., the Special Correspondent of the 'Leader' (Melbourne: 'Leader' Office, 1884), p. 38; Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax: or, the Land Question and How to Deal with it (Melbourne: Dunn and Collins, 1877), pp. 10, 12; Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), pp. 119-21; Bruce Scates, "Millennium or Pandemonium?: Radicalism in the Labour Movement, Sydney, 1889-1899," Labour History 50 (May 1986): 74, 80.
57. For Australian land law and the impact of Henry George, see Beverley Kingston, 1860-1900: Glad Confident Morning, in The Oxford History of Australia, vol. 3., ed. Geoffrey Bolton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 258-70; J. L. Dow, The Australian in America: Being the Letters of J. L. Dow, M.P., the Special Correspondent of the 'Leader' (Melbourne: 'Leader' Office, 1884), p. 38; Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax: or, the Land Question and How to Deal with it (Melbourne: Dunn and Collins, 1877), pp. 10, 12; Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), pp. 119-21; Bruce Scates, "Millennium or Pandemonium?: Radicalism in the Labour Movement, Sydney, 1889-1899," Labour History 50 (May 1986): 74, 80.
58. For Australian land law and the impact of Henry George, see Beverley Kingston, 1860-1900: Glad Confident Morning, in The Oxford History of Australia, vol. 3., ed. Geoffrey Bolton (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 258-70; J. L. Dow, The Australian in America: Being the Letters of J. L. Dow, M.P., the Special Correspondent of the 'Leader' (Melbourne: 'Leader' Office, 1884), p. 38; Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax: or, the Land Question and How to Deal with it (Melbourne: Dunn and Collins, 1877), pp. 10, 12; Robin Gollan, Radical and Working Class Politics: A Study of Eastern Australia, 1850-1910 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960), pp. 119-21; Bruce Scates, "Millennium or Pandemonium?: Radicalism in the Labour Movement, Sydney, 1889-1899," Labour History 50 (May 1986): 74, 80.
59. In California, see especially Ezra Carr, The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft, 1875), pp. 103, 299, 426, 430, 444; Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, 1889 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 306, 310.
60. In California, see especially Ezra Carr, The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft, 1875), pp. 103, 299, 426, 430, 444; Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, 1889 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 306, 310.
61. Carr, Patrons of Husbandry, pp. 84, 103.
62. For example, see Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax, pp. 10, 12; for the specific attack on wheat, see, for example, Henry S. Gullett, Irrigation and Intense Culture in Other Countries: A Series of Articles dealing with Agriculture in Italy and America . . . (Melbourne: J. Kemp, Government Printer, n.d. [1910]), p. 13.
63. For example, see Dow, Our Land Acts and a Land Tax, pp. 10, 12; for the specific attack on wheat, see, for example, Henry S. Gullett, Irrigation and Intense Culture in Other Countries: A Series of Articles dealing with Agriculture in Italy and America . . . (Melbourne: J. Kemp, Government Printer, n.d. [1910]), p. 13.
64. J. A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in Colifornia and Australia (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1928), p. 94; Emma H. Jolliffe, "Ontario," Rural Californian, November 1884, p. 214; Melbourne Argus, 15 April 1885; Frederick D. Kershner, Jr., "George Chaffey and the Irrigation Frontier," Agricultural History 27 (October 1953): 115-22; Peter Westcott, "Chaffey, George, and Chaffey, William Benjamin," Australian Dictionary of Biography, 14 vols. to date (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966-), vol. 7 (1891-1939), p. 600.
65. J. A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in Colifornia and Australia (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1928), p. 94; Emma H. Jolliffe, "Ontario," Rural Californian, November 1884, p. 214; Melbourne Argus, 15 April 1885; Frederick D. Kershner, Jr., "George Chaffey and the Irrigation Frontier," Agricultural History 27 (October 1953): 115-22; Peter Westcott, "Chaffey, George, and Chaffey, William Benjamin," Australian Dictionary of Biography, 14 vols. to date (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966-), vol. 7 (1891-1939), p. 600.
66. J. A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in Colifornia and Australia (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1928), p. 94; Emma H. Jolliffe, "Ontario," Rural Californian, November 1884, p. 214; Melbourne Argus, 15 April 1885; Frederick D. Kershner, Jr., "George Chaffey and the Irrigation Frontier," Agricultural History 27 (October 1953): 115-22; Peter Westcott, "Chaffey, George, and Chaffey, William Benjamin," Australian Dictionary of Biography, 14 vols. to date (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966-), vol. 7 (1891-1939), p. 600.
67. J. A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in Colifornia and Australia (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1928), p. 94; Emma H. Jolliffe, "Ontario," Rural Californian, November 1884, p. 214; Melbourne Argus, 15 April 1885; Frederick D. Kershner, Jr., "George Chaffey and the Irrigation Frontier," Agricultural History 27 (October 1953): 115-22; Peter Westcott, "Chaffey, George, and Chaffey, William Benjamin," Australian Dictionary of Biography, 14 vols. to date (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966-), vol. 7 (1891-1939), p. 600.
68. J. A. Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey: A Story of Irrigation Beginnings in Colifornia and Australia (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1928), p. 94; Emma H. Jolliffe, "Ontario," Rural Californian, November 1884, p. 214; Melbourne Argus, 15 April 1885; Frederick D. Kershner, Jr., "George Chaffey and the Irrigation Frontier," Agricultural History 27 (October 1953): 115-22; Peter Westcott, "Chaffey, George, and Chaffey, William Benjamin," Australian Dictionary of Biography, 14 vols. to date (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966-), vol. 7 (1891-1939), p. 600.
69. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
70. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
71. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
72. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
73. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
74. J. M. Powell, "Elwood Mead and California's State Colonies: An Episode in Australasian-American Contacts," Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society 67 (March 1982): 328. Irrigation exchanges can be followed in several works: Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Morris W. Wills, "The California-Victoria Irrigation Frontiers, 1880-1900," in The Frontier: Comparative Studies, edited by William W. Savage, Jr., and Stephen I. Thompson, 2 vols. (Norman: University of Okalahoma Press, 1979), 2:235-50; J. M. Powell, Watering the Garden State: Water, Land and Community in Victoria, 1834-1988 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989), pp. 144-45; J. Rutherford, "Interplay of American and Australian Ideas for Development of Water Projects in Northern Victoria," in The Making of Rural Australia: Environment, Society and Economy: Geographical Readings, edited by J. M. Powell (Melbourne: Sorrett Publishing, 1974), pp. 126-28; James L. Kluger, Turning on Water with a Shovel: The Career of Elwood Mead (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).
75. "Plan for the Creation of Organized Rural Communities in the South" [c. 1926] and "The Rural Credit Scheme Needed to Develop the West," pp. 4-5, both in file 13, box 2, Elwood Mead Papers, Water Resources Library, University of California, Berkeley (here-after cited as Mead Papers).
76. Enclosure of Mead press release in Ralph W. Crossman (Christian Science Monitor editorial department) to Mead, 2 February 1918, box 1, Mead Papers.
77. Luther Burbank, How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man, 8 vols. (New York: P. F. Collier and Son, 1914), 8:144. More than sixty species of acacias were planted on the state university grounds alone in 1873. Jeanne Carr, in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), p. 123.
78. Luther Burbank, How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man, 8 vols. (New York: P. F. Collier and Son, 1914), 8:144. More than sixty species of acacias were planted on the state university grounds alone in 1873. Jeanne Carr, in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), p. 123.
79. Third Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1889-90 . . . (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 36-38.
80. Third Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1889-90, p. 39; Fourth Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1891-92 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1892), pp. 46, 47; M. B. Pratt, Shade and Ornamental Trees of California (Sacramento: California State Board of Forestry, 1922), p. 46.
81. Third Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1889-90, p. 39; Fourth Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1891-92 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1892), pp. 46, 47; M. B. Pratt, Shade and Ornamental Trees of California (Sacramento: California State Board of Forestry, 1922), p. 46.
82. Third Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1889-90, p. 39; Fourth Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1891-92 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1892), pp. 46, 47; M. B. Pratt, Shade and Ornamental Trees of California (Sacramento: California State Board of Forestry, 1922), p. 46.
83. On the wood shortage, see Donald J. Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," Journal of American History 72 (September 1985): 340-59.
84. Starr, Material Dreams, p. 184; Viola Lockhart Warren, "The Eucalyptus Crusade," Southern California Quarterly 44 (March 1962): 31.
85. Starr, Material Dreams, p. 184; Viola Lockhart Warren, "The Eucalyptus Crusade," Southern California Quarterly 44 (March 1962): 31.
86. Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, p. 149.
87. Abbot Kinney, Eucalyptus (Los Angeles: B. R. Baumgardt, 1895), pp. 65-66.
88. Ellwood Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees (San Francisco: Cubery, 1876); Ferdinand von Mueller to F. A. Miller, 25 July 1870, in California Horticulturalist and Floral Magazine, December 1870, p. 49; Eugene W. Hilgard to Mueller, 20 April 1895 and 3 December 1895, vol. 20, Eugene W. Hilgard Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; E. W. Hilgard, H. H. Behr, and W. G. Klee, "Report to the State Horticultural Society on Baron von Mueller's 'Select Extra-Tropical Plants'," in E. W. Hilgard, T. C. Jones, and R. W. Furnas, Report on the Climatic and Agricultural Features and the Agricultural Practices and Needs of the Arid Regions of the Pacific Slope . . . (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), pp. 141-52, especially p. 151.
89. Ellwood Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees (San Francisco: Cubery, 1876); Ferdinand von Mueller to F. A. Miller, 25 July 1870, in California Horticulturalist and Floral Magazine, December 1870, p. 49; Eugene W. Hilgard to Mueller, 20 April 1895 and 3 December 1895, vol. 20, Eugene W. Hilgard Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; E. W. Hilgard, H. H. Behr, and W. G. Klee, "Report to the State Horticultural Society on Baron von Mueller's 'Select Extra-Tropical Plants'," in E. W. Hilgard, T. C. Jones, and R. W. Furnas, Report on the Climatic and Agricultural Features and the Agricultural Practices and Needs of the Arid Regions of the Pacific Slope . . . (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), pp. 141-52, especially p. 151.
90. Ellwood Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees (San Francisco: Cubery, 1876); Ferdinand von Mueller to F. A. Miller, 25 July 1870, in California Horticulturalist and Floral Magazine, December 1870, p. 49; Eugene W. Hilgard to Mueller, 20 April 1895 and 3 December 1895, vol. 20, Eugene W. Hilgard Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; E. W. Hilgard, H. H. Behr, and W. G. Klee, "Report to the State Horticultural Society on Baron von Mueller's 'Select Extra-Tropical Plants'," in E. W. Hilgard, T. C. Jones, and R. W. Furnas, Report on the Climatic and Agricultural Features and the Agricultural Practices and Needs of the Arid Regions of the Pacific Slope . . . (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), pp. 141-52, especially p. 151.
91. John Ednie Brown, Practical Treatise on Tree Culture (Adelaide: E. Spiller, Government Printer, 1881), p. 94; Richard Refshauge, "Brown, John Ednie," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 3 (1851-1900), p. 261; A. D. Lindsay, Report on Monterey Pine (Pinus Rodiata D. Don) in Its Native Habitat, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Bulletin, no. 10 (Canberra: Government Printer, n.d. [1937]); E. H. F. Swain, An Australian Study of American Forestry (Brisbane: Anthony J. Cummings, 1918).
92. John Ednie Brown, Practical Treatise on Tree Culture (Adelaide: E. Spiller, Government Printer, 1881), p. 94; Richard Refshauge, "Brown, John Ednie," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 3 (1851-1900), p. 261; A. D. Lindsay, Report on Monterey Pine (Pinus Rodiata D. Don) in Its Native Habitat, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Bulletin, no. 10 (Canberra: Government Printer, n.d. [1937]); E. H. F. Swain, An Australian Study of American Forestry (Brisbane: Anthony J. Cummings, 1918).
93. John Ednie Brown, Practical Treatise on Tree Culture (Adelaide: E. Spiller, Government Printer, 1881), p. 94; Richard Refshauge, "Brown, John Ednie," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 3 (1851-1900), p. 261; A. D. Lindsay, Report on Monterey Pine (Pinus Rodiata D. Don) in Its Native Habitat, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Bulletin, no. 10 (Canberra: Government Printer, n.d. [1937]); E. H. F. Swain, An Australian Study of American Forestry (Brisbane: Anthony J. Cummings, 1918).
94. John Ednie Brown, Practical Treatise on Tree Culture (Adelaide: E. Spiller, Government Printer, 1881), p. 94; Richard Refshauge, "Brown, John Ednie," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 3 (1851-1900), p. 261; A. D. Lindsay, Report on Monterey Pine (Pinus Rodiata D. Don) in Its Native Habitat, Commonwealth Forestry Bureau Bulletin, no. 10 (Canberra: Government Printer, n.d. [1937]); E. H. F. Swain, An Australian Study of American Forestry (Brisbane: Anthony J. Cummings, 1918).
95. On the New Zealand experience, see Winsome Shepherd and Walter Cook, The Botanic Garden Wellington: A New Zealand History, 1840-1987 (Wellington, N.Z.: Millwood Press, 1988), pp. 95-135, especially p. 117; and Andrew Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand by People, Plants and Animals: The South Island (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), p. 376.
96. On the New Zealand experience, see Winsome Shepherd and Walter Cook, The Botanic Garden Wellington: A New Zealand History, 1840-1987 (Wellington, N.Z.: Millwood Press, 1988), pp. 95-135, especially p. 117; and Andrew Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand by People, Plants and Animals: The South Island (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), p. 376.
97. Richard L. Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 4 (October 1958): 119-23. This account misses many important details, however. See also E. O. Essig, A History of
98. Richard L. Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 4 (October 1958): 119-23. This account misses many important details, however. See also E. O. Essig, A History of Entomology (1931; reprint, New York: Hafner, 1965), pp. 119, 593; Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1892 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1892), p. 454.
99. Richard L. Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 4 (October 1958): 119-23. This account misses many important details, however. See also E. O. Essig, A History of Entomology (1931; reprint, New York: Hafner, 1965), pp. 119, 593; Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1892 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1892), p. 454.
100. Official Report of the Twenty-Sixth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California . . . 1991 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1902), pp. 78-80, 83-84; Garden and Forest, 28 May 1890, p. 26; Sarah Cooper, "Floral Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1889 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 425-26.
101. Official Report of the Twenty-Sixth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California . . . 1991 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1902), pp. 78-80, 83-84; Garden and Forest, 28 May 1890, p. 26; Sarah Cooper, "Floral Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1889 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 425-26.
102. Official Report of the Twenty-Sixth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California . . . 1991 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnston, 1902), pp. 78-80, 83-84; Garden and Forest, 28 May 1890, p. 26; Sarah Cooper, "Floral Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1889 (Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1890), pp. 425-26.
103. Worster, Rivers of Empire, pp. 100-101.
104. M. Catherine Miller, Flooding the Courtrooms: Law and Water in the Far West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 13.
105. William Ellsworth Smythe, The Conquest of Arid America, rev. ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969; originally published 1905), pp. 100-102, 104. Fruit growers at the state conventions often criticized large landholdings and argued that only the smaller proprietor could truly respect and care for his or her land. See, for example, the remarks of Dr. O. Congar, Biennial Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1885 and 1886, and Appendix for 1887 (Sacramento: P. L. Shoaff, 1887), pp. 50-51.
106. William Ellsworth Smythe, The Conquest of Arid America, rev. ed. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969; originally published 1905), pp. 100-102, 104. Fruit growers at the state conventions often criticized large landholdings and argued that only the smaller proprietor could truly respect and care for his or her land. See, for example, the remarks of Dr. O. Congar, Biennial Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1885 and 1886, and Appendix for 1887 (Sacramento: P. L. Shoaff, 1887), pp. 50-51.
107. Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1891 (Sacramento: A. J. Johnson, 1892), p. 292.
108. Abbot Kinney, "Forest Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, p. 141; "Abbot Kinney," in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, edited by Rossiter Johnson, 6 vols. (Boston: Biographical Society, 1904), 6:n.p. For Australian parallels in the promotion of irrigation and horticulture, see examples in Powell, Watering the Garden State; and Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey.
109. Abbot Kinney, "Forest Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, p. 141; "Abbot Kinney," in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, edited by Rossiter Johnson, 6 vols. (Boston: Biographical Society, 1904), 6:n.p. For Australian parallels in the promotion of irrigation and horticulture, see examples in Powell, Watering the Garden State; and Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey.
110. Abbot Kinney, "Forest Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, p. 141; "Abbot Kinney," in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, edited by Rossiter Johnson, 6 vols. (Boston: Biographical Society, 1904), 6:n.p. For Australian parallels in the promotion of irrigation and horticulture, see examples in Powell, Watering the Garden State; and Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey.
111. Abbot Kinney, "Forest Culture," in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, p. 141; "Abbot Kinney," in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, edited by Rossiter Johnson, 6 vols. (Boston: Biographical Society, 1904), 6:n.p. For Australian parallels in the promotion of irrigation and horticulture, see examples in Powell, Watering the Garden State; and Alexander, The Life of George Chaffey.
112. For the story of environmental change in the islands, though not the rim, see J. R. McNeill, "Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific," Journal of World History 5 (fall 1994): 299-349. See also Ben Finney, "The Other One-Third of the Globe," Journal of World History 5 (fall 1994): 273-97.
113. For the story of environmental change in the islands, though not the rim, see J. R. McNeill, "Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific," Journal of World History 5 (fall 1994): 299-349. See also Ben Finney, "The Other One-Third of the Globe," Journal of World History 5 (fall 1994): 273-97.
114. Henry Demarest Lloyd, Newest England (New York: Doubleday, 1900). In a similar fashion, C. Hartley Grattan, The Southwest Pacific since 1900: A Modern History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963), p. 241, called New Zealand Britain's "outlying farm."
115. Henry Demarest Lloyd, Newest England (New York: Doubleday, 1900). In a similar fashion, C. Hartley Grattan, The Southwest Pacific since 1900: A Modern History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963), p. 241, called New Zealand Britain's "outlying farm."
116. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), especially pp. 50-52. This imperial domination is a theme of William Lines, Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), especially chap. 7; see also Starr, Material Dreams, p. 69; Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire.
117. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), especially pp. 50-52. This imperial domination is a theme of William Lines, Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), especially chap. 7; see also Starr, Material Dreams, p. 69; Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire.
118. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), especially pp. 50-52. This imperial domination is a theme of William Lines, Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), especially chap. 7; see also Starr, Material Dreams, p. 69; Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire.
119. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), especially pp. 50-52. This imperial domination is a theme of William Lines, Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), especially chap. 7; see also Starr, Material Dreams, p. 69; Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire.
120. Richard White, Inventing Australia: Images and Identity, 1688-1980 (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), especially pp. 50-52. This imperial domination is a theme of William Lines, Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991), especially chap. 7; see also Starr, Material Dreams, p. 69; Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire.
121. Smythe, Conquest of Arid America, p. 149.
122. Smythe, Conquest of Arid America; Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Disorientation and Reorientation: American Landscape Discovered from the West," Journal of American History 79 (December 1992): 1048. Nelson speaks of "the encounter with landscape" that "was also a complex and often conflict-ridden encounter with other groups of people." See also Powell, Watering the Garden State, pp. 109-111.
123. Smythe, Conquest of Arid America; Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Disorientation and Reorientation: American Landscape Discovered from the West," Journal of American History 79 (December 1992): 1048. Nelson speaks of "the encounter with landscape" that "was also a complex and often conflict-ridden encounter with other groups of people." See also Powell, Watering the Garden State, pp. 109-111.
124. Smythe, Conquest of Arid America; Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Disorientation and Reorientation: American Landscape Discovered from the West," Journal of American History 79 (December 1992): 1048. Nelson speaks of "the encounter with landscape" that "was also a complex and often conflict-ridden encounter with other groups of people." See also Powell, Watering the Garden State, pp. 109-111.
125. There have been many discussions of these differences; see especially Cross, "Comparative Exceptionalism," passim. On the role of the state in Australian economic and environmental development, see especially Alan Gilbert, "The State and Nature in Australia," Australian Cultural History 1 (1982): 9-28.
126. [Alfred Deakin], Royal Commission on Water Supply, First Progress Report, Irrigation in Western America (Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1885), p. 52 and passim; cf. Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 146.
127. [Alfred Deakin], Royal Commission on Water Supply, First Progress Report, Irrigation in Western America (Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1885), p. 52 and passim; cf. Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 146.
128. See Lionel Wigmore, Struggle for the Snowy: The Background of the Snowy Mountains Scheme (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1967), p. 122; Ion Idriess, Onward Australia: Developing a Continent (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1944), pp. 22-23, 61.
129. See Lionel Wigmore, Struggle for the Snowy: The Background of the Snowy Mountains Scheme (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1967), p. 122; Ion Idriess, Onward Australia: Developing a Continent (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1944), pp. 22-23, 61.
130. Lionel Frost, "Government and Economic Development: The Case of Irrigation in Victoria," Australian Economic History Review 32 (March 1992): 59-63. Ultimately the Mildura colony and its offshoots would become well established and economically though not ecologically viable.
131. Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 212; Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s-1990s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
132. Worster, Rivers of Empire, p. 212; Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s-1990s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
133. Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, p. 115; W. W. Campbell to R. E. C. Stearns, 16 February 1877, Regents Files, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; C. Hartley Grattan, The United States and the Southwest Pacific (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 110; Lloyd Churchward, "American Enterprise and the Foundation of the Pacific Mail Service," Historical Studies 11 (November 1947): 217-24.
134. Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, p. 115; W. W. Campbell to R. E. C. Stearns, 16 February 1877, Regents Files, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; C. Hartley Grattan, The United States and the Southwest Pacific (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 110; Lloyd Churchward, "American Enterprise and the Foundation of the Pacific Mail Service," Historical Studies 11 (November 1947): 217-24.
135. Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, p. 115; W. W. Campbell to R. E. C. Stearns, 16 February 1877, Regents Files, University of California Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; C. Hartley Grattan, The United States and the Southwest Pacific (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 110; Lloyd Churchward, "American Enterprise and the Foundation of the Pacific Mail Service," Historical Studies 11 (November 1947): 217-24.
136. California Fruit Grower and Fruit Trade Review, 22 April 1893, p. 335, and 28 January 1893, p. 71.
137. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986). In The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), Crosby showed a more reciprocal pattern between the Americas and Europe, but the negative aspects of the contribution to Europe he still judged to be much less than the negative effects on the Americas. For an insightful critique of Crosby's "one-way street" in Ecological Imperialism, see Carolyn Merchant, "Whither Environmental History," keynote address to the biennial meeting of the American Society for Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 4 March 1993.
138. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986). In The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), Crosby showed a more reciprocal pattern between the Americas and Europe, but the negative aspects of the contribution to Europe he still judged to be much less than the negative effects on the Americas. For an insightful critique of Crosby's "one-way street" in Ecological Imperialism, see Carolyn Merchant, "Whither Environmental History," keynote address to the biennial meeting of the American Society for Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 4 March 1993.
139. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986). In The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), Crosby showed a more reciprocal pattern between the Americas and Europe, but the negative aspects of the contribution to Europe he still judged to be much less than the negative effects on the Americas. For an insightful critique of Crosby's "one-way street" in Ecological Imperialism, see Carolyn Merchant, "Whither Environmental History," keynote address to the biennial meeting of the American Society for Environmental History, Pittsburgh, 4 March 1993.
140. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
141. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
142. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
143. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
144. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
145. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
146. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
147. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
148. For examples of the conventional view, see D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics," Journal of American Studies 22 (December 1988): 447-55; Peter A. Coates, " 'Support Your Right to Bear Arms (and Peccadillos)': The Higher Ground and Further Shores of American Environmentalism," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 430-46; D. J. S. Morris, " 'Help Keep the Peccadillo Alive': American Environmental Politics: A Rejoinder," Journal of American Studies 23 (December 1989): 446. On the origins of American conservation, see David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh: Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Michel F. Girard, "Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: Un modèle de gestion de l'environnement venu d'Europe?" Histoire Sociale/Social History 23 (May 1990): 63-80; Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), chap. 1; Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement, 1890-1975 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Pisani, "Forests and Conservation, 1865-1890," p. 358.
149. Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1890, pp. 291-92.
150. California Horticulturalist and Floral Magazine 3 (February 1873): 52.
151. Richard Gird, quoted in James Sinclair, Department of Agriculture, Victoria: Report by Mr. James W. Sinclair on the Sugar-Beet Industry and Tobacco Culture of the United States (Melbourne: Robert S. Brain, Government Printer, 1895), p. 11.
152. Gilbert, "State and Nature in Australia," pp. 9-28.
153. Ellwood Cooper, in Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California, for 1891, p. 16; N. P. Chipman to C. C. van Lieu, 28 April 1900, box 3, John and Annie K. Bidwell Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
154. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 129. Very insightful comments on the theme of the garden in American culture can be found in Donald Worster, "The Nature We Have Lost," in The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 9-12; and Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977), chap. 2.
155. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 129. Very insightful comments on the theme of the garden in American culture can be found in Donald Worster, "The Nature We Have Lost," in The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 9-12; and Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977), chap. 2.
156. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 129. Very insightful comments on the theme of the garden in American culture can be found in Donald Worster, "The Nature We Have Lost," in The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 9-12; and Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977), chap. 2.
157. Quoted in George Seddon and Mari Davis, eds., Man and Landscape in Australia: Towards an Ecological Vision (Canberra: Australian Government Public Service, 1976), p. 42.
158. Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, p. 204.
159. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
160. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
161. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
162. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
163. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
164. On the history of acclimatization, see Michael Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); Linden Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-64; Thomas Dunlap, "Natural History and the Construction of Nature in the Settlement Colonies," paper presented at the American Historical Association Convention, Atlanta, 6 January 1996; Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, pp. 31, 33, 45, 48, 71-72. On Mueller, see Deirdre Morris, "Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von," in Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5 (1851-90), p. 308. On Cooper's links with Mueller, see Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees.
165. Pisani, "Forests and Conservation."
166. Cooper, Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees, p. 30.
167. Charles Shinn, "An Old-Fashioned Countryside," The American Garden 11 (August 1890): 452. See, more generally, Glenn S. Dumke, The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1944), especially pp. 212-13.
168. Charles Shinn, "An Old-Fashioned Countryside," The American Garden 11 (August 1890): 452. See, more generally, Glenn S. Dumke, The Boom of the Eighties in Southern California (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1944), especially pp. 212-13.
169. James H. Benedict to James De Barth Shorb, 28 March 1890, box 10, James De Barth Shorb Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.
170. On the continued dissatisfaction with railroad transport around 1900, see "President Cooper's Address," Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California, p. 16; Rhode, "Transformation of California Agriculture," p. 774.
171. On the continued dissatisfaction with railroad transport around 1900, see "President Cooper's Address," Twenty-Eighth Fruit-Growers' Convention of the State of California, p. 16; Rhode, "Transformation of California Agriculture," p. 774.
172. First Biennial Report of the Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California for 1903-1904 (Sacramento: W. W. Shannon, 1905), pp. 387, 402, 412-13.
173. L. O. Howard, A History of Applied Entomology (Somewhat Anecdotal), Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1930), p. 152.
174. 7, Records of the Division of Entomology, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
175. 7, Records of the Division of Entomology, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
176. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
177. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
178. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
179. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
180. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
181. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
182. The best account of the demise of early efforts at biological control is Thomas Dunlap, DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981), chap. 1. See also Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions: University Science and the Fruit Business in California," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 216-39; James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 54-107; John Perkins, "Insects, Food, and Hunger: The Paradox of Plenty for U.S. Entomology, 1920-1970," Environmental Review 7 (spring 1983): 71-96; Thomas Dunlap, "The Triumph of Chemical Pesticides in Insect Control, 1890-1920," Environmental Review (1978): 38-47; Doutt, "Vice, Virtue, and the Vedalia," pp. 119-23; Richard C. Sawyer, To Make a Spotless Orange: Biological Control in California (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996) differs from my interpretation and accepts the federal case over the Californian State Board's.
183. Garden and Forest, 23 November 1892, p. 561.