Diagnosis and Management of Lymphatic Vascular Disease

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 52, Issue 10, 2008, Pages 799-806

  Rockson, Stanley G ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

edema; lymphangiogenesis; lymphatic; lymphatic vascular disease; lymphedema; vascular insufficiency

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANTIMONY TECHNETIUM SULFIDE TC 99M; ANTIOXIDANT; CORTICOSTEROID; COUMARIN; DIURETIC AGENT; FLAVONOID; HEPARIN; HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN TC 99M; OCTREOTIDE; PROGESTERONE; RAPAMYCIN; SELENIUM; SOMATOSTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; TECHNETIUM SULFUR COLLOID TC 99M;

ANGIOMYOLIPOMA; ANGIOOSTEOHYPERTROPHY SYNDROME; BLOOD VESSEL SHUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPLEX DECONGESTIVE PHYSIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIET THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; FLUID BALANCE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTESTINE LYMPHANGIECTASIA; LIPOSUCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LYMPH FLOW; LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS; LYMPHANGIOMA; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISEASE; LYMPHEDEMA; LYMPHORRHEA; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOSING GASTROENTEROPATHY; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TISSUE INJURY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASCULAR DISEASE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; LYMPHATIC DISEASES; LYMPHEDEMA; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 49849102368     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. An A., and Rockson S.G. The potential for molecular treatment strategies in lymphatic disease. Lymphat Res Biol 2 (2004) 173-181
2. Baldwin M., Stacker S., and Achen M. Molecular control of lymphangiogenesis. Bioessays 24 (2002) 1030-1040
3. Schmid-Schonbein G.W. The second valve system in lymphatics. Lymphat Res Biol 1 (2003) 25-29 discussion 29-31
4. Beilhack A., and Rockson S.G. Immune traffic: a functional overview. Lymphat Res Biol 1 (2003) 219-234
5. Alitalo K., and Carmeliet P. Molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in health and disease. Cancer Cell 1 (2002) 219-227
6. Rockson S.G. Lymphedema. Am J Med 110 (2001) 288-295
7. Tabibiazar R., Cheung L., Han J., et al. Inflammatory manifestations of experimental lymphatic insufficiency. PLoS Med 3 (2006) e254
8. Brorson H., Ohlin K., Olsson G., and Nilsson M. Adipose tissue dominates chronic arm lymphedema following breast cancer: an analysis using volume rendered CT images. Lymphat Res Biol 4 (2006) 199-210
9. Velanovich V., and Szymanski W. Quality of life of breast cancer patients with lymphedema. Am J Surg 177 (1999) 184-187 discussion 188
10. Szuba A., Shin W.S., Strauss H.W., and Rockson S. The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema. J Nucl Med 44 (2003) 43-57
11. Szuba A., and Rockson S. Lymphedema: a review of diagnostic techniques and therapeutic options. Vasc Med 3 (1998) 145-156
12. Rockson S.G. Precipitating factors in lymphedema: myths and realities. Cancer 83 (1998) 2814-2816
13. Erickson V., Pearson M., Ganz P., Adams J., and Kahn K. Arm edema in breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 93 (2001) 96-111
14. Moffatt C.J., Franks P.J., Doherty D.C., et al. Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. QJM 96 (2003) 731-738
15. Tengrup I., Tennvall-Nittby L., Christiansson I., and Laurin M. Arm morbidity after breast-conserving therapy for breast cancer. Acta Oncol 39 (2000) 393-397
16. Rockson S.G., and Rivera K.K. Estimating the population burden of lymphedema. Ann NY Acad Sci 1131 (2008) 147-154
17. Rockson S. Primary lymphedema. In: Ernst C., and Stanley J. (Eds). Current Therapy in Vascular Surgery. 4th edition (2000), Mosby, Philadelphia, PA 915-918
18. Van Balkom I., Alders M., Allanson J., et al. Lymphedema-lymphangiectasia-mental retardation (Hennekam) syndrome: a review. Am J Med Genet 112 (2002) 412-421
19. Khan N.L., and Wood N.W. Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: update on genetic mechanisms and diagnostic complexities. Curr Opin Neurol 12 (1999) 149-154
20. Bull L.N., Roche E., Song E.J., et al. Mapping of the locus for cholestasis-lymphedema syndrome (Aagenaes syndrome) to a 6.6-cM interval on chromosome 15q. Am J Hum Genet 67 (2000) 994-999
21. Witt D.R., Hoyme H.E., Zonana J., et al. Lymphedema in Noonan syndrome: clues to pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 27 (1987) 841-856
22. Pousti T.J., and Bartlett R.A. Adams-Oliver syndrome: genetics and associated anomalies of cutis aplasia. Plast Reconstr Surg 100 (1997) 1491-1496
23. Milroy W. An undescribed variety of hereditary oedema. NY Med J 56 (1892) 505-508
24. Karkkainen M.J., Ferrell R.E., Lawrence E.C., et al. Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR-3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nat Genet 25 (2000) 153-159
25. Fang J., Dagenais S.L., Erickson R.P., et al. Mutations in FOXC2 (MFH-1), a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 67 (2000) 1382-1388
26. Irrthum A., Devriendt K., Chitayat D., et al. Mutations in the transcription factor gene SOX18 underlie recessive and dominant forms of hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia. Am J Hum Genet 72 (2003) 1470-1478
27. Radhakrishnan K., and Rockson S.G. The clinical spectrum of lymphatic disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1131 (2008) 155-184
28. Faul J.L., Berry G.J., Colby T.V., et al. Thoracic lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphangiomatosis, and lymphatic dysplasia syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 (2000) 1037-1046
29. Levey D.S., MacCormack L.M., Sartoris D.J., Haghighi P., Resnick D., and Thorne R. Cystic angiomatosis: case report and review of the literature. Skeletal Radiol 25 (1996) 287-293
30. Jermann M., Eid K., Pfammatter T., and Stahel R. Maffucci's syndrome. Circulation 104 (2001) 1693
31. Biesecker L. The challenges of Proteus syndrome: diagnosis and management. Eur J Hum Genet 14 (2006) 1151-1157
32. Radhakrishnan K., and Rockson S.G. Gorham's disease: an osseous disease of lymphangiogenesis?. Ann NY Acad Sci 1131 (2008) 203-205
33. Kihiczak G.G., Meine J.G., Schwartz R.A., and Janniger C.K. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: a multisystem disorder possibly resulting from a pathogenic gene for vascular and tissue overgrowth. Int J Dermatol 45 (2006) 883-890
34. Tian X.L., Kadaba R., You S.A., et al. Identification of an angiogenic factor that when mutated causes susceptibility to Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Nature 427 (2004) 640-645
35. Johnson S. Rare diseases. 1. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: clinical features, management and basic mechanisms. Thorax 54 (1999) 254-264
36. Rockson S.G. Lymphedema therapy in the vascular anomaly patient: therapeutics for the forgotten circulation. Lymphat Res Biol 3 (2005) 253-255
37. Kramer E.L. Lymphoscintigraphy: defining a clinical role. Lymphat Res Biol 2 (2004) 32-37
38. Vaughan B.F. CT of swollen legs. Clin Radiol 41 (1990) 24-30
39. Dimakakos P.B., Stefanopoulos T., Antoniades P., Antoniou A., Gouliamos A., and Rizos D. MRI and ultrasonographic findings in the investigation of lymphedema and lipedema. Int Surg 82 (1997) 411-416
40. Matsushima S., Ichiba N., Hayashi D., and Fukuda K. Nonenhanced magnetic resonance lymphoductography: visualization of lymphatic system of the trunk on 3-dimensional heavily T2-weighted image with 2-dimensional prospective acquisition and correction. J Comput Assist Tomogr 31 (2007) 299-302
41. Lohrmann C., Foeldi E., Bartholomae J.P., and Langer M. Gadoteridol for MR imaging of lymphatic vessels in lymphoedematous patients: initial experience after intracutaneous injection. Br J Radiol 80 (2007) 569-573
42. Ward L.C. Bioelectrical impedance analysis: proven utility in lymphedema risk assessment and therapeutic monitoring. Lymphat Res Biol 4 (2006) 51-56
43. Rockson S.G., Miller L.T., Senie R., et al. American Cancer Society lymphedema workshop. Workgroup III: diagnosis and management of lymphedema. Cancer 83 (1998) 2882-2885
44. Olszewski W.L., and Engeset A. Intrinsic contractility of prenodal lymph vessels and lymph flow in human leg. Am J Physiol 239 (1980) H775-H783
45. Ko D.S., Lerner R., Klose G., and Cosimi A.B. Effective treatment of lymphedema of the extremities. Arch Surg 133 (1998) 452-458
46. Szuba A., Cooke J.P., Yousuf S., and Rockson S.G. Decongestive lymphatic therapy for patients with cancer-related or primary lymphedema. Am J Med 109 (2000) 296-300
47. Hamner J.B., and Fleming M.D. Lymphedema therapy reduces the volume of edema and pain in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 14 (2007) 1904-1908
48. Szuba A., Achalu R., and Rockson S.G. Decongestive lymphatic therapy for patients with breast carcinoma-associated lymphedema. A randomized, prospective study of a role for adjunctive intermittent pneumatic compression. Cancer 95 (2002) 2260-2267
49. Campisi C., Boccardo F., and Tacchella M. Use of thermotherapy in management of lymphedema: clinical observations. Int J Angiol 8 (1999) 73-75
50. Piller N.B., and Thelander A. Treatment of chronic postmastectomy lymphedema with low level laser therapy: a 2.5 year follow-up. Lymphology 31 (1998) 74-86
51. Carati C.J., Anderson S.N., Gannon B.J., and Piller N.B. Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low-level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer 98 (2003) 1114-1122
52. Kaviani A., Fateh M., Yousefi Nooraie R., Alinagi-zadeh M.R., and Ataie-Fashtami L. Low-level laser therapy in management of postmastectomy lymphedema. Lasers Med Sci 21 (2006) 90-94
53. Damstra RJ, Voesten HG, van Schelven WD, van der Lei B. Lymphatic venous anastomosis (LVA) for treatment of secondary arm lymphedema. A prospective study of 11 LVA procedures in 10 patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and a critical review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008 Feb 13;[E-pub ahead of print].
54. Brorson H. Liposuction in arm lymphedema treatment. Scand J Surg 92 (2003) 287-295
55. Brorson H., Ohlin K., Olsson G., Langstrom G., Wiklund I., and Svensson H. Quality of life following liposuction and conservative treatment of arm lymphedema. Lymphology 39 (2006) 8-25
56. Casley-Smith J.R., Morgan R.G., and Piller N.B. Treatment of lymphedema of the arms and legs with 5,6-benzo-[α]-pyrone. N Engl J Med 329 (1993) 1158-1163
57. Badger C., Preston N., Seers K., and Mortimer P. Benzo-pyrones for reducing and controlling lymphoedema of the limbs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2004) CD003140.
58. Bruns F., Micke O., and Bremer M. Current status of selenium and other treatments for secondary lymphedema. J Support Oncol 1 (2003) 121-130
59. Mahmoud S.A., Abdel-Elah K., Eldesoky A.H., and El-Awady S.I. Octreotide can control lymphorrhea after axillary node dissection in mastectomy operations. Breast J 13 (2007) 108-109
60. Helin R.D., Angeles S.T., and Bhat R. Octreotide therapy for chylothorax in infants and children: a brief review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7 (2006) 576-579
61. Donnelly J.P., Rosenthal A., Castle V.P., and Holmes R.D. Reversal of protein-losing enteropathy with heparin therapy in three patients with univentricular hearts and Fontan palliation. J Pediatr 130 (1997) 474-478
62. Rothman A., and Snyder J. Protein-losing enteropathy following the Fontan operation: resolution with prednisone therapy. Am Heart J 121 (1991) 618-619
63. Ferrans V.J., Yu Z.X., Nelson W.K., et al. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): a review of clinical and morphological features. J Nippon Med Sch 67 (2000) 311-329
64. Chu S.C., Horiba K., Usuki J., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of 35 patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Chest 115 (1999) 1041-1052
65. Urban T., Lazor R., Lacronique J., et al. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. A study of 69 patients. Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies "Orphelines" Pulmonaires (GERM"O"P). Medicine (Baltimore) 78 (1999) 321-337
66. Nakamura K., and Rockson S.G. Biomarkers of lymphatic function and disease: state of the art and future directions. Mol Diagn Ther 11 (2007) 227-238
67. Karkkainen M.J., Haiko P., Sainio K., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins. Nat Immunol 5 (2004) 74-80
68. Veikkola T., Jussila L., Makinen T., et al. Signalling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 is sufficient for lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice. Embo J 20 (2001) 1223-1231
69. Makinen T., Veikkola T., Mustjoki S., et al. Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C/D receptor VEGFR-3. Embo J 20 (2001) 4762-4773
70. Karkkainen M.J., Saaristo A., Jussila L., et al. A model for gene therapy of human hereditary lymphedema. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001) 12677-12682
71. Cheung L., Han J., Beilhack A., et al. An experimental model for the study of lymphedema and its response to therapeutic lymphangiogenesis. BioDrugs 20 (2006) 363-370
72. Szuba A., Skobe M., Karkkainen M., et al. Therapeutic lymphangiogenesis with human recombinant VEGF-C. FASEB J 16 (2002) U114-U130
73. Yoon Y.S., Murayama T., Gravereaux E., et al. VEGF-C gene therapy augments postnatal lymphangiogenesis and ameliorates secondary lymphedema. J Clin Invest 111 (2003) 717-725
74. Cao R., Eriksson A., Kubo H., Alitalo K., Cao Y., and Thyberg J. Comparative evaluation of FGF-2-, VEGF-A-, and VEGF-C-induced angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, vascular fenestrations, and permeability. Circ Res 94 (2004) 664-670
75. Saito Y., Nakagami H., Morishita R., et al. Transfection of human hepatocyte growth factor gene ameliorates secondary lymphedema via promotion of lymphangiogenesis. Circulation 114 (2006) 1177-1184
76. Jussila L., and Alitalo K. Vascular growth factors and lymphangiogenesis. Physiol Rev 82 (2002) 673-700