Russians into Iakuts? "Going native" and problems of Russian national identity in the Siberian North, 1870s-1914

Slavic Review

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 806-825

  Sunderland, Willard ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0000981614     PISSN: 00376779     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2501239     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. For references to Russians "gone native" in the empire's various borderlands, see A. Semilutskii, "Selo Pokoinoe, Stavropol'skoi gubernii, Novogrigor'evskogo uezda," Sbornik materialov dlia opisaniia mestnostei i plemen Kavkaza 23, no. 2 (1897): 316;
2. E. K. Pekarskii, "O religioznom sostoianii inorodtsev Permskoi i Orenburgskoi eparkhii," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 20, no. 3 (1908): 94;
3. F. Zemlianitskii, "Neskol'ko slov o vliianii cheremisskogo obshchestva na zhivushchikh v nem russkikh krest'ian v religioznom otnoshenii," Izvestiia po Kazanskoi eparkhii, 1874, pp. 204-6;
4. F. Sokolov, "Poseshchenie sviashchennikom russkikh poselentsev v kirgizskikh aulakh Nikolaevskogo uezda, Turgaiskoi oblasti," Orenburgskie eparkhial'nye vedomosti, 1892, no. 21:550;
5. S. G. Rybakov, "Otchet chlena-sotrudnika S. Rybakova o poezdke k kirgizam letom 1896 po porucheniiu Itnperatorskogo geograficheskogo obshchestva; chast' 1-aia: Obshchie nabliudeniia nad sovremennym bytom kirgiz," Zhivaia starina 7, no. 2 (1897): 208;
6. and A. A. Kaufman, Pereselentsy-arendatory Turgaiskoi oblasti (St. Petersburg, 1897), 108-12.
7. On cossack communities taking on "native" ways, see K. D. Loginovskii, "O byte kazakov Vostochnogo Zabaikal'ia," Zhivaia starina 12, no. 2 (1902): 182;
8. G. N. Potanin, "Sibirskie kazaki," Zhivopisnaia rossiia (St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1894) 11: 111-12;
9. Thomas M. Barren, "Lines of Uncertainty. The Frontiers of the North Caucasus," Slavic Review 54, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 593-95;
10. and Catherine B. Clay, "Ethnography and Mission: Imperial Russia and Muslim Turkic Peoples on the Caspian Frontier in the 1850s," Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 18, no. 2 (1994): 36.
11. For general remarks on Siberian nativization, see Terence E. Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North (New York, 1965), 96-97;
12. I. S. Gurvich, Etnicheskaia istoriia severo-vostoka Sibiri (Moscow, 1966), 196-210;
13. Russkie starozhily Sibiri (Moscow, 1973), 121-57;
14. F. G. Safronov, Russkie na severo-vostoke Azii v xvii-seredine xix v. (Moscow, 1978), 215, 219, 245;
15. James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581-1990 (New York, 1992,) 155, 198-99;
16. and John J. Stephan, The Russian Far East: A History (Stanford, 1994), 25.
17. For references to nativization from a culturalist perspective, see Yuri Slezkine's fascinating study of Siberia's circumpolar peoples, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, 1994), 97-98, 119.
18. For a few major works that explore the problems of cultural representation, see Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978);
19. James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1988);
20. Stephen Grecnblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago, 1991);
21. and David Richards, Masks of Difference: Cultural Representations in Literature, Anthropology, and Art (New York, 1994).
22. This summary is based on Yuri Slezkine, "Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity," Representations, 1994, no. 47:170-95.
23. On the wider European sources for Russian "ethnographic" thinking during this period, see Henri Baudet, Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man, trans. Elizabeth Wentholt (New Haven, 1965), 23-53;
24. Michèle Duchet, Anthropologie et histoire au siècle des lumières: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvétius, Diderot (Paris, 1971,) 229-473;
25. and P. J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: Perceptions of New Worlds in the Age of Enlightenment (London, 1982).
26. Yuri Slezkine, "Savage Christians or Unorthodox Russians? The Missionary Dilemma in Siberia," in Galya Diment and Yuri Slezkine, eds., Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture (New York, 1993), 18.
27. For discussions of assimilation, merging, Russification, and Russian nationalism in the first half of the 1800s, see Seymour Becker, "Contributions to a Nationalist Ideology: Histories of Russia in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century," Russian History/Histoire russe 13, no. 4 (1986): 348-51;
28. Andreas Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich: Entstehung, Geschichte, Zerfall (Munich, 1992), 198-200, 204-7;
29. and Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors, 81-82.
30. For a few references suggesting the inevitability of eastern peoples turning (to one degree or another) into Russians, see V. Plemiannikov, "Nravy i obychai Buzulutskikh poselian," Moskovskii telegraf 35, no. 17 (1830): 35;
31. A. Skal'kovskii, "O Nogaiskikh tatarakh, zhivushchikh v Tavricheskoi gubernii," Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia, 1843, pt. 40:188-89;
32. Nicholas Turgenev, La Russie et les russes (Paris, 1847), 2:105-6;
33. Vladimir Islavin, Samoedy v domashnem i obshchestvennom bytu (St. Petersburg, 1847), 140-41.
34. S. V. Lur'e, "Rossiiskaia imperiia kak etnokul'turnyi fenomen," Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost', 1994, no. 1:58.
35. For Russian assumptions about how European colonists were expected to influence their Russian neighbors, see Roger Bartlett, Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia, 1762-1804 (Cambridge, Eng., 1979), 214-15;
36. Ingeborg Fleischhauer, Die Deutschen im Zarenreich: Zwei Jahrhunderte deutsch-russische Kulturgemeinschaft (Stuttgart, 1986,) 123-33. On Russia's mission civilisatrice among the eastern inorodtsy, see Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich.
37. N. I. Nadezhdin, "Ob etnograficheskom izuchenii narodnosti russkoi (chast' I)," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 1994, no. 1:116.
38. Nadezhdin's article was originally published in Zapiski russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1847, vol. 2:61-11'.
39. On the Russian construction of otherness in different parts of the empire in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, see Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich, 141 (the connotations of the term inorodets);
40. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors, 58-60, 73-80;
41. Susan Layton, "Eros and Empire in Russian Literature about Georgia," Slavic Review 51, no. 2 (1992): 212;
42. and Katya Hokanson, "Literary Imperialism, Narodnost', and Pushkin's Invention of the Caucasus," Russian Review 53, no. 3 (1994): 348-49.
43. Baron August Freiherr von Haxthausen, The Russian Empire, Its People, Institutions, and Resources (London, 1856), 2:4.
44. For the history of Russian colonization in the north, see Armstrong, Russian Settlement in the North, 46-57;
45. V. A. Aleksandrov, Russkoe naselenie Sibiri xvii-nachala xviii v. (Eniseiskii krai) (Moscow, 1964), 59-77;
46. Istoriia Sibiri, vol. 2, Sibir' v sostave feodal'noi Rossii (Leningrad, 1968), 25-60, 181-98, 357-64;
47. Russkie starozhily Sibiri, 13, 16, 18-19, 26-27, 33, 43-45;
48. N. A. Minenko, "Gorodovye kazaki Obskogo severa v xviii v.," in Russkoe naselenie Pomor'ia i Sibiri (period feodalizma) (Moscow, 1973), 336-49;
49. George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Pierce, Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750 (Montreal, 1973), 94-140, 183-219;
50. P. N. Pavlov, Promyslovaia kolonizatsiia Sibiri v xvii v. (uchebnoe posobie) (Krasnoiarsk, 1974), 79-105;
51. Istoriia krest'ianstva Sibiri, vol. 2, Krest'ianstvo Sibiri v epokhu feodalizma (Novosibirsk, 1982), 36-45, 157-77;
52. F. G. Safronov, "Rasprostranenie zemledeliia na severo-vostoke Sibiri v xvii-nachale xx v.," in Istoricheskie sviazi narodov Iakutii s russkim narodom (Iakutsk, 1987), 28-40;
53. David N. Collins, "Subjugation and Settlement in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Siberia," in Alan Wood, ed., The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution (New York, 1991), 37-56.
54. For general descriptions of these groups, see Gurvich, Etnicheskaia istoriia severo-vostoka Sibiri, 9-212;
55. Forsyth, History of the Peoples of Siberia, 10-21, 48-57, 69-75;
56. and Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors, 1-7.
57. The archbishop of Tobol'sk (1643), quoted in P. N. Butsinskii, Zaselenie Sibiri i byt ee pervykh nasel'nikov (Khar'kov, 1889), 334.
58. On intermarriage in the seventeenth century, see Collins, "Subjugation and Settlement in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Siberia," 43;
59. Forsyth, History of the Peoples of Siberia, 67-68;
60. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors, 43-44.
61. S. P. Krasheninnikov, The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent (Chicago, 1962), 267;
62. V. F. Zuev, Materialy po etnografii Sibiri xviii veka (1771-1772) (Moscow, 1947), 70;
63. Peter Simon Pallas, Voyages de M. P. S. Pallas en différentes provinces de l'empire de Russie, et dans l'Asie septentrionale (Paris, 1793), 4:392;
64. John Ledyard's Journey through Russia and Siberia 1787-1788: The Journal and Selected Letters (Madison, 1966), 174.
65. Johann Georg Gmelin, Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahr 1733 bis 1743 (Göttingen, 1752), 2:370.
66. M. Alexander Castren, Reiseerinnerungen aus den Jahren 1838-1844 (Leipzig, 1969), 280;
67. Ferdinand Wrangel, Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823 (Fairfield, Wash., 1981), 193;
68. I. A. Khudiakov, Kratkoe opisanie Verkhoianskogo okruga (Leningrad, 1969), 98;
69. Adolph Erman, Travels in Siberia, including Excursions Northwards, down the Obi to the Polar Circle, and Southwards, to the Chinese Frontier (London, 1848), 2:356;
70. A. T. von Middendorff, Reise in den äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens (St. Petersburg, 1875), vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 1546;
71. I. A. Goncharov, Fregat "Pallada" (Leningrad, 1986), 513.
72. For more references to Iakut linguistic and cultural influence on the Russians of Iakutsk and Iakutsk oblast' see A. Uklonskii, "Kratkie medikotopograficheskie i chast'iu statisticheskie zamechaniia o viliuiskom okruge iakutskoi oblasti," Zhurnal ministerstva vnutrennykh del, 1841, pt. 39:88;
73. Makarii, "Zametki o Iakutske i iakutakh," Vestnik imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1852, pt. 4:89;
74. and Karl von Ditmar, "Reisen und Aufenthalt in Kamtschatka in den Jahren 1851-1855," in Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder Asiens, 3d ser., 7 (1890): 33.
75. G. Hartwig, The Polar World: A Popular Description of Man and Nature in the Arctic and Antarctic Regions of the Globe (New York, 1869), 228;
76. Gerhard Maydell, "Reisen und Forschungen im Jakutskischen Gebiet Ostsibiriens in den Jahren 1861-1871," Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder Asiens, 4th ser., 1 (1893): 542-43;
77. Middendorff, Reise, 1546.
78. S. Shvetsov, "Ocherk Surgutskogo kraia," Zapiski imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva: Zapadno-sibirskii otdel, 1888, no. 10: 71.
79. V. K. Andrievich, Sibir' v xix stoletii (St. Petersburg, 1889), vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 349.
80. V. Zenzinov, Russkaia kul'tura na dalekoi okraine (Petrograd, 1915), 51-52.
81. For an allusion to how strange it seemed that Iakuts were influencing Russians, also see his Road to Oblivion (New York, 1931), 48.
82. Élisée Reclus, Nouvelle géographie universelle: La terre et les hommes, vol. 6, L'Asie russe (Paris, n.d.), 774.
83. Zenzinov, Russkaia kul'tura na dalekoi okraine, 51;
84. V. Bartenev, "O russkom iazyke v Obdorskom krae," Zhivaia starina 4, no. 1 (1894): 126.
85. P. Golovachev, "Vzaimnoe vliianie russkogo i inorodcheskogo naseleniia v Sibiri," Zemlevedenie 10, no. 2/3 (1902): 67.
86. On the importance of language to nineteenth-century nationalisms, see E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (New York, 1990), 51, 59-62.
87. E. P. Popov, "Nekotorye dannye po izucheniiu byta russkikh na Kolyme," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 19, no. 1/2 (1907): 160;
88. V. Vasil'ev, "Ugasshaia russkaia kul'tura na dal'nem severe," Sibirskie voprosy 4, no. 1 (1908): 34;
89. M. I. Veniukov, Rossiia i vostok: Sobranie geograficheskikh i politicheskikh statei (St. Petersburg, 1877), 77.
90. N. Leskov, "O vliianii korel'skogo iazyka na russkii v predelakh Olonetskoi gubernii," Zhivaia starina 2, no. 4 (1892): 97.
91. A. Pypin, "Russkaia narodnost' v Sibiri," Vestnik evropy, 1892, no. 1:300;
92. P. I. Tret'iakov, Turukhanskii krai, ego priroda i zhiteli (St. Petersburg, 1871), 154;
93. Golovachev, "Vzaimnoe vliianie russkogo i inorodcheskogo naseleniia v Sibiri," 65.
94. P. Golovachev, Sibir': Priroda, liudi, zhizn' (Moscow, 1902), 145;
95. P. Riabkov, "Poliarnye strany Sibiri: Zametki i nabliudeniia v Kolymskom okruge," Sibirskii sbornik, 1887, p. 16.
96. Riabkov, "Poliarnye strany Sibiri," 16.
97. D. Anuchin, "Rasy," Entsiklopedicheskii slovar' (St. Petersburg, 1899), 26:356-60.
98. Russian social thinkers (especially radicals) in the late imperial period tended to reject the idea of race as a permanently binding category just as they shied away from social Darwinian views of a "struggle for existence" between more advanced and less advanced racial groups. See Alexander Vucinich, Darwin in Russian Thought (Berkeley, 1989), 384;
99. Loren R. Graham, Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History (New York, 1993), 60-64.
100. Eli Weinerman, "Racism, Racial Prejudice, and Jews in Late Imperial Russia," Ethnic and Racial Studies 17, no. 3 (1994): 448.
101. Take, for example, the views of the well-known explorer and statesman M. I. Veniukov who encouraged the practice of miscegenation in Central Asia as a means of increasing the "Russian element." Racial mixing in Turkestan, Veniukov argued, neither violated "canonic laws [n]or common sense" since it would gradually lead to the formation of a "superior race [poroda] of people, such as those we see on the banks of the Terek where Russian cossacks have intermarried for ages with the daughters of Caucasian mountaineers." M. I. Veniukov, "Postupatel'noe dvizhenie Rossii v Srednei Azii," Sbornik gosudarstvennykh znanii 3 (1877): 64, 61.
102. For more on Veniukov's views, see Milan Hauner, "Russia's Geopolitical and Ideological Dilemma in Central Asia," in R. L. Canfield, ed., Turco-Persia in Historical Perspective (New York, 1991), 204-5.
103. For western views on race, miscegenation, and racial degeneration in the nineteenth century, see Nancy Stepan, "Biological Degeneration: Races and Proper Places," in J. Edward Chamberlin and Sander L. Gilman, eds., Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress (New York, 1985), 97-120;
104. George W. Stocking, Jr., Victorian Anthropology (New York, 1987), 46-109;
105. Tzvetan Todorov, On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought (Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 90-170;
106. and Robert J: C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London, 1995).
107. See, for example, Iu. Tal'ko-Gryntsevich, K antropologii velikorossov: Semeiskie (staroobriadtsy) zabaikal'skie (Tomsk, 1898);
108. N. Zeland, "Antropologiia zapadno-sibirskogo krest'ianina," Russkii antropologicheskii zhurnal, 1900, no. 3:75-82;
109. I. I. Pantiukhov, Antropologicheskie nabliudeniia na Kavkaze (1893);
110. D. N. Anuchin, "O geograficlieskom rasprostranenii rosta muzhskogo naseleniia Rossii (po dannym o vseobshchei voinskoi povinnosti za 1874-1883 g.)," Zapiski imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva po otdeleniiu statistiki 7, no. 1 (1889): 1-184.
111. V. Vorob'ev, "Velikorussy (ocherk fizicheskogo tipa)," Russkii antropologicheskii zhurnal, 1900, no. 1:66.
112. D. N. Anuchin, "Beglyi vzgliad na proshloe antropologii i na ee zadachi v Rossii," Russkii antropologicheskii zhurnal, 1900, no. 1:41.
113. V. F. Troshchanskii, "Iakuty v ikh domashnei obstanovke (etnograficheskii ocherk)," Zhivaia starina 17, no. 4 (1908): 445.
114. For a nonderogatory description of the Iakuts' physical traits, see N. L. Gekker, K kharakteristike fizicheskogo tipa iakutov (antropologicheskii ocherk) (Irkutsk, 1896), 89-90.
115. Tret'iakov, Turukhanskii krai, 171.
116. In the west, attention to the skull, head, and prominent apelike jawbones of primitive or "degenerate" races was also common during this period, see Stepan, "Biological Degeneration," 97-98.
117. See, for example, N. Rubakin, Razskazy o zapadnoi Sibiri ili o guberniiakh Tobol'skoi i Tomskoi i kak tarn zhivut liudi, 4th ed. (Moscow, 1915), 61-62;
118. L. Ia. Shternberg, Giliaki, Orochi, Gol'dy, Negidal'tsy, Ainy (Khabarovsk, 1933.) 24;
119. V. L. Seroshevskii, Iakuty: Opyt etnograficheskogo izsledovaniia (St. Petersburg, 1896), 1:241-42 (on the Iukagir and Tungus);
120. Waldemar Bogoras, The Chukchee (New York, 1904-1909; reprint, 1975), 33.
121. Riabkov, "Poliarnye strany Sibiri," 9.
122. Shvetsov, "Ocherk Surgutskogo kraia," 6.
123. I. I. Mainov, "Pomes' russkikh s iakutami," Russkii antropologicheskii zhurnal, 1900, no. 4:42, 57.
124. See also his "Russkie krest'iane i osedlye inorodtsy Iakutskoi oblasti," Zapiski imperalorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva: Otdelenie statistiki 12 (1912).
125. A. P. Shchapov, "Istoriko-geograficheskie i etnologicheskie zametki o Sibirskom naselenii," in his Sobranie sochinenii: Dopol'nitel'nyi tom k izdaniiu 1905-1908 gg. (Irkutsk, 1937.) 100-104.
126. Riabkov, "Poliarnye strany Sibiri," 12-13.
127. S. Patkanov, O priroste inorodcheskogo naseleniia Sibiri: Statisticheskie materialy dlia osveshcheniia voprosa o vymiranii pervobytnykh plemen (St. Petersburg, 1911,) 179.
128. N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir' kak koloniia (St. Petersburg, 1882), 28-32.
129. N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir' kak koloniia Ibid, 28.
130. N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibirskie inorodtsy: Ikh byt i sovremennoe polozhenie (St. Petersburg, 1891), 182, 184.
131. Shchapov, "Istoriko-geograficheskie i etnologicheskie zametki o Sibirskom naselenii," 123-24.
132. Shvetsov, "Ocherk Surgutskogo kraia," 71.
133. Golovachev, Sibir', 146.
134. Tret'iakov, Turukhanskii krai, 154.
135. Bogoras, The Chukchee, 721;
136. N _ _," "Pokhodskaia viska," Sibirskii sbornik 12, no. 1/2 (1897): 17.
137. V. G. Bogoraz, "Russkie na reke Kolyme," Zhizn' 6 (1899): 121;
138. Riabkov, "Poliarnye strany Sibiri," 36. M. A. Czaplicka also noted this phenomenon but doubted that it could truly affect Russians of European origin,
139. see her Aboriginal Siberia: A Study in Social Anthropology (London, 1914), 324.
140. Bogoraz, "Russkie na reke Kolyme," 106.
141. This phenomenon was recorded in other parts of Siberia as well, see Iadrintsev, Sibirskie inorodtsy, 180-81.
142. Viktor Bartenev, Na krainem severo-zapade Sibiri: Ocherki obdorskogo kraia (St. Petersburg, 1896), 19.
143. Golovachev, Sibir', 146;
144. Zenzinov, Road to Oblivion, 167;
145. Aziatskaia Rossiia, vol. 1, Liudi i poriadki za Uralom (St. Petersburg, 1914), 185;
146. Bogoraz, "Russkie na reke Kolyme," 122;
147. V. V. Kiriakov, Ocherki po istorii pereselencheskogo dvizheniia v Sibir' v sviazi s istoriei zaseleniia Sibiri (Moscow, 1902), 81.
148. One ethnographer disputed reports of Russian shamanic practices in northern Enisei province, see I. A. Chekaninskii, "Sledy shamanskogo kul'ta v russko-tungusskikh poseleniiakh po reke Chune v Eniseiskoi gubernii," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie 26, no. 3/4 (1914): 61-80.
149. Pypin, "Russkaia narodnost' v Sibiri," 294-95.
150. Vasil'ev, "Ugasshaia russkaia kul'tura na dal'nem severe," 30-31.
151. Iadrintsev, Sibir' kok koloniia, 10.
152. Iadrintsev, Sibirskie inorodtsy, 167-68.
153. Mainov, "Pomes' russkikh s iakutami," 38.
154. V. Iokhelson, "Zametki o naselenii iakutskoi oblasti v istoriko-etnograficheskom otnoshenii," Zhivaia starina 5, no. 2 (1895): 130.
155. This attention to the dangers of colonization was very much in the air in Russia in the late imperial period when massive Russian settlement was taking place in the empire's eastern borderlands. For references to the problems Russian colonists faced, including disease, drought, floods, alien environments, homesickness, a lack of churches (a prominent concern in Siberia), "native" encirclement, and the cultural inadequacies of the settlers themselves, see I. I. Pantiukhov, "Vliianie malarii na kolonizatsiiu Kavkaza," Kavkazskii kalendar' na 1899 g. (Tiflis, 1898), 55;
156. G. T. Murov, Liudi i nravy Dal'nego Vostoka: Ot Vladivostoka do Khabarovska (putevoi dnevnik) (Tomsk, 1901), 149, 158;
157. Kolonizatsiia Sibiri v sviazi s obshchim pereselencheskim voprosom (St. Petersburg, 1900), 366;
158. A. N. Kulomzin, Vsepoddanneishii otchet po poezdke v Sibir' dlia oznakomleniia s polozheniem pereselencheskogo dela (St. Petersburg, 1896), 1:125;
159. V. Dashkevich, Pereselenie v Sibir' (St. Petersburg, 1912), 74-75;
160. A. P. Liprandi, Kavkaz i Rossiia (Khar'kov, 1911), 253;
161. and A. A. Kaufman, Pereselenie i kolonizatsiia (St. Petersburg, 1905), 345.
162. M. S. Vrutsevich, "Obitateli, kul'tura i zhizn' v Iakutskoi oblasti," Zapiski imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva po otdeleniiu etnografii 17, no. 2 (1891): 27-28.
163. Waldemar Jochelson, Peoples of Asiatic Russia (n.p., 1928), 134.
164. A. N. Pypin, Istoriia russkoi etnografii, vol. 4, Belorussy i Sibir' (St. Petersburg, 1892), 432.
165. N. Kharuzin, "K voprosu ob assimiliatsionnoi sposobnosti russkogo naroda," Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 1894, no. 4:64-70.
166. N. Kharuzin, Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, Ibid., 76-77.
167. N. Kharuzin, Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, Ibid., 77-78.
168. For a few examples of this view, see Butsinskii, Zaselenie Sibiri i byt ee pervykh nasel'nikov, 334-35;
169. S. Kravchinskii (Stepniak), The Russian Peasantry (New York, 1888), 85;
170. N. I. Razumov, Zabaikal'e: Svod materialov vysochaishe uchrezhdennoi kommissii dlia izsledovaniia mestnogo zemlevladeniia i zemlepol'zovaniia, pod predsedatel'stvom stats-sekretaria Kulomzina (St. Petersburg, 1899), 42.
171. M. A. Miropiev, O polozhenii russkikh inorodtsev (St. Petersburg, 1901), 289, 291.
172. Iokhelson, "Zametki o naselenii Iakutskoi oblasti v istoriko-etnograficheskom otnoshenii," 128;
173. Pypin, "Russkaia narodnost' v Sibiri," 302.
174. On the purported weakness of national feeling among Russians in comparison with other "cultured" peoples, see Miropiev, O polozhenii russkikh inorodtsev, 288-89.
175. Iadrintsev, Sibir' kak koloniia, 162;
176. Shvetsov, "Ocherk Surgutskogo kraia," 87;
177. Kolonizatsiia Sibiri v sviazi s obshchim pereselencheskim voprosom (St. Petersburg, 1900), 372;
178. Miropiev, O polozhenii russkikh inorodtsev, 297.
179. I. N. Smirnov, "Obrusenie inorodtsev i zadachi obrusitel'noi politiki," Istoricheskii vestnik 47 (1892): 762-63.
180. Zygmunt Bauman, "Modernity and Ambivalence," Theory, Culture, and Society 7 (1990): 158.
181. Bauman's discussion of assimilation is pursued further in his monograph Modernity and Ambivalence (Ithaca, 1991).