Are child and adolescent responses to placebo higher in major depression than in anxiety disorders? A systematic review of placebo-controlled trials

PLoS ONE

Volumn 3, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1-8

  Cohen, David ^a,b   Deniau, Emmanuelle ^a   Maturana, Alejandro ^c   Tanguy, Marie Laure ^a   Bodeau, Nicolas ^a   Labelle, Réal ^d,e   Breton, Jean Jacques ^e   Guile, Jean Marc ^b,e  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRAZOLAM; AMITRIPTYLINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NEFAZODONE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY DISORDER; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PATHOGENESIS; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADULT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; HUMANS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PLACEBOS;

EID: 49949091812     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002632     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J, et al. (1996) Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past te years. Part I. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35: 1427-1439.
2. Flament MF, Cohen D, Choquet M, Jeammet Ph, Ledoux S (2001) Phenomenology, psychosocial correlates and treatment seeking in major depression and dysthymia in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 410: 1070-1078.
3. Brophy B (1995) Kindergarteners in Prozac nation. US News and World Report. November 13: 96-97.
4. Flament M, Cohen D (2000) Childhood obsessive compulsive disorders, in "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence and practice", Maj M, Sartorius N, eds. Genève: Word Psychiatric Association. pp 147-18.
5. Geller DA, Biederman J, Stewart SE, Mullin B, Martin A, et al. (2003) Which SSRI? A meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1919-28.
6. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, et al. (2007) Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 297: 1683-96.
7. Cohen D (2007) Should the use of specific serotonine reuptake inhibitors be banned? Psychother Psychosom 76: 5-14.
8. Hoberman HM, Clarke GN, Saunders SM (1996) Psychosocial interventions for adolescent depression: issues, evidence and future directions. Progr Bch Modif 30: 25-73.
9. Jaffee SR, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Fombonne E, Poulton R, Martin J (2002) Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59: 215-22.
10. Cohen D, Gerardin P, Flament M, Purper-Ouakil D, Mazer Ph (2004) Pharmacological treatment of adolescent depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14: 21-33.
11. Emslie GJ, Mayes TL, Hughes CW (2000) Update in the pharmacologic treatment of childhood depression. Psychiatr Clin N Am 23: 813-835.
12. Hack S, Chow B (2001) Pediatric psychotropic medication compliance: a literature review and research-based suggestions for improving treatment compliance. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11: 59-67.
13. Cromer BA, Tarnowski KJ (1989) Non compliance in adolescence: a review. Dev Behav Ped 10: 207-215.
14. Litt IF (1985) Know thyself: adolescents' self assessment of compliance behavior, Pediatrics 75: 393-396.
15. Bender B, Milgrom H, Rand C, Ackerson L (1998) Psychological factors associated with medication nonadherence in asthmatic children. J Asthma 35: 347-353.
16. Bernstein GA, Anderson LK, Hektner JM, Realmuto GM (2000) Imipramine compliance in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39: 284-91.
17. Mufson L, Weissman MM, Moreau D, Garfinkel R (1999) Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 573-579.
18. Mufson L, Pollack Dorta K, Wickramaratane P, Noruma Y, Olfson M, Weissman MM (2004) A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61; 577-584.
19. Brent DA, Holder D, Kolka D, Birmaher B, Baugher M, et al. (1997) A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family and supportive treatments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 877-885.
20. Birmaher B, Brent DA, Kolko D, Baugher M, Bridges J, et al. (2000) Clinical outcome after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 29-36.
21. Muratori F, Picchi L, Bruni G, Patarnello M, Romagnoli G (2003) A two-year follow-up of psychodynamic psychotherapy for internalizing disorders in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 42: 331-9.
22. Sysko R, Walsh BT (2007) A systematic review of placebo response in studies of bipolar mania. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1213-7.
23. Walsh BT, Seidman SN, Sysko R, Gould M (2002) Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA 287: 1840-7.
24. Keck PE Jr, Welge JA, McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Strakowski SM (2000) Placebo effect in randomized, controlled studies of acute bipolar mania and depression. Biol Psychiatry 47: 748-55.
25. Mayes TL, Tao R, Rintelmann JW, Carmody T, Hughes CW, et al. (2007) Do children and adolescents have differential response rates in placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine? CNS Spectr 12: 147-54.
26. Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J (2006) Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 332-9.
27. Ryan ND (2005) Treatment of depression in children and adolescents. The Lancet. 366: 933-940.
28. Jureidini JN, Doecke CJ, Mansfield PR, Haby MM, Menkes DB, et al. (2004) Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents. BMJ 328: 879-83.
29. Whittington CJ, Kendall T, Fonagy P, Cottrell D, Cotgrove A, Boddington E (2004) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet. 363: 1341-5.
30. Hetrick S, Merry S, McKenzie J, Sindahl P, Proctor M (2007) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD004851.
31. Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R (2003) Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD003592.
32. Detsky AS, Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, McGeer AJ, L'Abbe KA (1992) Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 3: 255-265.
33. Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, Sceery W, Kilts C, et al. (1985) Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 977-83.
34. Graae F, Milner J, Rizzotto L, Klein RG (1994) Clonazepam in childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33: 372-6.
35. Leonard HE, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Koby EV, Lenane MC, et al. (1989) Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine and desipramine in children and adolescents. A double-blind crossover comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1088-92.
36. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Rettew DC, Cheslow DL, et al. (1991) A double-blind desipramine substitution during long-term clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 922-7.
37. Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Lenane MC, Rettew DC, Hamburger SD, et al. (1993) A 2- to 7-year follow-up study of 54 obsessive-compulsive children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 429-39.
38. Kashani JH, Shekim WO, Reid JC (1984) Amitriptyline in children with major depressive disorder: a double-blind crossover pilot study. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23: 348-51.
39. Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Hoog SL, Wagner KD, Findling RE, et al. (2004) Fluoxetine treatment for prevention of relapse of depression in children and adolescents: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 43: 1397-405.
40. Riddle MA, Scahill L, King RA, Hardin MT, Anderson GM, et al. (1992) Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(6): 1062-9.
41. CN104187: www.fda.gov/cder/foi/csum/2004/ 20152s032_Serzone_clinical_BPCA_FIN.pdf.
42. Simeon JC, Dinicola VF, Ferguson BH, Copping W (1990) Adolescent depression: a placebo-controlled fluoxetine study and follow-up. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14: 791-795.
43. Mandoki MW, Tapia MR, Tapia MA, Summer GS, Parker JL (1997) Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 33: 149-54.
44. Bernstein GA, Garfinkel BD, Borchardt CM (1990) Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29: 773-81.
45. Petti TA, Law W (1982) Imipramine treatment of depressed children: a doubleblind pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 107-10.
46. Sallee FR, Vrindavanam NS, Deas-Nesmith D, Carson SW, Sethuraman G (1997) Pulse intravenous clomipramine for depressed adolescents: double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 154: 668-73.
47. Geller B, Cooper TB, Schluchter MD, Warham JE, Carr LG (1987) Child and adolescent nortriptyline single dose pharmacokinetic parameters: final report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 321-3.
48. Geller B, Cooper TB, McCombs HG, Graham D, Wells J (1989) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in depressed children using a "fixed plasma level" design. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 101-8.
49. Geller B, Cooper TB, Graham DL, Fetner HH, Marsteller FA, et al. (1992) Pharmacokinetically designed double-blind placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in 6- to 12-year-olds with major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 34-44.
50. Boulos C, Kutcher S, Marion P, Simeon J, Ferguson B, Roberts N (1991) Response to desipramine treatment in adolescent major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 27: 59-65.
51. Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) (2003) Rationale, design, and methods. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 531-42.
52. Berard R, Fong R, Carpenter DJ, Thomason C, Wilkinson C (2006) An international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16: 59-75.
53. Donnelly CL, Wagner KD, Rynn M, Ambrosini P, Landau P, et al. (2006) Sertraline in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 1162-70.
54. Preskorn SH, Weller EB, Weller RA (1982) Depression in children: relationship between plasma imipramine levels and response. J Clin Psychiatry 43: 450-3.
55. Preskorn SH, Weller E, Hughes C, Weller R (1986) Plasma monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants: defining the therapeutic range for imipramine in depressed children. Clin Neuropharmacol 9 S4: 265-7.
56. Hughes CW, Preskorn SH, Weller E, Weller R, Hassanein R (1988) Imipramine vs. placebo studies of childhood depression: baseline predictors of response to treatment and factor analysis of presenting symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull 24: 275-9.
57. Flament MF, Koby E, Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, Zahn T, et al. (1990) Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective follow-up study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 31: 363-80.
58. Braconnier A, Le Coent R, Cohen D (2003) Paroxetine versus clomipramine in adolescents with severe major depression: a double-blind randomized multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 22-29.
59. Rynn M, Wagner KD, Donnelly C, Ambrosini P, Wohlberg GJ, et al. (2006) Long-term sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16: 103-16.
60. Bernstein GA, Borchardt CM, Perwien AR, Crosby RD, Kushner MG, et al. (2000) Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39: 276-83.
61. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas SL, Richards C (1989) Depressive disorders in childhood. IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 776-782.
62. Hammilton NG, Sacks LH, Hamilton CA (1994) Object relations theory and pharmacopsychotherapy of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychother 48: 380-391.
63. Williamson DE, Birmaher B, Dahl RE, Ryan ND (2005) Stressful life events in anxious and depressed children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15: 571-580.
64. Kendker KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO, Prescott CA (2003) Life event dimension of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 789-796.
65. Kirsch I, Moore TJ, Scoboria A, Nicholls SS (2002) The emperor's new drugs: an analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration. Prevention & Treatment 5: article 23.
66. Frank JD (1995) Psychotherapy as rhetoric: some implications. Clin Psychol Sci Prac 2: 90-93.
67. Kramer AD, Feiguine RJ (1981) Clinical effects of amitriptyline in adolescent depression. A pilot study. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 20: 636-44.
68. Preskorn SH, Weller EB, Hughes CW, Weller RA, Bolte K (1987) Depression in prepubertal children: dexamethasone nonsuppression predicts differential response to imipramine vs. placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 128-33.
69. Puig-Antich J, Perel JM, Lupatkin W, Chambers WJ, Tabrizi MA, et al. (1987) Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 81-9.
70. Hughes CW, Preskorn SH, Weller E, Weller R, Hassanein R, Tucker S (1990) The effect of concomitant disorders in childhood depression on predicting treatment response. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 235-8.
71. Geller B, Cooper TB, Graham DL, Marsteller FA, Bryant DM (1990) Double-blind placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in depressed adolescents using a "fixed plasma level" design. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 85-90.
72. Geller B, Fox LW, Cooper TB, Garrity K (1992) Baseline and 2- to 3-year follow-up characteristics of placebo-washout responders from the nortriptyline study of depressed 6- to 12-year-olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 622-8.
73. Kutcher S, Boulos C, Ward B, Marton P, Simeon J, et al. (1994) Response to desipramine treatment in adolescent depression: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33: 686-94.
74. Kye CH, Waterman GS, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Williamson DE, et al. (1996) A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline in the acute treatment of adolescent major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35: 1139-44.
75. Emslie GJ, Rush AJ, Weinberg WA, Kowatch RA, Hughes CW, et al. (1997) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 1031-7.
76. Birmaher B, Waterman GS, Ryan ND, Perel J, McNabb J, et al. (1998) Randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline versus placebo for adolescents with "treatment-resistant" major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37: 527-35.
77. Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Koplewicz HS, Tancer NK, Shah M, et al. (1998) Adolescent depression: controlled desipramine treatment and atypical features. Depress Anxiety 7: 15-31.
78. Milin R, Simeon J, Spenst W (2000) Double-blind study of paroxetine in adolescents with unipolar major depression. Brown Univ Child Adolescent Psychopharmacol Update 2: 5-7.
79. Keller MB, Ryan ND, Strober M, Klein RG, Kutcher S, et al. (2001) Efficacy of paroxetin in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40: 762-772.
80. Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD, Hoog SL, Ernest DE, et al. (2002) Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41: 1205-15.
81. Wagner KD, Ambrosini P, Ryon M, Wohlberg C, Yang R, et al. (2003) Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA 290: 1033-41.
82. March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, Corry J, Wells K, et al. (2004) Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 292: 807-20.
83. Wagner KD, Robb AS, Findling RL, Jin J, Gutierrez MM, Heydorn WE (2004) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citalopram for the treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 161: 1079-83.
84. Elmslie GJ, Wagner KD, Kutcher S, Krulewicz S, Fong R, et al. (2006) Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 709-19.
85. von Knorring AL, Olsson GI, Thomsen PH, Lemming OM, Hulten A (2006) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of citalopram in adolescents with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26: 311-5.
86. Wagner KD, Jonas J, Findling RL, Ventura D, Saikali K (2006) A doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram in the treatment of pediatric depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 280-8.
87. Emslie GJ, Findling RE, Ycung PP, Kunz NR, Li Y (2007) Venlafaxine ER for the treatment of pediatric subjects with depression: results of two placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 479-88.
88. CN104141: www.fda.gov/cder/foi/esum/2004/ 20152s032_Serzone_clinical_BPCA_FIN.pdf.
89. 003-045: www.fda.gov/cder/foi/esum/2004/ 20415SE5_011-Mirtazapine%20MO%20ReviewFIN.pdf.
90. De Veaugh-Geiss J, Moroz G, Biederman J, Cantwell D, Fontaine R, et al. (1992) Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder - a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 45-9.
91. March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R, Safferman A, Mudekian J, et al. (1998) Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280: 1752-6.
92. Geller DA, Hoog SL, Heiligenstein JH, Ricardi RK, Tamura R, et al. (2001) Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a placcbo-controlled clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40: 773-9.
93. Riddle MA, Reeve FA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, Claghorn JL, et al. (2001) Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40: 222-9.
94. Liebowitz MR, Turner SM, Piacentini J, Beidel DC, Clarvit SR, et al. (2002) Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with OCD: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41: 1431-8.
95. Geller DA, Wagner KD, Emslie G, Murphy T, Carpenter DJ, et al. (2004) Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43: 1387-96.
96. POTS (2004) Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292: 1969-76.
97. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF (1973) School phobia: diagnostic considerations in the light of imipramine effects. J Nerv Ment Dis 156: 199-215.
98. Berney T, Kolvin I, Bhate SR, Garside RF, Jeans J, et al. (1981) School phobia: a therapeutic trial with clomipramine and short-term outcome. Br J Psychiatry 138: 110-8.
99. Klein RG, Koplewicz HS, Kanner A (1992) Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 21-8.
100. Simeon JG, Ferguson HB, Knott V, Roberts N, Gauthier B, et al. (1992) Clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 29-33.
101. Rynn MA, Siqueland L, Rickels K (2001) Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158: 2008-14.
102. The Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group (2001) Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 344: 1279-85.
103. Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Monk K, Kalas C, Clark DB, et al. (2003) Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 415-23.
104. Wagner KD, Berard R, Stein MB, Wetherhold E, Carpenter DJ, et al. (2004) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 1153-62.
105. Ryon MA, Riddle MA, Yeung PP, Kunz NR (2007) Efficacy and safety of extended-release venlafaxine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: two placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 164: 290-300.
106. March JS, Entusah AR, Rynn M, Albano AM, Tourian KA (2007) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Venlafaxine ER Versus Placebo in Pediatric Social Anxiety Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 62: 1149-54.
107. Manassis K, Bradley S, Goldberg S, Hood J, Swinson RP (1997) Behavioural inhibition, attachment and anxiety in children of mothers with anxiety disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42: 87-92.
108. Flament M, Cohen D (2004) Emotional regulation and affective disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder, in "Emotional development" Nadel J, Muir D, eds. London: Oxford Press.
109. eme édition). Paris: Masson.
110. Carr A (1999) Handbook of child and adolescent clinical psychology: a contextual approach. Brunner Routledge, Hove, UK.