Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes

Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Levy, Becca R ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; CULTURAL FACTOR; HEALTH; MEMORY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; REVIEW; STEREOTYPY;

EID: 0042851727     PISSN: 10795014     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/58.4.P203     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Alexander, N. B. (1996). Gait disorders in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 434-451.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley.
3. Allport, G., & Vernon, P. (1933). Studies in expressive movement. New York: Macmillan.
4. Ambady, N., Shih, M., Kim, A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2001). Stereotype susceptibility in children: Effects of identity activation on quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 12, 385-390.
5. Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46.
6. Atchley, R. C. (1999). Continuity and adaptation in aging: Creating positive experiences. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
7. Austad, S. N. (2001). Concepts and theories of aging. In E. J. Masoro & S. N. Austad (Eds.), Handbook of the biology of aging (pp. 3-22). New York: Academic Press.
8. Banaji, M. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In H. L. Roediger, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A. Suprenant (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150). Washington, DC: American Pyschological Association.
9. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
10. Bodenhausen, G. V., Kramer, G. P., & Susser, K. (1994). Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 621-632.
11. Bouman, W. P., & Arcelus, J. (2001). Are psychiatrists guilty of 'ageism' when it comes to taking a sexual history? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 27-31.
12. Branch, L. G., & Lu, L. (1989). Transition probabilities to dependency, institutionalization, and death among the elderly over a decade. Journal of Aging and Health, 1, 370-408.
13. Brewer, M. B. (2001). Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict: When does ingroup love become outgroup hate? In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Rutgers series on self and social identity: Vol. 3. Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 17-41). London: Oxford University Press.
14. Brewer, M. B., Dull, V., & Lui, L. (1981). Perceptions of the elderly: Stereotype as prototype. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656-670.
15. Brewer, M. B., & Lui, L. (1984). Categorization of the elderly by the elderly: Effects of perceiver's category membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 585-595.
16. Burke, J. L. (1981-1982). Young children's attitudes and perceptions of older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 14, 205-222.
17. DePallo, M., Thomas, R., Thompson, J., Fox, R. J., Goyer, A., & Abrams, T. (1995). Images of aging in America. Washington, DC: AARP.
18. Devine, P. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
19. Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74, 865-877.
20. Ellison, R. (1952). The invisible man. New York: Random House.
21. Erber, J. T., & Rothberg, S. T. (1991). Here's looking at you: The relative effect of age and attractiveness on judgments about memory failure. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, P 116-P123.
22. Erber, J. T., Szuchman, L. T., & Rothberg, S. T. (1990). Everyday memory failure: Age differences in appraisal and attribution. Psychology and Aging, 5, 236-241.
23. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
24. Finkelstein, L. M., Burke, M. J., & Raju, N. S. (1995). Age discrimination in simulated employment contexts: An integrative analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 652-663.
25. Finn, R. (2002, September 24). Public lives: Smoothing the furrowed brow, the Botox way. The New York Times, p. B2.
26. Fraser, G. E., & Shavlik, D. J. (2001). Ten years of life: Is it a matter of choice? Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1645-1652.
27. Friedan, B. (1993). The fountain of age. New York: Simon & Schuster.
28. Friedman, H. S., Tucker, J. S., Schwartz, J. E., Tomlinson-Keasey, C., Martin, L. R., & Wingard, D. L., et al. (1995). Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity. American Psychologist, 50, 68-78.
29. Guralnik, J. M., Ferucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Salive, M. E., & Wallace R. B. (1995). Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 556-561.
30. Haug, M., Belkgrave, L., & Gratton, B. (1984). Mental health and the elderly: Factors in stability and change. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 100-115,
31. Hausdorff, J. M., Levy, B. R., & Wei, J. Y. (1999). The power of ageism on physical function of older persons: Reversibility of age-related gait changes, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 1346-1349.
32. Heckhausen, J., & Brim, O. (1997). Perceived problems for self and others: Self-protection by social downgrading throughout adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 12, 610-619.
33. Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2002). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, P3-P11.
34. Hooker, K. (1999). Possible selves in adulthood. In T. M. Hess & F. Blanchard-Fields (Eds.), Social cognition in adulthood. New York: Academic Press.
35. Hummert, M. L. (1990). Multiple stereotypes of elderly and young adults: A comparison of structure and evaluations. Psychology and Aging, 5, 182-193.
36. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellot, D. S., & O'Brien, L. T. (2002). Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482-495.
37. Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L., & Strahm, S. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, P240-P249.
38. Hyman, H. H. (1942). The psychology of status. Archives of Psychology, 269, 1-94.
39. The image of aging in media and marketing. Senate Special Committee on Aging, 107th Cong., No. 107-35, 12-23 (2002) (testimony of R. Butler).
40. Imamoglu, E. O., Kueller, R., Imamoglu, V., & Kueller, M. (1993). The social psychological worlds of Swedes and Turks in and around retirement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 26-41.
41. Isaacs, L. W., & Bearison, D. J. (1986). The development of children's prejudice against the aged. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23, 175-195.
42. Kemper, S. (1994). Elderspeak: Speech accommodations to older adults. Aging Neuropsychology & Cognition, 1, 17-28.
43. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology: Psychological influences on immune function and health. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 70, 537-547.
44. Kite, M., & Johnson, B. (1988). Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233-244.
45. Korthase, K. M., & Trenholme, I. (1983). Children's perceptions of age and physical attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 895-900.
46. Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age by implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107.
47. Levy, B. R. (1999). The inner self of the Japanese elderly: A defense against negative stereotypes of aging. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 48, 131-144.
48. Levy, B. R. (2000). Handwriting as a reflection of aging self-stereotypes. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33, 81-94.
49. Levy, B. R., Ashman, O., & Dror, I. (1999-2000). To be or not to be: The effects of aging self-stereotypes on the will-to-live. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 40, 409-420.
50. Levy, B. R., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). Implicit ageism. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotypes and prejudice against older persons (pp. 49-75). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
51. Levy, B. R., Hausdorff, J., Hencke, R., & Wei, J. Y. (2000). Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive self-stereotypes of aging. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 55B, P205-P213.
52. Levy, B. R., & Langer, E. J. (1994) Aging free from negative stereotypes: Successful memory among the American Deaf and in Mainland China. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 935-943.
53. Levy, B., & Schlesinger, M. (2001, November). Influence of aging self-stereotypes on older individuals' rejecting policy aimed at benefiting the old. Paper presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America, Chicago, IL,
54. Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Increased longevity by positive self-perceptions of aging, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261-270.
55. Levy, B., Slade, M., Kunkel, S., & Kasl, S. (2002). Longitudinal benefit of positive self-perceptions of aging on functioning health. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, P409-P417.
56. Luborsky, M. R., & McMullen, C. K. (1999). Culture and aging. In J. Cavanaugh & S. K. Whitbourne (Eds.), Gerontology: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 65-90), New York: Oxford University Press.
57. MacCrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.
58. McCann, R., & Giles, H. (2002). Ageism in the workplace: A communication perspective. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 163-199). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
59. McConnell, A. R., & Leibold, J. M. (2001). Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
60. Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.
61. Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1995). Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 589-602.
62. Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). (At least) two factors moderate the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT
63. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002a). Math=Male, Me=Female, Therefore Math ≠4 Me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 44-59.
64. Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002b). Harvesting intergroup attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration website. Group Dynamics, 6, 101-115.
65. Padgett, D. (1999). Aging minority women. In L. A. Peplau, S. C. DeBro, R. C. Veniegas, & P. L. Taylor (Eds.), Gender, culture, and ethnicity: Current research about women and men (pp. 173-181). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
66. Palmore, E. B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and positive. New York: Springer.
67. Perdue, C. W., & Gurtman, M. B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
68. Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762.
69. Ryan, E. B., & Kwong See, S. (1993). Age-based beliefs about memory changes for self and others across adulthood. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, P 199-P201.
70. Schmidt, D. F., & Boland, S. M. (1986). The structure of impressions of older adults: Evidence for multiple stereotypes. Psychology and Aging, 1, 255-260.
71. Sherif, M. (1953). The concept of reference groups in human relations. In M. Sherif & M. O. Wilson (Eds.), The University of Oklahoma lectures in social psychology: Group relations at the crossroads (pp. 203-231). New York: Harper & Brothers.
72. Shih, M., Ambady, N., Richeson, J. A., Fujita, K., & Gray, H. (2002). Stereotype performance boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 638-647.
73. Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 81-84.
74. Seefeldt, C., Jantz, R. K., Galper, A., & Serock, K. (1977). Using pictures to explore children's attitudes toward the elderly. The Gerontologist, 17, 506-512.
75. Snyder, M., & Miene, P. (1994). On the functions of stereotypes and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (pp. 33-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
76. Sokolovsky, J. (1994). Images of aging: A cross-cultural perspective. In D. Shenk & W. A. Achenbaum (Eds.), Changing perceptions of aging and the aged (pp. 85-94). New York: Springer.
77. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
78. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
79. Stump, T. E., Johnson, R. J., & Wolinsky, F. D. (1995). Changes in physician utilization over time among older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 50B, S45-S58.
80. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
81. Vita, A. J., Terry, R. B., Hubert, H. B., & Fries, J. F. (1998). Aging, health risks, and cumulative disability. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 1035-1041.
82. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
83. Whitboume, S. K., & Sneed, J. (2002). The paradox of well-being, identity processes, and stereotype threat: Ageism and its potential relationship to the self in later life. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 247-273). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. Wolff, W. (1948). Diagrams of the unconscious: Handwriting and personality in measurement, experiment and analysis. New York: Grune & Stratton.