Experiencing job burnout: The roles of positive and negative traits and states

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 887-911

  Zellars, Kelly L ^a   Hochwarter, Wayne A ^b   Perrewé, Pamela L ^b   Hoffman, Nicole ^c   Ford, Eric W ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

^d PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4944226082     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02576.x     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
2. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1-26.
3. Beehr, T. A. (1998). Research on occupational stress: An unfinished enterprise. Personnel Psychology, 51, 835-844.
4. Block, J. (1961). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
5. Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 525-537.
6. Bolger, N., & Schilling, E. A. (1991). Personality and problems of every day life: The role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily Stressors. Journal of Personality, 59, 355-386.
7. Bolger, N., & Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 890-902.
8. Botwin, M. D., & Buss, D. M. (1989). Structure of act-report data: Is the five-factor model of personality recaptured? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 988-1001.
9. Brief, A. P., Butcher, A. H., George, J. M., Robinson, B., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 193-198.
10. Brown, J. (1984). Effects of induced mood on causal attributions for success and failure. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 343-353.
11. Burke, R. J., Brief, A. P., George, J. M., Roberson, L., & Webster, J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: Confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1091-1102.
12. Burke, R. J., & Deszca, G. (1986). Correlates of psychological burnout among police officers. Human Relations, 39, 487-502.
13. Caplan, R. D. (1971). Organizational stress and individual strain: A social psychological study of risk factors in coronary heart disease among administrators, engineers, and scientists (University Microfilms No. 72-14822). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
14. Chang, E. C., Rand, K. L., & Strunk, D. R. (2000). Optimism and risk for job burnout among working college students: Stress as a mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 255-263.
15. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., Whiteman, J., & Kilcullen, R. N. (2000). Examination of relationships among trait-like individual differences, state-like individual differences, and learning performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 835-847.
16. Clark, M. S., & Isen, A. M. (1982). Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A. H. Hastorf & A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 73-108). New York, NY: Elsevier.
17. Cohen, L. J., Towbes, L. C., & Flocco, R. (1988). Effects of induced mood on self-reported life events and perceived and received social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 669-674.
18. Cooper, C. L. (2000). Introduction: A discussion about the role of negative affectivity in job stress research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 77-78.
19. Cordes, C. L., & Doughtery, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research in job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18, 621-656.
20. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
21. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1984). Personality as a lifelong determinant of well-being. In C. Malatesta & C. Izard (Eds.), Affective processes in adult development and aging (pp. 141-157). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
22. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
23. Daley, M. R. (1979, September). Burnout: Smoldering problems in protective services. Social Work, 374-379.
24. Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1985). Personality correlates of subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 89-97.
25. Fenlason, K. J., Johnson, J. W., & Beehr, T. A. (1997, April). Social support, stressors, and strains: Support for a cognitive model of job stress. Paper presented at the 12th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, St. Louis, Missouri.
26. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
27. Forgas, J. P. (1991). Mood effects on partner choice: Role of affect in social decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 708-720.
28. Forgas, J. P. (1998). On feeling good and getting your way: Mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 565-577.
29. Friesen, D., & Sarros, J. C. (1989). Sources of burnout among educators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 179-188.
30. George, J. (1989). Mood and absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 317-324.
31. George, J. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307.
32. George, J. (1992). The role of personality in organizational life: Issues and evidence. Journal of Management, 18, 185-213.
33. George, J. M., & Bettenhausen, K. (1990). Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: A group level of analysis in a service context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 698-709.
34. George, J., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good - doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 11, 310-329.
35. George, J., & Jones, G. R. (1996). The experience of work and turnover intentions: Interactive effects of value attainment, job satisfaction, and positive mood. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 318-325.
36. Gomez, R., Cooper, A., & Gomez, A. (2000). Susceptibility to positive and negative moods states: Test of Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 351-365.
37. Hochwarter, W. A., Zellars, K. L., Perrewé, P. L., & Harrison, A. W. (1999). The interactive role of negative affectivity and job characteristics: Are high-NA employees destined to be unhappy at work? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2203-2218.
38. House, J. S., Shane, S. A., & Herold, D. M. (1996). Rumors of the death of dispositional research are vastly exaggerated. Academy of Management Review, 21, 203-224.
39. Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869-879.
40. Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206-1217.
41. Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.
42. Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. S., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on the usualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1413-1426.
43. Iverson, R. D., Olekalns, M., & Erwin, P. J. (1998). Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism: A causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 1-23.
44. Jackson, S. E., & Schuler, R. S. (1983). Preventing employee burnout. Personnel, 60, 58-68.
45. Jackson, S. E., Turner, J. A., & Brief, A. P. (1987). Correlates of burnout among public service lawyers. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 339-349.
46. James, L. R., Gent, M. J., Hatter, J. J., & Corey, K. E. (1979). Correlates of psychological influence: An illustration of the psychological climate approach to work environment perceptions. Personnel Psychology, 32, 563-588.
47. Jayaratne, S., Himle, D. P., & Chess, W. A. (1991). Job satisfaction and burnout: Is there a difference? Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 15, 245-262.
48. John, O. P. (1990). The Big Five factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York, NY: Guilford.
49. Judge, T. A. (1992). The dispositional perspective in human resources research. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 10, 31-72.
50. Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Thoresen, C. J. (2000). Why negative affectivity (and self-deception) should be included in job stress research: Bathing the baby with the bath water. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 101-112.
51. Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1989). Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A critical review and reconceptualization. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25, 131-132.
52. Larsen, R. J. (1992). Neuroticism and selective encoding and recall of symptoms: Evidence from a combined concurrent-retrospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 480-488.
53. Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132-140.
54. Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1, 3-20.
55. Leiter, M. P. (1990). The impact of family resources, control coping, and skill utilization on the development of burnout: A longitudinal study. Human Relations, 43, 1067-1083.
56. Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 123-144.
57. Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 297-308.
58. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
59. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1985). The role of sex and family variables in burnout. Sex Roles, 12, 837-851.
60. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory: Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
61. Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
62. Maslach, C., & Pines, A. (1977). The burnout syndrome in the day care setting. Child Care Quarterly, 6, 100-113.
63. McCrae, R. R. (1991). The five-factor model and its assessment in clinical settings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 399-414.
64. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1986). Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54, 385-405.
65. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1991). Adding liebe und arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Bulletin of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 227-232.
66. Nagy, S., & Davis, L. G. (1985). Burnout: A comparative analysis of personality and environmental variables. Psychological Reports, 57, 1319-1326.
67. Nesselroade, J. R. (1988). Some implications of the trait-state distinction for the study of development over the life span: The case of personality. In P. B. Baltes, D. L. Featherman, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Life-span development of behavior (pp. 163-189). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
68. Parkes, K. R. (1990). Coping, negative affectivity, and the work environment: Additive and interactive predictors of mental health. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 399-409.
69. Payne, R. L. (2000). Comments on "Why negative affectivity should not be controlled in job stress research: Don't throw out the baby with the bath water." Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 97-100.
70. Pelled, L. H., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Down and out: An investigation of the relationship between moods and employee withdrawal behavior. Journal of Management, 25, 875-895.
71. Perlman, B., & Hartman, E. A. (1982). Burnout: Summary and future research. Human Relations, 35, 283-305.
72. Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44-55.
73. Pyszczynski, T., Hamilton, J. C., Herring, F. H., & Greenberg, J. (1989). Depression, self-focused attention, and the negative memory bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 351-357.
74. Rhoades, J. A., Arnold, J., & Jay, C. (2001). The role of affective traits and affective states in disputants' motivation and behavior during episodes of organizational conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 329-345.
75. Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 150-163.
76. Robinson, S. E., Roth, S. L., Keim, J., Levenson, M., Flentje, J. R., & Bashor, K. (1991). Nurse burnout: Work-related and demographic factors as culprits. Research in Nursing and Health, 14, 223-228.
77. Salovey, P., & Birnbaum, D. (1989). Influence of mood on health-relevant cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 539-551.
78. Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. J. (1983). Theoretical and research considerations of burnout. Children and Youth Services Review, 5, 227-238.
79. Savicki, V., & Cooley, E. J. (1994). Burnout in child protective service workers: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 655-666.
80. Saxton, M. J., Phillips, J. S., & Blakeney, R. N. (1991). Antecedents and consequences of emotional exhaustion in the airline reservations service sector. Human Relations, 44, 583-595.
81. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 609-637). New York, NY: Guilford.
82. Spector, P. E., Zapf, D., Chen, P. Y., & Frese, M. (2000). Why negative affectivity should not be controlled in job stress research: Don't throw out the baby with the bath water. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 79-96.
83. Suls, J., Martin, R., & David, J. P. (1998). Person-environment fit and its limits: Agreeableness, neuroticism, and emotional reactivity to interpersonal conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 88-98.
84. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
85. Thayer, R. E., Newman, R. J., & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910-935.
86. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 645-690.
87. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relationship to the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 441-475.
88. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767-793). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
89. Watson, D., David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Personality, affectivity, and coping. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 119-140). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
90. Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254.
91. Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
92. Weiss, H. M., & Adler, S. (1984). Personality and organizational behavior. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 1-50). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
93. Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective events at work. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 1-50). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
94. Weiss, H. M., Nicholas, J. P., & Daus, C. (1993, April). Affective and cognitive influences on job satisfaction. Paper presented at the 8th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco, California.
95. Wright, J. S., & Mischel, W. (1982). Influence of affect on cognitive social learning person variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 901-914.
96. Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contributions of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 491-499.
97. Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486-493.
98. Wright, T. A., & Staw, B. M. (1999). Affect and favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal test of the happy-productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 1-23.
99. Zellars, K. L., Perrewé, P. L., & Hochwarter, W. A. (1999). Mitigating burnout among high-NA employees in health care: What can organizations do? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2250-2271.
100. Zellars, K. L., Perrewé, P. L., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2000). Burnout in healthcare: The role of the five factors of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1570-1598.
101. Zohar, D. (1997). Predicting burnout with a hassle-based measure of role demands. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 101-115.
102. Zunz, S. J. (1998). Resiliency and burnout: Protective factors for human service managers. Administration in Social Work, 22, 39-54.