Rethinking Russia from Zardob: Hasan Melikov Zardabi and the "native" intelligentsia

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 503-517

  Jersild, Austin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040366671     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/009059999108984     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Chokhan Valikhanov, "O Islame na stepe," ca. 1863, in Chokhan Valikhanov: Izbrannye proizvedeniia, introduced by A. Kh. Margulan (Moscow: Izd-vo "Nauka," Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry, 1986), p. 294.
2. For recent work on Russia as an empire, see Andreas Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, trans. Guy Imart (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1994); Mark Von Hagen, "Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism," in Catherine Evtuhov, Boris Gasparov, Alexander Ospovat and Mark Von Hagen, eds, Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire [Kazan', Moskva, Peterburg: Rossiiskaia imperiia vzgliadom iz raznykh uglov] (Moscow: OGI, 1997), pp. 393-410; Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds, After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, Westview Press 1997); and various essays in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), and Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, eds, Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
3. For recent work on Russia as an empire, see Andreas Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, trans. Guy Imart (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1994); Mark Von Hagen, "Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism," in Catherine Evtuhov, Boris Gasparov, Alexander Ospovat and Mark Von Hagen, eds, Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire [Kazan', Moskva, Peterburg: Rossiiskaia imperiia vzgliadom iz raznykh uglov] (Moscow: OGI, 1997), pp. 393-410; Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds, After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, Westview Press 1997); and various essays in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), and Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, eds, Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
4. For recent work on Russia as an empire, see Andreas Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, trans. Guy Imart (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1994); Mark Von Hagen, "Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism," in Catherine Evtuhov, Boris Gasparov, Alexander Ospovat and Mark Von Hagen, eds, Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire [Kazan', Moskva, Peterburg: Rossiiskaia imperiia vzgliadom iz raznykh uglov] (Moscow: OGI, 1997), pp. 393-410; Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds, After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, Westview Press 1997); and various essays in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), and Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, eds, Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
5. For recent work on Russia as an empire, see Andreas Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, trans. Guy Imart (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1994); Mark Von Hagen, "Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism," in Catherine Evtuhov, Boris Gasparov, Alexander Ospovat and Mark Von Hagen, eds, Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire [Kazan', Moskva, Peterburg: Rossiiskaia imperiia vzgliadom iz raznykh uglov] (Moscow: OGI, 1997), pp. 393-410; Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds, After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, Westview Press 1997); and various essays in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), and Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, eds, Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
6. For recent work on Russia as an empire, see Andreas Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, trans. Guy Imart (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1994); Mark Von Hagen, "Writing the History of Russia as Empire: The Perspective of Federalism," in Catherine Evtuhov, Boris Gasparov, Alexander Ospovat and Mark Von Hagen, eds, Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire [Kazan', Moskva, Peterburg: Rossiiskaia imperiia vzgliadom iz raznykh uglov] (Moscow: OGI, 1997), pp. 393-410; Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds, After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, Westview Press 1997); and various essays in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini, eds, Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), and Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, eds, Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
7. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
8. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
9. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
10. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
11. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
12. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
13. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
14. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
15. Cited in Alan W. Fisher, "A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali," in Edward A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 2nd edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 34. Also see Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 (Paris: Mouton, 1964), pp. 35-43; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from Within," Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Vol. 16, No 2, 1975, pp. 245-277; Edward J. Lazzerini, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspirali): The Discourse of Modernism and the Russians," in Allworth, ed., pp. 48-70; Alexandre A. Bennigsen, "Ismail Bey Gasprinskii (Gaspraly) and the Origins of the Jadid Movement in Russia," introduction to Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo (Oxford: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1985), pp. 5-20; Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union, trans. Geoffrey E. Wheeler and Hubert Evans (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), pp. 31-48; M. A. Usmanov, "O Triumfe i Tragedii idei Gasprinskogo," in Ismail Bei Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok (Kazan, 1993), pp. 3-15; L. I. Klimovich, "Na sluzhbe prosveshcheniia: o pervoi tiurkoiazychnoi gazete 'Terdzhiman' i ee izdatele I. Gasprinskom," in Gasprinskii, Rossiia i Vostok, pp. 98-121; Kappeler, La Russie Empire Multiethnique, pp. 203-206.
16. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
17. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
18. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
19. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
20. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
21. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
22. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
23. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
24. Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor: The Shi'i Mullahs of Pre-Revolutionary Baku," in Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein and S. E. Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique (Paris: Editions Peeters, 1986), p. 357, and Audrey Altstadt-Mirhadi, "Baku: Transformation of a Muslim Town," in Michael F. Hamm, ed., The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 297-298. On the general emergence of an Azerbaijani intelligentsia, also see Audrey Altstadt, "The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps toward Nationalism," in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press, 1983, 1996), pp. 199-209; Audrey Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), pp. 52-56: Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: the Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York: Cambridge University Press 1985) pp. 23-36; Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 25-36. For a Persian alternative to the Turkic orientation, see François Georgeon, "Les Débuts d'un Intellectuel Azerbaïdjanais: Ahmed Aǧaoǧlu en France 1888-1894," in Lemercier-Quelquejay, Veinstein and Wimbush, eds, Passé Turco-Tatar Présent Sovietique, pp. 373-387. On modernist debates in Central Asia, see Gulnar Kendirbaeva, "'We are children of Alash ...': The Kazakh intelligentsia at the beginning of the twentieth century in search of national identity and prospects of the cultural survival of the Kazakh people," Central Asian Survey, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-36; Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
25. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
26. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
27. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
28. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
29. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
30. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
31. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
32. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
33. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
34. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 22-23, 27-30. The regime issued an official publication such as Tiflisskie Vedomosti (1828-1833) in Russian, Georgian, and Azerbaijan, Turkish. Also see Jeyhoun Bey Hajibeyli, "The Origins of the National Press in Azerbaijan," The Asiatic Review, Vol. 26, No. 88, 1930, p. 760; A. Z. Abramishvili, "Iz istorii Azerbaidzhanskoi periodicheskoi pechati," Uchenye zapiski Azerbaidzhanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. S.M. Kirova, No. 10, 1956, pp. 69-70; I. Enikolopov, "Pervaia tiurkskaia gazeta na Kavkaze," Kul'tura i pis'mennost' Vostoka (Baku), No. 3, 1928, p. 140; Ts. P. Agaian, "Gazeta 'Ekinchi' i Armianskaia periodicheskaia pechat' 70-kh godov XIX veka," Me'ruzeler (Doklady) (Baku), Vol. 2, No. 8, 1946, pp. 357-359; M. M. Kasumov, "G. Zardabi - vydaiushchiisia Azerbaidzhanskii prosvetitel' vtoroi poloviny XIX veka," Trudy instituta istorii i filosofii (Baku), Vol. 8, 1955, pp. 141-142; Abbas Zamanov, "Grazhdanskii podvig," Bakinskii Rabochii, No. 278, 1957, p. 2; Periodicheskaia pechat' na Kavkaze (Tiflis, 1901), p. 50; "Pervyia musul'manskiia gazety," Mir Islama, Vol. 2, No. 12, 1914, p. 886. Gasprinskii later wrote of Zardabi's newspaper, "Although it had only a brief existence, the newspaper cast a ray of light, like a lightning bolt, upon [long] dormant ideas." From Lazzerini, "Ǧadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," p. 252.
35. M. Kasumov, "Gasanbek Zardabi - pitomets Moskovskogo universiteta," Uchenye zapiski AGU im. S.M. Kirova, No. 8, 1955, p. 58.
36. RGIA f. 1405, op. 530, 1878-1886, d. 1076, Delo "Vedomosti del o litsakh, privlekavshikhsiia k otvetsvennosti za uchastie v revoliutsionnom dvizhenii," 11. pp. 4-5.
37. Ibid., pp. 1. 8.
38. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 47-177; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, p. 52; Dilara M. Usmanova, "Die Tatarische Presse 1905-1918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und Quantitative Analyse," in Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen and Dmitriy Yermakov, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996), pp. 239-278; Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform.
39. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 47-177; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, p. 52; Dilara M. Usmanova, "Die Tatarische Presse 1905-1918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und Quantitative Analyse," in Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen and Dmitriy Yermakov, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996), pp. 239-278; Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform.
40. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 47-177; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, p. 52; Dilara M. Usmanova, "Die Tatarische Presse 1905-1918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und Quantitative Analyse," in Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen and Dmitriy Yermakov, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996), pp. 239-278; Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform.
41. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 47-177; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, p. 52; Dilara M. Usmanova, "Die Tatarische Presse 1905-1918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und Quantitative Analyse," in Michael Kemper, Anke von Kügelgen and Dmitriy Yermakov, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 1 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1996), pp. 239-278; Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform.
42. Bennigsen et Lemercier-Quelquejay, La resse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, p. 133.
43. Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo, pp. 27-29. For a discussion of the distinction between "secular intellectuals" who addressed Russian society and reformers (in this case Central Asian Jadids) who addressed Muslim society, see Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, pp. 103-106.
44. Gasprinskii, Russkoe Musul'manstvo, pp. 27-29. For a discussion of the distinction between "secular intellectuals" who addressed Russian society and reformers (in this case Central Asian Jadids) who addressed Muslim society, see Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, pp. 103-106.
45. Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 31-32; also see Dilyara M. Usmanova, "The Activity of the Muslim Faction of the State Duma and Its Significance in the Formation of a Political Culture among the Muslim Peoples of Russia (1906-1917)," in Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper and Allen J. Frank, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 2 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998), pp. 417-455.
46. Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay, La Presse et le Mouvement National chez les Musulmans de Russie avant 1920, pp. 31-32; also see Dilyara M. Usmanova, "The Activity of the Muslim Faction of the State Duma and Its Significance in the Formation of a Political Culture among the Muslim Peoples of Russia (1906-1917)," in Anke von Kügelgen, Michael Kemper and Allen J. Frank, eds, Muslim Culture in Russia and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries, Vol. 2 (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1998), pp. 417-455.
47. "Baku, 4 Iiulia 1881 g.," Kaspii, No. 30, 1881, p. 1.
48. "Ot redaktsii," Kaspii, No. 1, 1881, pp. 1-2.
49. "Mestnyia izvestiia," Kaspii, No. 41, 1881, p. 1.
50. "Vnutrennee obozrenie," Kaspii, No. 46, 1881, pp. 2-3; "Mestnyia izvestiia," Kaspii, No. 65, 1881, p. 2; "Sueverie musl'man," Kaspii, No. 84, 1886, p. 3; "Mestnaia letopis'," Kaspii, No. 236, 1889, p. 1.
51. "Vnutrennee obozrenie," Kaspii, No. 46, 1881, pp. 2-3; "Mestnyia izvestiia," Kaspii, No. 65, 1881, p. 2; "Sueverie musl'man," Kaspii, No. 84, 1886, p. 3; "Mestnaia letopis'," Kaspii, No. 236, 1889, p. 1.
52. "Vnutrennee obozrenie," Kaspii, No. 46, 1881, pp. 2-3; "Mestnyia izvestiia," Kaspii, No. 65, 1881, p. 2; "Sueverie musl'man," Kaspii, No. 84, 1886, p. 3; "Mestnaia letopis'," Kaspii, No. 236, 1889, p. 1.
53. "Vnutrennee obozrenie," Kaspii, No. 46, 1881, pp. 2-3; "Mestnyia izvestiia," Kaspii, No. 65, 1881, p. 2; "Sueverie musl'man," Kaspii, No. 84, 1886, p. 3; "Mestnaia letopis'," Kaspii, No. 236, 1889, p. 1.
54. Zardabi, "Zardob, 13 ianvaria," Kaspii , No. 16, 1885, and in Z. Geiushev, ed., Hasan-Bek Zardabi, Izbrannye stat'i i pis'ma (Baku, 1962), p. 90.
55. Zardabi, "Zardob, 13 ianvaria," Kaspii , No. 16, 1885, and in Z. Geiushev, ed., Hasan-Bek Zardabi, Izbrannye stat'i i pis'ma (Baku, 1962), p. 90.
56. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, 1878-79, d. 708, Delo "Otchet o posledstviiakh proizvedennoi zakavkazskim Sheikh Ul Islamom v 1888 i 1889 godakh," 1. 78.
57. Zardabi, "Sel. Zardob, 25 maia," Kaspii, No. 124, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 101.
58. Zardabi, "Sel. Zardob, 25 maia," Kaspii, No. 124, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 101.
59. Zardabi, Kaspii, No. 21, 1885,
60. and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 92.
61. Ibid.
62. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 130, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 58.
63. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 130, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 58.
64. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 86, 1881, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 35.
65. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 86, 1881, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 35.
66. Zardabi, "Byt' li shkola v Zardobe?" Kaspii, No. 42, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 49.
67. Zardabi, "Byt' li shkola v Zardobe?" Kaspii, No. 42, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 49.
68. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 86, 1881, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 36.
69. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 86, 1881, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 36.
70. Zardabi, "Byt' li shkola v Zardobe?" p. 49.
71. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 86, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 52.
72. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 86, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 52.
73. RGIA, f. 821, op. 8, 1878-79, d. 708, 1. 78; f. 821, op. 8, 1888, d. 707, 1. 214; f. 821, op. 8, d. 610, 1. 261.
74. Zardabi, "Byt' li shkola v Zardobe?" p. 47.
75. Ibid., p. 49.
76. Ibid., p. 50.
77. Ibid.
78. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 86, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 52.
79. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 86, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 52.
80. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 122, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 56.
81. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 122, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 56.
82. Zardabi, Kaspii, No. 123, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 101.
83. Zardabi, Kaspii, No. 123, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 101.
84. Zardabi, "Zakholystnaia kartinka," Kaspii, No. 123, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 107.
85. Zardabi, "Zakholystnaia kartinka," Kaspii, No. 123, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 107.
86. Zardabi, "Sel. Zardob," Kaspii, No. 24, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 47.
87. Zardabi, "Sel. Zardob," Kaspii, No. 24, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 47.
88. Ibid., p. 46.
89. Zardabi, "Zardob, 25 April," Kaspii, No. 50, 1882, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 37.
90. Zardabi, "Zardob, 25 April," Kaspii, No. 50, 1882, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 37.
91. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 68, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 51.
92. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 68, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 51.
93. Zardabi, "Zardob, 16 Avgusta," Kaspii, No. 9, 1882, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 42.
94. Zardabi, "Zardob, 16 Avgusta," Kaspii, No. 9, 1882, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 42.
95. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 68, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 51.
96. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 68, 1883, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 51.
97. Zardabi, "Zardob, 15 oktiabria," Kaspii, No. 232, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 114.
98. Zardabi, "Zardob, 15 oktiabria," Kaspii, No. 232, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 114.
99. Zardabi, "Zardob," Kaspii, No. 121, 1883, p. 54.
100. Ibid., p. 55.
101. Zardabi, "Kartinka zakholustnykh nravov," Kaspii, No. 262, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 120-121.
102. Zardabi, "Kartinka zakholustnykh nravov," Kaspii, No. 262, 1885, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 120-121.
103. Zardabi, "Eshche o otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, Nos 213, 223, 1899; Nos. 86, 94, 101, 122, 140, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 349; emphasis added.
104. Zardabi, "Eshche o otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, Nos 213, 223, 1899; Nos. 86, 94, 101, 122, 140, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 349; emphasis added.
105. Zardabi, "Eshche o otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, Nos 213, 223, 1899; Nos. 86, 94, 101, 122, 140, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 349; emphasis added.
106. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 214, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 126; "Nashi kochevniki," Kaspii, No. 152, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 207.
107. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 214, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 126; "Nashi kochevniki," Kaspii, No. 152, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 207.
108. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 214, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 126; "Nashi kochevniki," Kaspii, No. 152, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 207.
109. Zardabi, "Zardob, Geokchaiskogo uezda," Kaspii, No. 214, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 126; "Nashi kochevniki," Kaspii, No. 152, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 207.
110. Zardabi, "Nashi kochevniki," in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 208.
111. Zardabi, "Iz zhizni kochevnikov," Kaspii, No. 252, 1900, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 343-45.
112. Zardabi, "Iz zhizni kochevnikov," Kaspii, No. 252, 1900, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 343-45.
113. Zardabi, "Nashi kochevniki," p. 207.
114. Zardabi, "Parokhodstvo na r. Kure," Kaspii, No. 212, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 236.
115. Zardabi, "Parokhodstvo na r. Kure," Kaspii, No. 212, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 236.
116. Zardabi, "Eshche o otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," p. 354.
117. Zardabi, "Ob otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 213, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 346.
118. Zardabi, "Ob otstalosti vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 213, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 346.
119. Zardabi, "Nuzhda v vode v vostochnom zakavkaz'e," Kaspii, Nos 114, 116, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 202.
120. Zardabi, "Nuzhda v vode v vostochnom zakavkaz'e," Kaspii, Nos 114, 116, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 202.
121. Zardabi, "Po povodu vodvereniia pereselentsev na mugani," Kaspii, No. 276, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 260.
122. Zardabi, "Po povodu vodvereniia pereselentsev na mugani," Kaspii, No. 276, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 260.
123. Zardabi "Nuzhda v vode v vostochnom zakavkaz'e," pp. 199-202.
124. Zardabi, "Oblesenie stepei Zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 172, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 215.
125. Zardabi, "Oblesenie stepei Zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 172, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 215.
126. Zardabi, "Rybnye promysla vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 242, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 243-44. The income from fines was not only from the Kura.
127. Zardabi, "Rybnye promysla vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 242, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 243-44. The income from fines was not only from the Kura.
128. Zardabi, "Zardob, 16 Iunia," Kaspii, No. 134, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 125.
129. Zardabi, "Zardob, 16 Iunia," Kaspii, No. 134, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 125.
130. Zardabi, "Zardob," Kaspii, No. 208, 1889, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 157.
131. Zardabi, "Zardob," Kaspii, No. 208, 1889, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 157.
132. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 195, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 230.
133. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 195, 1899, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 230.
134. Zardabi, "O torgakh na rybolovnykh vodakh vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 84, 1900, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 306.
135. Zardabi, "O torgakh na rybolovnykh vodakh vostochnogo zakavkaz'ia," Kaspii, No. 84, 1900, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 306.
136. A sazhen is approximately 84 inches.
137. Zardabi, "K voprosu o sudokhodstve po Kure," Kaspii, No. 226, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 128.
138. Zardabi, "K voprosu o sudokhodstve po Kure," Kaspii, No. 226, 1886, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 128.
139. Evgenii Markov, Ocherki Kavkaza (St Petersburg and Moscow, 1887), p. 143. The first steamship to travel the Kura was the Prince Vorontsov in 1853. See M. Korganov, "Istoricheskii ocherk parokhodstva na reke Kure," in N. Zeidlits, ed., Sbornik Svedenii o Kavkaze, Vol. 2 (Tiflis, 1872), pp. 68-72.
140. Evgenii Markov, Ocherki Kavkaza (St Petersburg and Moscow, 1887), p. 143. The first steamship to travel the Kura was the Prince Vorontsov in 1853. See M. Korganov, "Istoricheskii ocherk parokhodstva na reke Kure," in N. Zeidlits, ed., Sbornik Svedenii o Kavkaze, Vol. 2 (Tiflis, 1872), pp. 68-72.
141. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 258, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 174.
142. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Kaspii, No. 258, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 174.
143. Zardabi, "Zardob, 6-go maia," Kaspii, No. 98, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 171.
144. Zardabi, "Zardob, 6-go maia," Kaspii, No. 98, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 171.
145. Zardabi, "Kustarnoe shelkotkatskoe proizvodstvo v gor. shemakhe i ego uezda," Kaspii, No. 132, 1902 and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 406.
146. Zardabi, "Kustarnoe shelkotkatskoe proizvodstvo v gor. shemakhe i ego uezda," Kaspii, No. 132, 1902 and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, p. 406.
147. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Novoe Obozrenie, No. 2821, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 175-176.
148. Zardabi, "Iz Zardoba," Novoe Obozrenie, No. 2821, 1892, and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 175-176.
149. Zardabi, "'Blagodeteli' derevni," Kaspii, Nos 270, 273, 277, 1899; No. 18, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 272-273.
150. Zardabi, "'Blagodeteli' derevni," Kaspii, Nos 270, 273, 277, 1899; No. 18, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 272-273.
151. Zardabi, "'Blagodeteli' derevni," Kaspii, Nos 270, 273, 277, 1899; No. 18, 1900; and in Geiushev, Izbrannye, pp. 272-273.
152. Geiushev, ed., "Hasan-Bek Melikov-Zardabi," p. 25.
153. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1978).
154. " Nashi sel'skie shkoly," Kaspii, No. 176, 1899, and in Geiushev, ed., Izbrannye, p. 220.
155. " Nashi sel'skie shkoly," Kaspii, No. 176, 1899, and in Geiushev, ed., Izbrannye, p. 220.
156. Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor," pp. 362-363; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, pp. 55-56.
157. Altstadt-Mirhadi, "The Forgotten Factor," pp. 362-363; Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks, pp. 55-56.