The dilemmas of enlightenment in the eastern borderlands: The theater and library in Tbilisi

Kritika

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 27-49

  Jersild, Austin ^a   Melkadze, Neli ^b  

^a OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b National Parliamentary Library of Georgia   (Georgia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 50349098785     PISSN: 1531023X     EISSN: 15385000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/kri.2002.0012     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. On imperial ideology, educational policy and missionary work, see Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
2. Michael Khodarkovsky, "'Ignoble Savages and Unfaithful Subjects': Constructing Non-Christian Identities in Early Modern Russia";
3. Yuri Slezkine, "Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Divetsity";
4. Dov Yatoshevski, "Empire and Citizenship";
5. Susan Layton, "Nineteenth-Century Russian Mythologies of Caucasian Savagery";
6. Bruce Grant, "Empire and Savagery: The Politics of Primitivism in Late Imperial Russia," all in Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917, ed. Daniel Brower and Edward Lazzerini (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997), 9-26, 58-79, 80-99, 292-310 respectively;
7. Robert P. Geraci, Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late Tsarist Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001);
8. and Wayne Dowler, Classroom and Empire: The Politics of Schooling Russia's Eastern Nationalities, 1860-1917 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001).
9. On the multi-ethnic service elite, see Andreas Kappeier, Russland als Vielvölkereich: Entstehung, Geschichte, Zerfall (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1992);
10. on cultural borrowing and the "entanglement" of the diverse peoples of the empire, see Thomas M. Barrett, At the Edge of Emppire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700-1860 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999);
11. Willard Sunderland, "Russians into Iakuts? 'Going Native' and Problems of Russian National Identity in the Siberian North, 1870s-1914," Slavic Review 55: 4 (Winter 1996), 806-825,
12. and Paul W. Werth, "From Resistance to Subversion: Imperial Power, Indigenous Opposition, and Their Entanglement," Kritika 1: 1 (Winter 2000), 21-43;
13. on native responses to imperial rule, see Edward J. Lazzerini, "Local Accomodation and Resistance to Colonialism in Nineteenth-Century Crimea";
14. Jo-Ann Gross, "Historical Memory, Cultural Identity, and Change: Mirza Abd al-Aziz Sami's Representation of the Russian Conquest of Bukhara";
15. Virginia Martin, "Barïmta: Nomadic Custom, Imperial Crime";
16. Agnes Kefeli, "Constructing an Islamic Identity: The Case of Elyshevo Village in the Nineteenth Century," all in Russia's Orient, ed. Brower and Lazzerini, 169-87, 203-26, 249-70,
17. and Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
18. See Edward C. Thaden, ed., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981);
19. Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification in the Western Frontier, 1863-1914 (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996);
20. idem, "Religion and Russification: Russian Language in the Catholic Churches of the 'Northwest Provinces' after 1863," Kritika 2: 1 (Winter 2001), 87-110;
21. Witold Rodkiewicz, Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Provinces of the Empire (1863-1905) (Lublin: Scientific Society of Lublin, 1998);
22. John Doyle Klier, Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-1881 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
23. On Georgia and its relationship to Russia and empire, see Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988), 113-43.
24. On the Society for the Promotion of Georgian Literacy as an example of an emerging Georgian nationalist consciousness, see Oliver Reisner, "Die georgische Alphabetisierungsgesellschaft: Schule nationaler Eliten und Vergemeinschaftung," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteruropas, 48: 1 (2000), 66-89;
25. Oliver Reisner, "The Tergdaleulebi: Founders of Georgian National Identity," in Forms of Identity: Definitions and Changes, ed. Ladislaus Löb, István Petrovics, and György E. Szonyi (Szeged, Hungary: Attila Jozsef University, 1994), 125-37.
26. On the Transcaucasus nationalities generally, see part 2 ("Nationalism and Social Change under Tsarist Rule") of Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, ed. Suny, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996), 105-234.
27. From an early 19th-century statute, cited in Liudmila Sultanovna Gatagova, Pravitel'stvennaia politika i narodnoe obrazovanie na Kavkaze p XIX v. (Moscow: Izdatel'skii tsentr "Rossiia molodaia," 1993), 16.
28. sakartvelos sakhelmtsipo saistotio arkivi (Georgian National Historical Archive, Tbilisi, hereafter SSSA) f. 4, op. 3, 1846-1855, d. 181, ll. 22, 60.
29. On the war and Sufism in the North Caucasus, see Moshe Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (London: Frank Cass, 1994),
30. and Anna Zelkina, In Quest for God and Freedom: The Sufi Response to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
31. Anthony L. H. Rhinelander, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov: Viceroy to the Tsar (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
32. See also M, P. Shcherbinin, Biografiia general-fel'dmarshala kniazia M. S. Vorontsova (St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Eduarda Veimara, 1858), 354;
33. P. I. Andronikov, Otkrytie pamiatnika v Tiflise svetleishemu kniaziu Mikhailu Semenovichu Vorontsovu, 25 marta 1867 goda (Tiflis: Tipografiia glavnogo upravleniia namestnika kavkazskogo, 1867), 1-10;
34. E. Willis Brooks, "Nicholas I as Reformer: Russian Attempts to Conquer the Caucasus, 1825-1855," in Nation and Ideology: Essays in Honor of Wayne S. Vucinich, ed. Ivo Banac, John G. Ackerman, and Roman Szporluk (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1981), 227-63.
35. z. chichinadze, "kartuli gazetebi," sakartvelos kalendari (1897), 462-68;
36. Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia: A History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 162.
37. See Murray Frame, The St. Petersburg Imperial Theaters: Stage and State in Revolutionary Russia, 1900-1920 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 2000).
38. "Tiflisskiia vesti," Kavkaz, no. 39 (28 September 1846), 153.
39. "Neskol'ko slov," Kavkaz, no. 13 (13 February 1854), 49-51;
40. "Benefis Manokhina," Kavkaz, no. 6 (20 January 1854), 11.
41. "Tiflisskii Teatr," Kavkaz, no. 41 (12 October 1846), 161-62;
42. "Eshche o gore ot uma," Kavkaz, no. 42 (10 October 1846), 165-66.
43. "Tiflisskii Teatr," Kavkaz, no. 36 (7 September 1846), 142-43.
44. L. F. Ianishevskii, "Kontserty g. Parisa," Kavkaz, no. 13 (29 March 1847), 49;
45. "Pervyi kontsert g. Parisa," Kavkaz, no. 10 (8 March 1847), 37.
46. " "Poslednie kontserty g. Parisa v Tiflise," Kavkaz, no. 18 (3 May 1847), 70.
47. "Podslushannyi razgovor," Kavkaz, no. 43 (26 October 1846), 170.
48. G. S., "Proshchal'nyi benefis g-na Derbeza," Kavkaz, no. 14 (17 February 1854), 53.
49. Count V. A. Sollogub, "Novyi teatr v Tiflise," Kavkaz, no. 29 (17 April 1851), 117.
50. See Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia, 58-86.
51. E. K. S., "Teatral'naia khronika," Tiflisskii Vestnik, no. 215 (5 October 1877), 2;
52. idem, "Teatral'naia khronika," Tiflisskii Vestnik, no. 242 (5 November 1877), 2;
53. I. A. N., "Teatral'naia zametka," Kavkaz, no. 120 (28 May 1878), 1.
54. N. P., "Tiflisskii teatr," Kavkaz, no. 80 (11 October 1859), 443.
55. N. P., "Tiflisskii teatr," Kavkaz, no. 81 (15 October 1859), 449-51.
56. Vladimir Petrovich Pogazhev, Anatolii Evgrafovich Molchanov, and Konstantin Andreevich Petrov, Arkhiv Direktsii Imperatorskikh Teatrov, vol. 1, otd. 1 (St. Petersburg: Direktsiia Imperatorskikh teatrov, 1892), 1.
57. "Smes'," Kavkaz, no. 12 (11 February 1850), 45.
58. Layfield, The Literature of Georgia, 171.
59. Dmitrii Dzhanelidze, Gruzinskii teatr: S drevneishikh vremen do vtoroi poloviny XIX veka (Tbilisi: Zariia vostoka, 1959), 336-47.
60. A. Khakh-ova, "Pervyi Gruzinskii dramaturg (kn. G. D. Eristov)," Kavkazskii Vestnik, no. 11 (November 1900), 5.
61. "Razdel," Kavkaz, no. 35 (6 May 1850), 137-39.
62. Kn. T., "Eshche o gruzinskom teatre," Kavkaz, no. 8 (26 January 1855), 11.
63. Cited in G. Buknikashvili, Gruzinskii teatr za sto let (Tbilisi: Zariia vostoka, 1950), 31.
64. A. Khakhanov, "Gruzinskii teatr (1850-1895)," Kavkazskaia zhizn', vol. 1 (Tiflis, 1896), 14-19.
65. On the emergence of ethnography in Russia, see Nathaniel Knight, "Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 1845-1855," in Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire, ed. Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 108-41.
66. droeba, no. 29 (16 September 1866), 2;
67. droeba, no. 31 (30 September 1866), 1-2;
68. "politika," droeba, no. 43 (26 October 1867), 1.
69. See also Akaki Surguladze, I. G. Chavchavadze: Znamenosets natsional'no-osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniia gruzinskogo naroda (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo Tbilisskogo universiteta, 1987), 25-26, 42, 106.
70. "kartuli teatri," iveria, no. 11 (1882), 90;
71. "teatri da khelovneba," iveria, no. 263 (8 December 1902), 3.
72. " ilia chavchavadze, "chveni ubeduri mtsibnobroba am saukuneshi," droeba, no. 4 (29 January 1870), 1;
73. Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 2 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000).
74. a. Ioria and n. gurgenidze, sabiblioteko sakme sakartveloshi (tbilisi: metsniereba, 1974), ix;
75. g.i. kiknadze, ed., kartuli tsigni: bibliograpia (1620-1920), vol. 1 (tbilisi: tsignis palatis gamotsema, 1941).
76. V. V. Uznadze, Istoriia Tiflisskoi publichnoi biblioteki (1846-1917) (Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 1957), 71.
77. M. Lazarev, Rasskaz ob odnoi biblioteke (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo kulturno-prosvetitel'noi literatury, 1950), 19.
78. M. Iu. Matveev, "K istorii obrazovaniia regional'nykh bibliotek v Rossii (1830-1917 gg.)," Problemy natsional'nykh bibliotek i regional'nykh bibliotechnykh tsentrov (St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaia natsional'naia biblioteka, 1994), 3: 187-218;
79. Rhinelander, Prince Michael Vorontsov, 109.
80. Nash krai: Dokumenty, materialy 1777-1917 (Stavropol', 1977), 376;
81. On Russian literature and the Caucasus, see Susan Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
82. G. A. Tokarev, "Ob istochnikakh svedenii o Kavkaze," Kavkaz (1847), nos. 27-28;
83. Tokarev, "Ob istochnikakh," Kavkaz (1848), no. 26.
84. Adol'f Petrovich Berzhe, Prodolzhenie kratkogo kataloga Tiflisskoi publichnoi bihlioteki s 1861-1865 gg. (Tiflis: Tipografiia glavnogo upravleniia namestnika kavkazskogo, 1866);
85. Uznadze, Istoriia Tiflisskoi publichnoi biblioteki (1846-1917), 71.
86. G. Tokarev, "Otchet po publichnoi biblioteke pri kantseliarii Namestnika kavkazskogo za 1846-1848 gg.," Kavkaz, no. 47 (1848);
87. and Berzhe, Prodolzhenie kratkogo kataloga, xiii-xv.
88. On the Vorontsov family, see Rhinelander, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov.
89. On the "paradoxical" impact of many policies of the Petrine state, see Marc Raeff, Understanding Imperial Russia: State and Society in the Old Regime, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 99.
90. SSMa, Fond Caucasus Museum, op. 8, 1876, d. 20, ll. 35-57.
91. On the emergence of non-Russian intelligentsias and the press in the Caucasus, see Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1992);
92. Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 23-36;
93. Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La presse et le mouvement national chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), 35-43;
94. Austin Jersild, "Rethinking Russia from Zardob: Hasan Melikov Zardabi and the 'Native' Intelligentsia," Nationalities Papers, 27: 3 (1999), 503-17;
95. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, 113-43;
96. Suny, Armenia in the Twentieth Century (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983), 1-18.
97. "bibliografia," droeba, no. 19 (19 May 1872), 1;
98. "akhali ambavi," iveria, no. 83 (28 April 1887), 1;
99. iveria, no. 253 (23 November 1895), 1.
100. See Austin Jersild, Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845-1917 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, forthcoming 2002).
101. Shcherbinin, Biografiia general-fel'dmarshala kniazia M. S. Vorontsova, 354. The monument was destroyed after the revolution.
102. g. tsereteli, "ormotsda sami tseli kartulis teatrisa," kvali, no. 2 (10 January 1893), 11;
103. The phrase of course refers to Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities; Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).
104. Miroslav Hroch, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe, trans. Ben Fowkes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 22-23.
105. and idem, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), 2-19.